谷艷超,劉世清,明江華,周 炎,廖 琦, 陳 慶,王 鋼
·短篇論著·
腘動(dòng)脈損傷32例臨床分析
谷艷超,劉世清,明江華,周 炎,廖 琦, 陳 慶,王 鋼
目的 探討腘動(dòng)脈損傷的診療方法及臨床療效。方法 回顧性分析2005年1月~2015年1月收治的32例腘動(dòng)脈損傷患者臨床資料,其中男性28例,女性4例;年齡25~56歲,平均35.5歲;左側(cè)14例,右側(cè)18例;開放性損傷12例,閉合性損傷20例;血管損傷分型:A型17例,B型5例,C型10例;腘靜脈損傷17例,合并膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨折26例。30例患者行急診手術(shù)治療,術(shù)中探查腘血管、神經(jīng),其中行腘動(dòng)脈端端吻合11例,大隱靜脈移植19例,2例一期截肢。對(duì)17例合并腘靜脈損傷進(jìn)行修復(fù),骨折行外固定支架固定,同時(shí)行骨筋膜室切開減壓,創(chuàng)面負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù)覆蓋。結(jié)果 32例患者無一例死亡,29例保肢成功;2例因受傷>12h下肢肌肉壞死嚴(yán)重,全身并發(fā)癥或急性腎衰竭予以一期截肢;1例保肢術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肌肉廣泛壞死、急性腎衰竭予以截肢。30例獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間6~24個(gè)月,平均15個(gè)月。26例合并骨折患者中25例獲骨性愈合,1例發(fā)生骨不連,二期行植骨及接骨板內(nèi)固定后愈合。末次隨訪對(duì)29例保肢成功患者進(jìn)行Hohl膝關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分,優(yōu)11例,良8例,可6例,差4例,優(yōu)良率65.5%。結(jié)論 早期診斷、急診手術(shù)重建下肢血供、術(shù)后密切觀察及護(hù)理可提高腘動(dòng)脈損傷治療的成功率。
腘動(dòng)脈損傷; 骨筋膜室綜合征; 診斷
由于腘動(dòng)脈特殊的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),在下肢血管損傷中非常常見[1],腘動(dòng)脈損傷是導(dǎo)致下肢截肢較為常見的原因[2-3]。 腘動(dòng)脈損傷后下肢截肢率高達(dá)30%~50%,有報(bào)道稱甚至達(dá)到50%以上[4-5],因此對(duì)于腘動(dòng)脈損傷患者及時(shí)有效的治療顯得尤為重要。筆者科室自20世紀(jì)80年代以來就對(duì)腘動(dòng)脈損傷診治積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn),現(xiàn)對(duì)2005年1月~2015年1月收治的32例腘動(dòng)脈損傷患者臨床資料進(jìn)行分析,報(bào)道如下。
1 一般資料
本組32例,男性28例,女性4例;年齡25~56歲,平均35.5歲。左側(cè)14例,右側(cè)18例;開放性損傷12例,閉合性損傷20例;按王娟和Chen等[6-7]血管損傷分型:A型17例,B型5例,C型10例;肢體損傷嚴(yán)重程度按肢體損傷嚴(yán)重程度(MESS)評(píng)分[8]:5~9分,平均6分;致傷原因:高處墜落傷5例,道路交通傷16例,壓砸傷3例,機(jī)械絞傷2例,銳器割裂傷4例,爆炸傷1例,槍彈傷1例;合并傷:骨折26例(股骨髁間骨折2例,脛腓骨上段骨折24例),膝關(guān)節(jié)脫位5例,腘靜脈損傷17例,腓總神經(jīng)及脛神經(jīng)損傷4例,顱腦損傷3例,胸部損傷2例,創(chuàng)傷性休克1例。
2 治療方法
根據(jù)患者肢體缺血時(shí)間、程度及骨折類型確定血管探查修復(fù)與骨折復(fù)位固定的先后順序。常規(guī)先行骨折復(fù)位固定,后吻合腘血管,防止腘血管二次傷害;當(dāng)受傷時(shí)間較長、缺血程度嚴(yán)重而骨折相對(duì)穩(wěn)定可先吻合血管,后固定骨折,骨折固定后再次檢查血管。
麻醉成功后,患者取俯臥位,雙下肢消毒鋪巾。清除創(chuàng)口周圍異物及失活組織,反復(fù)沖洗后取腘窩部“S”形切口,切口起于二頭肌后緣,斜向內(nèi)下方,顯露小腿后中線的小隱靜脈,沿小隱靜脈內(nèi)側(cè)切開腘筋膜,游離腓腸內(nèi)側(cè)皮神經(jīng),股二頭肌內(nèi)緣分離腓總神經(jīng),腘動(dòng)脈位于脛神經(jīng)后方,將股二頭肌腱牽開,暴露腘動(dòng)脈,確定腘動(dòng)脈損傷性質(zhì)。行血管周圍清創(chuàng),切除壞死組織和挫傷的血管,清除血管內(nèi)血栓,直至有新鮮動(dòng)脈血噴出,注意保護(hù)血管內(nèi)膜。對(duì)于腘動(dòng)、靜脈同時(shí)損傷的患者先修復(fù)腘動(dòng)脈,然后修復(fù)腘靜脈。
腘動(dòng)脈缺損在1cm以內(nèi)可做端端吻合,缺損在1cm以上者采用健側(cè)大隱靜脈移植。腘動(dòng)脈不全斷裂,清創(chuàng)后直接吻合。血管修復(fù)后取鄰近的健康肌膜打薄加以覆蓋。骨折復(fù)位后行外固定支架固定,骨筋膜室切開減壓,創(chuàng)面負(fù)壓引流技術(shù)覆蓋,二期縫合或游離植皮。本組30例行急診手術(shù)治療,其中行自體大隱靜脈移植19例,端端吻合11例。術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)腘靜脈損傷17例,其中9例行端端吻合,8例采用自體大隱靜脈移植。
3 術(shù)后處理
