陳海敏,劉貴疆,袁榮發(fā),方路,梁博,吳鵬,王超
(1.南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院 肝膽胰外科,江西 南昌 330006;2.江西省永修縣人民醫(yī)院 普通外科,江西 永修 330300)
尾狀葉位于肝臟背側(cè),位置深,顯露困難,且被下腔靜脈、第一肝門、第二肝門、第三肝門所包繞,單獨(dú)行全尾狀葉切除難度極大[1-3],一度被視為是肝臟外科手術(shù)的禁區(qū)[4]。目前,在單獨(dú)行全尾狀葉切除手術(shù)入路的選擇上,國內(nèi)外應(yīng)用較多的是左右聯(lián)合入路進(jìn)行全尾狀葉切除,單純經(jīng)右側(cè)入路聯(lián)合反向染色法完整切除全尾狀葉文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較少。本文報(bào)告1例單純經(jīng)右側(cè)入路聯(lián)合反向染色法完整切除自發(fā)性破裂出血的全尾狀葉腫瘤,并結(jié)合復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),探討單純經(jīng)右側(cè)入路聯(lián)合反向染色法處理肝尾狀葉肝癌破裂出血的安全性及可行性。
患者 男,42歲。因突發(fā)中上腹及劍突下脹痛6 d,于2016年4月6日入院。外院上腹部CT報(bào)告肝尾狀葉占位并出血,當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院給予輸血及對(duì)癥治療。穩(wěn)定后轉(zhuǎn)入我院,入院體檢:血壓115/75 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),心率88次/min,中上腹腹肌稍緊,有壓痛、無反跳痛,余無明顯異常。
肝功能:ALT 30.19 U/L,AST 24.96 U/L;AFP 2.1 ng/mL;乙肝:HBsAg(+)。肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能:ICGR15 6.2%。上腹部CT平掃+增強(qiáng)掃描報(bào)告:肝尾狀葉占位并周圍包裹性、膽囊窩、肝脾周高密影,考慮腫瘤卒中并血腫可能;肝硬化。下腔靜脈CTV報(bào)告:下腔靜脈上段受壓、變窄;肝臟尾狀葉區(qū)可見團(tuán)塊狀低密度影,大小約5.0cm×5.5cm,肝門、膽囊窩區(qū)可見團(tuán)塊狀低密度影,考慮為尾狀葉區(qū)占位性病變伴腫瘤出血(圖1A-C)。利用3D人體可視化軟件,對(duì)肝臟、下腔靜脈、門靜脈、肝靜脈、肝動(dòng)脈及尾狀葉腫瘤進(jìn)行三維重建(圖1D-E)。術(shù)前檢查無明顯手術(shù)禁忌證,根據(jù)術(shù)前綜合評(píng)估,擬行經(jīng)右側(cè)入路聯(lián)合反向染色法全尾狀葉切除手術(shù)。
完善術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備后在全麻下行手術(shù)治療,具體步驟如下:⑴ 取右側(cè)上腹部區(qū)反L型切口,探查腹腔,見肝臟呈肝硬化改變,第一肝門及膽囊窩處血腫覆蓋,切開小網(wǎng)膜囊見大量血腫,配合術(shù)中超聲,可見腫瘤位于尾狀葉,大小約5.0cm×6.0cm,部分與下腔靜脈粘連。余肝臟及腹腔其它臟器未見明顯異常。⑵ 常規(guī)游離肝臟,切除膽囊。解剖肝門,在第一肝門、左右肝蒂、第二肝門、肝上、下下腔靜脈預(yù)置入阻斷帶,將進(jìn)入尾狀葉的門靜脈、膽管、肝動(dòng)脈分支結(jié)扎、離斷。⑶ 尾狀葉切除。助手用右手從右側(cè)將肝臟向上、向左后方旋轉(zhuǎn),保持尾狀葉和下腔靜脈之間的緊張度,左手持鑷子對(duì)肝短靜脈周圍組織向上輕擋、牽拉。從下直至肝靜脈根部順次結(jié)扎、切斷右側(cè)肝短靜脈,向上輕抬尾狀突部,暴露左側(cè)肝短靜脈,從下至上靠近肝臟側(cè)結(jié)扎、離斷左側(cè)肝短靜脈,較粗肝短靜脈予5-0 Prolene線進(jìn)行縫合。在超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺門靜脈右后支并用亞甲藍(lán)對(duì)肝右后葉進(jìn)行染色,并結(jié)合超聲畫面,調(diào)整注射亞甲藍(lán)速度。用電刀對(duì)其染色邊界進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,并根據(jù)Arantius管、肝后下腔靜脈、肝靜脈根部、肝門板、染色邊界進(jìn)行全尾狀葉的離斷,近肝中、左靜脈共干處腫瘤與下腔靜脈之間的粘連,利用超聲刀結(jié)合吸引器進(jìn)行組織分離,尤其注意在此處有一較粗的肝短靜脈注入尾狀葉,需妥善處理。