劉曉琳,范建高
·會議專題介紹·
2017年亞太地區(qū)肝病年會非酒精性脂肪性肝病研究報道
劉曉琳,范建高
非酒精性脂肪性肝?。话l(fā)病機制;流行病學;無創(chuàng)診斷
第26屆亞太地區(qū)肝病年會(APASL)于2017年2月15~19日在中國上海成功召開,會議聚焦了亞太各國的專家教授和青年學者在肝病領(lǐng)域的最新研究進展。下面將對在此次會議上有關(guān)非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)領(lǐng)域的最新研究進展做一專題報道。
近年來,亞太地區(qū)NAFLD的患病率不斷升高。牛俊奇團隊在對吉林省3636例成人的隊列研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),6年間男性和女性NAFLD患病率分別由23.4%和17.5%增高至43.7%和42.6%[1]。Alam et al研究發(fā)現(xiàn)孟加拉國NAFLD患病率(34.3%)顯著高于慢性乙型肝炎(CHB,4.9%)和慢性丙型肝炎(CHC,0.2%)[2]。我們報道來自大陸和香港的1326例經(jīng)肝活檢證實的CHB和/或NAFLD隊列研究,基線時CHB合并脂肪肝患者肥胖、高脂血癥、高血壓、糖尿病的患病率顯著高于單純性CHB患者,在6.4±3.5年的隨訪期間前者HCC和肝病死亡風險顯著增高[3]。
鑒于我國絕大多數(shù)NAFLD患者的病程尚不夠長,鮮見NAFLD相關(guān)肝硬化特別是HCC的研究報道[4]。日本Kang et al分析1135例肝硬化患者的病因發(fā)現(xiàn),CHB和CHC在不斷下降,而NAFLD和酒精性肝?。ˋLD)導(dǎo)致的肝硬化則顯著升高[5]。韓國Kim報道NAFLD患者發(fā)生HCC風險顯著升高(HR:16.73,95%CI:2.09~133.85),進展期肝纖維化是NAFLD患者肝臟及肝外惡性腫瘤的危險因素,男性患者結(jié)直腸腺癌風險升高(HR:2.01,95%CI:1.10~3.68),女性患者發(fā)生乳腺癌風險升高(HR 1.92,95%CI:1.15~3.20)[6]。韓國Ahn報道,盡管NAFLD、ALD和CHB相關(guān)HCC患者生存期相似,但NAFLD相關(guān)HCC更常發(fā)生于老年人和女性[7]。
NAFLD不僅導(dǎo)致肝內(nèi)疾病進展,而且可以引起肝外器官損害。巴基斯坦Sheikh et al研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高脂飲食在引起肝臟損傷的同時還可以破壞大鼠的心臟、腎臟、脾臟和骨骼肌的超微結(jié)構(gòu)[8,9]。本研究團隊報道肥胖和脂肪肝是慢性腎臟疾病和肺腺癌的獨立危險因素[10,11]。
至今,診斷NASH的金標準仍是肝活檢組織學檢查。印度Sarin團隊比較NAFLD活動性積分(NAS)和肝脂肪變炎癥活動纖維化積分(SAF)對1000例肝活檢確診的NAFLD患者的診斷價值,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)87.3%(214/245)的經(jīng)NAS積分診斷為臨界性NASH患者被SAF積分確診為NASH,并且顯著肝纖維化獨立于兩個評分系統(tǒng)準確預(yù)測肝損傷[12]。
NAFLD的無創(chuàng)診斷主要聚焦在血清學預(yù)測模型和影像學檢查新技術(shù)方面。我們團隊在中國漢族人外周血白細胞基因組甲基化芯片的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),白細胞ACSL4(cg15536552)和CPT1C(cg21604803)低甲基化可能是NASH的生物標記物[13]。PPARGC1A rs8192678等位基因突變、TM6SF2 rs58542926突變獨立于PNPLA3 rs738409是大陸漢族人和臺北兒童NAFLD的危險因素[14,15]。因為CHB合并NAFLD的發(fā)生率逐年升高,因此在CHB患者中預(yù)測NAFLD和NASH的發(fā)生同樣重要。我們團隊推出了一項綜合了血清miR-192和miR-16水平以及受控衰減參數(shù)(CAP)的組合考評指標可以很好地預(yù)測CHB患者發(fā)生NAFLD的風險。另有來自天津的研究報道了一個可用于無創(chuàng)性診斷CHB合并NAFLD患者發(fā)生NASH的模型,包括血清CK18(M30)水平、空腹血糖和CAP[16,17]。同時,我們團隊還發(fā)現(xiàn)NAFLD和CHB患者血清脂質(zhì)組學譜存在顯著差異,具有低碳原子數(shù)和雙鍵的三酰甘油與NASH組織病理學特征顯著相關(guān),可作為診斷NASH的生物標記物[18]。
基于瞬時彈性成像技術(shù)(TE)的FibroScan和FibroTouch可通過實施CAP和肝臟硬度測定(LSM)來定量評估肝臟脂肪含量和纖維化程度。一項來自19個研究單位包括了3830例患者的薈萃分析提示,CAP診斷脂肪變大于S0期和S1期的AUROC分別可達到0.823(95%CI:0.809~0.837)和0.865(95%CI:0.850~0.880),其最佳截斷點分別為248(95%CI: 237~261)和268(95%CI:257~284)[19]。有研究提示CAP診斷肝脂肪變的效力優(yōu)于肝脂肪變指數(shù)和超聲檢查[20]。魯鳳民團隊比較了APRI、FIB-4和LSM三種方法對NAFLD患者肝纖維化的診斷價值,結(jié)果證實LSM在各期肝纖維化的診斷價值都優(yōu)于另外兩種指標[21]。新加坡的Woo et al發(fā)現(xiàn)使用ALT≥正常上限值3倍診斷進展期肝纖維化,71%患者將會被漏診。所以,應(yīng)該應(yīng)用LSM進行肝纖維化的評估[22]。施軍平團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)磁共振氫譜(H-MRS)檢查不僅可以對NAFLD患者進行肝臟甘油三酯含量的測定,還可以準確地評估NAFLD患者肝內(nèi)鐵含量[23]。另一項來自中國杭州的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)H-MRS診斷NAFLD患者≥S1、S2、S3級肝臟脂肪變的AUROC分別高達0.934、0.935和0.97,并且HBV感染不影響H-MRS對肝臟甘油三酯定量的準確性[24]。
