彭浪,王愷,樊友文,鐘福平,張翼,鄒書兵
(南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院 1.肝膽外科 2.胃腸外科,江西 南昌 330006)
加速康復(fù)外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)由丹麥外科醫(yī)師Kehlet[1]于1997首先提出,ERAS是基于循證醫(yī)學(xué)依據(jù)的一系列圍術(shù)期優(yōu)化處理措施,以達(dá)到快速康復(fù)為目的[2],歐洲國(guó)家一直在推廣并逐漸廣泛應(yīng)用這種替代傳統(tǒng)圍手術(shù)期處理措施的新理念,與傳統(tǒng)圍手術(shù)期處理方法對(duì)比而言,患者住院時(shí)間明顯縮短[3]及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥明顯減少[4],顯著改善患者的術(shù)后康復(fù)速度,使得許多疾病的臨床治療模式發(fā)生很大的變化。自ERAS理念提出以來,ERAS已在胃腸外科[5]、骨科[6]、乳腺外科[7]等多個(gè)外科領(lǐng)域開展,我國(guó)于2007年逐步開始應(yīng)用ERAS理念于臨床實(shí)踐中[8]。本文選取2015年7月—2016年6月在我院行原發(fā)性肝癌肝部分切除術(shù)的81例患者進(jìn)行研究分析,探討加速康復(fù)外科理念(ERAS)在原發(fā)性肝癌肝切除術(shù)圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用的優(yōu)越性。
2015年7月—2016年6月在我院行原發(fā)性肝癌肝部分切除術(shù)的81例患者,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分成兩組,ERAS組(n=40)和對(duì)照組(n=41)。兩組患者術(shù)前一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)(表1)。
表1 ERAS組和對(duì)照組一般情況比較Table 1 Comparison of the general conditions between ERAS group and control group
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):首次發(fā)現(xiàn)肝占位,且術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為原發(fā)性肝癌;術(shù)前未行介入治療;男女不限;年齡<75歲;美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)為II級(jí)及以上;Child-Pugh分級(jí)為A級(jí)或B級(jí);高血壓及糖尿病等控制良好。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):腫瘤存在遠(yuǎn)處器官轉(zhuǎn)移;姑息性手術(shù);有嚴(yán)重基礎(chǔ)疾病。
ERAS組采用加速康復(fù)外科理念進(jìn)行圍手術(shù)期處理,對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)圍手術(shù)期處理方式,兩組具體處理方式見表2。
監(jiān)測(cè)手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量,術(shù)后肛門首次排氣時(shí)間、排便時(shí)間,術(shù)后24、48、72 h NRS評(píng)分,術(shù)后引流管拔除時(shí)間,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)),再入院率(出院30 d以內(nèi))。
患者生活基本自理、體溫正常、WBC計(jì)數(shù)正常、器官功能良好、疼痛緩解或口服止痛藥能良好控制、能正常進(jìn)食、排氣排便通暢、切口愈合良好。
采用電話隨訪方式,了解患者近期復(fù)查情況及有無患者出院30 d內(nèi)因并發(fā)癥再次入院治療的情況,并指導(dǎo)相關(guān)后續(xù)治療。
表2 ERAS組和對(duì)照組圍手術(shù)期處理措施比較Table 2 Comparison of perioperative management methods between ERAS group and control group
采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料使用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
兩組患者手術(shù)方式、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、肝門阻斷時(shí)間比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表3)。
表3 ERAS組和對(duì)照組術(shù)中情況比較Table 3 Comparison of surgical procedures and intraoperative variables between ERAS group and control group
兩組患者術(shù)后肛門首次排氣時(shí)間、首次排便時(shí)間,術(shù)后24、48、72 h NRS評(píng)分,術(shù)后腹腔引流管拔除時(shí)間,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間比較,ERAS組均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);兩組患者術(shù)后各項(xiàng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)(表4)。
兩組患者術(shù)后均治愈出院,無圍手術(shù)期死亡患者。所有患者術(shù)后隨訪1~2個(gè)月,無因術(shù)后并發(fā)癥出院30 d內(nèi)再次住院或手術(shù)。
當(dāng)機(jī)體受到機(jī)械性創(chuàng)傷、化學(xué)性侵害或情緒等因素影響時(shí)可產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng),手術(shù)是對(duì)人體較大的身體創(chuàng)傷,術(shù)前禁食、禁飲、腸道準(zhǔn)備等可導(dǎo)致代謝紊亂,這些刺激雖小,可能疊加而促發(fā)更大的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),但可通過改善圍手術(shù)期處理措施而避免?;颊咝g(shù)后康復(fù)情況在于對(duì)圍手術(shù)期產(chǎn)生的手術(shù)應(yīng)激和各種損傷因素的有效控制。