手術(shù)時(shí)間360 min,入肝血流、出肝血流、下腔靜脈未進(jìn)行阻斷,術(shù)中失血量約400mL,術(shù)中輸入紅細(xì)胞懸液2 U,血漿400mL。術(shù)后第3天TBIL 19.32 μmol/L、AST 24.49 U/L、ALT 67.92 U/L,術(shù)后住院12 d,無并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后病理報(bào)告:肝尾狀葉粗梁型肝細(xì)胞癌,中分化;切緣未見癌組織累及;結(jié)節(jié)性肝硬化;送檢淋巴結(jié),均未見癌組織轉(zhuǎn)移。術(shù)后采用門診和電話進(jìn)行隨訪,術(shù)后6個(gè)月復(fù)查:AFP 1.7 ng/mL,上腹部CT未見腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)(圖2)。
圖1 術(shù)前影像學(xué)檢查示肝尾狀葉腫瘤伴破裂出血 A-C:下腔靜脈CTV(綠色箭頭示腫瘤,紅色箭頭示腫瘤破裂出血);D-E:肝臟3D重建(黃色區(qū)域代表肝尾狀葉腫瘤)Figure 1 Preoperative imaging examinations showing caudate lobe tumor with spontaneous rupture A–C: CTV images of the inferior vena cava (green arrow showing the tumor,and red arrow showing the rupture of the tumor); D–E: Three-dimension reconstruction of the liver (yellow area representing the caudate lobe tumor)
圖2 右側(cè)入路聯(lián)合反向染色法完整切除破裂出血的肝尾狀葉腫瘤 A:染色后的肝右后葉與尾狀葉右側(cè)邊界(箭頭表示);B:完整切除尾狀葉后右側(cè)觀;C:完整切除的尾狀葉;D:術(shù)后6個(gè)月復(fù)查CTFigure 2 Resection of the caudate lobe with spontaneous tumor rupture via right-side approach combined with reverse staining A: Right border of caudate lobe to the right posterior lobe of liver after staining (shown by the arrow); B: Right side view after complete caudate lobe resection; C: Completely resected caudate lobe; D: CT image at 6 months after surgery
經(jīng)右側(cè)入路單獨(dú)行全尾狀葉切除報(bào)道并不多見,且單純右側(cè)入路完整切除尾狀葉非常困難[5-7],此患者還伴有尾狀葉腫瘤破裂出血,臨床更為罕見[4,8-11]。因尾狀葉血管解剖的復(fù)雜性,TACE治療臨床效果不理想[12-13],手術(shù)切除是目前最有效的治療方法[14-15]。尾狀葉手術(shù)切除分為前入路、左側(cè)入路、右側(cè)入路和左右聯(lián)合入路[16]。聯(lián)合半肝切除對(duì)于患者術(shù)后肝功能及恢復(fù)有較大影響,前入路法在術(shù)中會(huì)增加出血量[2],且對(duì)肝臟也有一定的損傷[5]。
本例患者術(shù)前肝功能Child-Pugh分級(jí)為B級(jí),且存在肝硬化及尾狀葉破裂出血,大范圍的肝切對(duì)術(shù)后肝功能存在不利影響,單獨(dú)尾狀葉切除對(duì)于本例患者術(shù)后肝功能及恢復(fù)意義較大[17]。而術(shù)前影像學(xué)資料及肝臟3D成像顯示尾狀葉腫瘤較大,與下腔靜脈形成包繞并伴有破裂出血;結(jié)合術(shù)中探查,可見尾狀葉與下腔靜脈左側(cè)存在較重粘連,周圍血腫覆蓋較多,從左側(cè)入路切除肝尾狀葉視野不佳及操作空間受限,容易造成不可預(yù)估的大出血及止血困難,同時(shí)也易撕裂肝短靜脈和下腔靜脈,而從右側(cè)入路能較好的避免上述問題。