近年來,腸道菌群已被證實在NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展中扮演重要角色,它可以通過分泌內(nèi)毒素、合成內(nèi)生性乙醇以及調(diào)節(jié)腸道免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)來影響疾病的進展。我們對22例健康人和25例NAFLD患者的糞便研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者具有不同的菌群構(gòu)成:NAFLD患者志賀氏桿菌比例增高,而普雷沃氏菌降低[25]。香港徐愛民團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)敲除脂質(zhì)運載蛋白2可改善NASH小鼠腸道菌群失衡,提示該蛋白在NAFLD發(fā)病中發(fā)揮著重要作用[26]。山東青島宣世英等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TM6SF2 E167K和PNP LA3 I148M基因多態(tài)性可通過上調(diào)SREBP-1c和FASN表達,協(xié)同調(diào)控脂質(zhì)代謝[27]。厲有名團隊研究發(fā)現(xiàn)P53-AMPK-自噬通路在NAFLD發(fā)病中被激活,并參與了肝臟脂質(zhì)沉積[28]。王安江研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-25可以通過誘導(dǎo)M1型巨噬細胞死亡和巨噬細胞向M2型極化減輕HFD誘導(dǎo)的肝臟脂肪變[29]。日本的Kakazu團隊提出棕櫚酸誘導(dǎo)的NASH細胞模型可以通過IRE1α依賴途徑釋放富含神經(jīng)酰胺的胞外囊泡,該囊泡可趨化巨噬細胞在肝內(nèi)聚集,引發(fā)肝內(nèi)炎癥。我們在該細胞模型也證實了north信號通路在NAFLD炎癥的發(fā)生中起到重要作用[30,31]。南月敏團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-130-5p可通過調(diào)控TGF-β/Smad信號通路抑制NASH小鼠肝星狀細胞的激活和增殖[32]。趙景民和來自韓國的研究團隊分別發(fā)現(xiàn)了NAFLD患者血清CXCL16可以促進肝星狀細胞的激活和增殖,脂肪酸誘導(dǎo)的NASH細胞模型釋放的外泌體也同樣可以激活肝星狀細胞,預(yù)示著它們在NAFLD由肝臟脂肪變向肝纖維化進展的過程中起重要作用[33,34]。
目前,飲食和運動療法仍然是NAFLD診療指南推薦的一線治療方法,但來自印度的Singh團隊研究顯示中等強度而不是輕度的運動可以改善NAFLD患者的體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)、甘油三酯、轉(zhuǎn)氨酶以及HOMA-IR[35]。近年來,腸道菌群移植已被證實可以改善NAFLD疾病進展:我們和李蘭娟團隊都通過動物實驗證實了糞菌移植和給予丁酸梭菌B1可顯著改善HFD和MCD誘導(dǎo)的NASH小鼠肝臟酶學和組織病理學指標,同時糞菌移植還能通過調(diào)節(jié)T細胞分化糾正NASH動物的免疫失衡狀態(tài)[36,37]。我們團隊還發(fā)現(xiàn)丁酸鈉可以顯著改善NASH小鼠肝臟組織病理學損傷,增加肝臟對GLP-1的敏感性,可作為胰高血糖素樣肽1(GLP-1)激動劑而應(yīng)用于臨床[38]。來自法國和蘇州的研究團隊都證實了GLP-1激動劑不僅可以顯著減輕肥胖動物體質(zhì)量,降低血清甘油三酯和膽固醇水平,還可以顯著改善NASH小鼠肝組織炎癥程度[39,40]。與此同時,可作用于多環(huán)節(jié)和多靶點的中藥療法在NAFLD治療領(lǐng)域的研究也日益增多[41]。馮琴研究發(fā)現(xiàn)祛濕化瘀湯可以修復(fù)NAFLD動物腸黏膜屏障損傷、降低血清內(nèi)毒素水平、抑制炎癥信號通路,改善NAFLD大鼠的腸道菌群失衡[42]。徐嬌雅等學者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)降脂顆??梢砸种芅LRP3炎癥小體的激活,調(diào)控JNK/c-Jun信號通路,顯著改善MCD誘導(dǎo)的NASH小鼠肝組織脂肪變和肝損傷[43]。姚寧研究證實,與單純的生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變療法相比,消脂化纖湯聯(lián)合生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變可以顯著緩解NASH合并顯著肝纖維化患者肝纖維化程度,降低血清甘油三酯水平和改善胰島素抵抗[44]。
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(收稿:2017-03-13)
(本文編輯:陳從新)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in APASL conference in 2017
Liu Xiaolin,F(xiàn)an Jiangao.Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital,Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200092
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;Pathogenesis;Epidemiology;Non-invasive diagnosis
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2017.03.039
200092上海市上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬新華醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
劉曉琳,女,27歲,博士研究生。E-mail:LXL55@ foxmail.com
范建高,E-mail:fattyliver2004@126.com