ERAS理念核心是降低手術(shù)治療對(duì)患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),促進(jìn)患者快速康復(fù)[4],術(shù)前不常規(guī)行腸道準(zhǔn)備、不隔夜禁食、避免引流管放置,術(shù)后有效鎮(zhèn)痛、早期進(jìn)食、早期下床活動(dòng)、引流管早日拔除等措施減少應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的同時(shí)也可改善患者主觀不適[9],同時(shí)Jones等[10]研究結(jié)果表明ERAS組患者在住院期間有更高的生活質(zhì)量。常規(guī)腸道準(zhǔn)備可以清除腸腔內(nèi)容物,降低腸道內(nèi)細(xì)菌數(shù)量及毒力,但機(jī)械性腸道準(zhǔn)備可導(dǎo)致患者脫水、電解質(zhì)紊亂,尤其對(duì)于老年患者[11]。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為,術(shù)前禁食可有效防止麻醉后嘔吐所致的吸入性肺炎,然而一部分惡性腫瘤患者是在饑餓及營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良下進(jìn)行手術(shù),從而對(duì)手術(shù)耐受性下降,影響患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),并且McLeod等[12]進(jìn)行隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究的Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn):術(shù)前2 h攝入流質(zhì)食物并不增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。此外術(shù)前避免長(zhǎng)時(shí)間禁食可減輕患者術(shù)前不適感。
術(shù)后早期進(jìn)食可以促進(jìn)胃腸道功能恢復(fù)及提升全身營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況[13],不增加吻合口瘺的發(fā)生率[14],肝臟手術(shù)對(duì)患者創(chuàng)傷較大,早期進(jìn)食及營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持尤為重要,從而有利于患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)。本研究中ERAS組術(shù)后肛門排氣、排便時(shí)間早于對(duì)照組,提示加速康復(fù)外科處理措施能加快患者術(shù)后胃腸道功能恢復(fù),與丁蔚等[15]研究結(jié)果一致。術(shù)區(qū)放置引流管對(duì)引流少量漏、避免瘺繼發(fā)感染有益,但在肝臟手術(shù)中,放置術(shù)中引流管并不能降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[16],且引流管是限制患者活動(dòng)的主要原因[17]。本研究中ERAS組避免常規(guī)放置腹腔引流管,術(shù)后盡早拔除引流管,兩組術(shù)后腹腔引流管拔除時(shí)間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,因此術(shù)中無需常規(guī)放置腹腔引流管或術(shù)后盡早拔除腹腔引流管是安全可靠的。
術(shù)后疼痛是機(jī)體受到手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷后出現(xiàn)的生理、心理的一系列反應(yīng),疼痛是機(jī)體對(duì)創(chuàng)傷或疾病的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),它保護(hù)機(jī)體免受進(jìn)一步的傷害,同時(shí)給機(jī)體帶來痛苦、影響患者的正常生活[18],術(shù)后疼痛可增加氧耗量、肺部并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加、促進(jìn)深靜脈血栓形成[19],延緩傷口愈合、延長(zhǎng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間[20],肝切除術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,為增加手術(shù)視野需拉鉤牽引,且術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多,因此患者術(shù)后疼痛感明顯,肝切除術(shù)后疼痛以切口疼痛最為常見,原因以手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷為主[21],術(shù)后疼痛妨礙患者術(shù)后康復(fù)[22]。多模式鎮(zhèn)痛是目前疼痛治療發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)[23],選擇性COX-2抑制劑比非選擇性NSAIDs具有更少的副作用[24],可以降低肝切除患者出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中ERAS組采用多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案,切皮前及縫皮后采用羅哌卡因局部切口浸潤(rùn)麻醉、術(shù)后連續(xù)3 d靜脈滴注帕瑞昔布鈉聯(lián)合PCIA,通過對(duì)ERAS組和對(duì)照組術(shù)后24、48、72 h進(jìn)行NRS評(píng)分,兩組術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。良好的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛有利于患者早期活動(dòng)、減少應(yīng)激,從多方面對(duì)患者快速康復(fù)提供幫助。
綜上所述,加速康復(fù)外科在不增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和再入院率的同時(shí),能減少患者術(shù)后主觀不適、加快術(shù)后早期胃腸道功能恢復(fù)、縮短住院時(shí)間。ERAS理念應(yīng)用于肝癌肝切除術(shù)患者圍手術(shù)期的管理是安全有效的,能加快患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)。
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