通過本例手術(shù),筆者有以下體會(huì):第一,術(shù)前對(duì)肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的評(píng)估,分析影像學(xué)資料及進(jìn)行肝臟三維重建,盲目手術(shù)會(huì)使手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增加。術(shù)前增強(qiáng)CT和下腔靜脈CTV能明確腫瘤周圍血管及出血情況并可了解尾狀葉腫瘤的可切除性。尾狀葉位于第一、第二、第三肝門之間,面臨的血管較為復(fù)雜,且肝動(dòng)脈、肝靜脈和門靜脈都可能存在變異[18-19];而建立肝臟三維重建可從多個(gè)角度直觀地顯示肝動(dòng)脈、門靜脈和肝靜脈的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)可以預(yù)估手術(shù)方式與剩余肝體積之間的關(guān)系,為肝腫瘤切除的安全性和可行性提供有價(jià)值的影像學(xué)資料[20-21]。尾狀葉手術(shù)與肝臟其他位置手術(shù)不同,解剖的復(fù)雜性增加了手術(shù)難度及風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這就決定了對(duì)手術(shù)醫(yī)師資歷及經(jīng)驗(yàn)的較高要求。第二,在腫瘤生長(zhǎng)于肝尾狀葉且存在破裂出血的情況下,術(shù)中應(yīng)仔細(xì)探查腫瘤的出血、位置、與周圍組織的粘連情況,可結(jié)合術(shù)中B超綜合評(píng)估,選擇合適的手術(shù)入路。本例患者術(shù)中B超、術(shù)中探查與術(shù)前影像學(xué)分析一致,術(shù)中需注意:⑴ 控制出入肝血流。解剖性分離入肝、出肝血流,肝上、下下腔靜脈,并分別置入預(yù)阻斷帶,以備必要時(shí)可有效的控制出血。⑵ 尾狀葉左側(cè)腫瘤破裂出血形成血腫使得左側(cè)入路操作視野模糊,反復(fù)翻轉(zhuǎn)、擠壓左側(cè)肝臟易使腫瘤再次出血,而右側(cè)入路法能較好的避免其問題。在分離過程中需特別注意對(duì)肝短靜脈的處理和腫瘤與下腔靜脈粘連處的分離(妥善處理肝短靜脈,靠近肝臟側(cè)離斷,較粗的肝短靜脈需要用Prolene線進(jìn)行精細(xì)縫合。在近肝中、左靜脈共干處存在1支較粗的肝短靜脈注入尾狀葉,往往在操作空間受限和粘連重的情況下易被忽視,而造成嚴(yán)重的大出血;分離腫瘤與下腔靜脈粘連處時(shí),配合使用能量平臺(tái)和超聲刀,如出現(xiàn)出血情況,利用Prolene線在阻斷肝上、下下腔靜脈的前提下進(jìn)行妥善縫合)。⑶ 尾狀葉右界和右肝之間并沒有明顯解剖標(biāo)識(shí),筆者嘗試?yán)梅聪蛉旧ù_定尾狀葉右界。有學(xué)者[22]提出以“彭氏線”區(qū)分,但右側(cè)入路時(shí),這條線較難確定[10]。在術(shù)中嘗試?yán)眯g(shù)中B超定位,確定門靜脈右后支的位置,并在已離斷進(jìn)入尾狀葉的門靜脈分支后,注入亞甲藍(lán),并結(jié)合超聲畫面,控制好注射染料速度,通過對(duì)肝右后葉染色,能明顯區(qū)分尾狀葉的右側(cè)邊界。本例染色也存在一些不足,染料注入不足使得肝右后葉染色較淺,但術(shù)中可以辨識(shí)。因此筆者認(rèn)為術(shù)中采取B超定位下穿刺門靜脈右后支行肝右后葉染色界定尾狀葉右緣是可行的方法,值得進(jìn)一步總結(jié)。⑷ 術(shù)前及術(shù)后對(duì)肝臟周圍及腹腔用43 ℃的蒸餾水進(jìn)行反復(fù)沖洗,減少腫瘤種植腹腔的可能[23-24]。
總之,肝尾狀葉腫瘤自發(fā)性破裂出血最有效的方法是手術(shù)治療,而采用何種手術(shù)方式?jīng)Q定著患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)、肝功能、腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)等,術(shù)前應(yīng)充分進(jìn)行肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能評(píng)估、影像學(xué)檢查與分析及肝臟三維重建,把握安全肝切范圍和手術(shù)方式。肝硬化患者,應(yīng)盡量保留更多的肝組織[25]。單獨(dú)經(jīng)右側(cè)入路聯(lián)合反向染色法處理肝尾狀葉腫瘤破裂出血是安全可行的,手術(shù)安全性評(píng)估和合適的手術(shù)方式是手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵。
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