術(shù)后常規(guī)應(yīng)用抗生素5~7d,并進(jìn)行抗凝血、抗痙攣治療,密切記錄患者每天液體出入量及生命體征。觀察患肢動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)、皮膚顏色及皮溫,必要時(shí)可進(jìn)行趾脈氧氣監(jiān)測。禁煙,避免食用有刺激性的食物,防止血管痙攣、缺血。定期對(duì)外固定支架針道進(jìn)行消毒,防止針道感染。術(shù)后4~6個(gè)月骨折完全愈合后拆除外固定支架,并指導(dǎo)患者膝、踝關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉。對(duì)于術(shù)后出現(xiàn)高熱、小腿肌肉缺血壞死,但腎功能及小便常規(guī)正?;颊?,則行廣泛的肌肉切除;若腎功能異常伴小便常規(guī)顆粒樣管型,則應(yīng)考慮急診膝上截肢,挽救生命。
4 隨訪
患者術(shù)后1、2、3、6個(gè)月及1、2年門診復(fù)查。了解下肢血液循環(huán)、骨折愈合情況及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,末次隨訪時(shí)采用Hohl膝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[9]對(duì)患者術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)功能進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),分別評(píng)價(jià)患者膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度、疼痛程度、步行等日?;顒?dòng),滿分100分,91~99分為優(yōu),75~90分為良,50~74分為可,<50分為差。
本組2例受傷時(shí)間>24h,入院時(shí)肢體肌肉壞死廣泛,并出現(xiàn)腎衰竭,一期行截肢手術(shù),余患者均急診行血管探查修補(bǔ)術(shù)。1例傷后12h急診行血管修復(fù),術(shù)后第2天患者出現(xiàn)高熱、小腿肌肉廣泛壞死及急性腎衰竭,急診手術(shù)截肢后緩解。29例保肢成功,其中3例術(shù)后2~3d出現(xiàn)高熱,小腿肌肉壞死,但腎功能和小便常規(guī)正常,行壞死肌肉切除后緩解。減壓創(chuàng)面、二期縫合或游離植皮處理后均愈合。本組30例獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間6~24個(gè)月,平均15個(gè)月。26例骨折患者中25例獲骨性愈合,1例術(shù)后4個(gè)月骨折仍未愈合,二期植骨及接骨板內(nèi)固定后愈合。腘動(dòng)脈受損后至肢體恢復(fù)血運(yùn)之前為實(shí)際缺血時(shí)間,超過8h為延誤型腘動(dòng)脈損傷。本組病例12例為延誤型腘動(dòng)脈損傷,3例最終截肢。末次隨訪時(shí)采用Hohl評(píng)分對(duì)29例保肢成功的患者進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),優(yōu)11例,良8例,可6例,差4例,優(yōu)良率65.5%。術(shù)前缺血時(shí)間和預(yù)后情況見表1。典型病例見圖1。
表1 術(shù)前缺血時(shí)間與預(yù)后情況(n)
a b c d e f g h
圖1 患者男性,30歲,創(chuàng)傷致脛腓骨上段骨折伴腘動(dòng)脈損傷8h入院,急診行腘動(dòng)脈探查及骨折復(fù)位外固定術(shù),并對(duì)骨筋膜室進(jìn)行切開減壓,負(fù)壓封閉引流。a.術(shù)前X線片;b.術(shù)前CT血管成像(CTA);c、d.術(shù)后X線片;e、f.術(shù)后4個(gè)月X線片;g、h.膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸正常
1 術(shù)前診斷的價(jià)值及方法與誤診及漏診分析
早期診斷、避免誤診、漏診,能為下肢血運(yùn)重建爭取時(shí)間。Miller[10]動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究結(jié)果表明,傷后6h恢復(fù)血運(yùn),保肢率90%,12~18h保肢率為50%,24h后保肢率只有20%。當(dāng)有疑似腘動(dòng)脈損傷的患者就診時(shí),應(yīng)盡快、詳盡詢問病史,明確致傷原因,并嚴(yán)格進(jìn)行體格檢查。Plummer等[11]認(rèn)為仔細(xì)的體格檢查能使75%的血管損傷患者明確診斷。當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)端動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)未能捫及,皮膚蒼白、小腿上段皮溫下降,足背麻木,要高度懷疑腘動(dòng)脈損傷。也可通過踝肱指數(shù)(ABI)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,ABI是一項(xiàng)簡便、快捷的檢查血管損傷方法,陽性率可達(dá)94%[12]。仔細(xì)的體格檢查后,疑似患者都應(yīng)盡快進(jìn)行影像學(xué)檢查,避免漏診、誤診。以往數(shù)字減影血管造影(DSA)被視為診斷血管病變的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但DSA有以下缺點(diǎn):(1)有創(chuàng)檢查;(2)需要專職的技術(shù)人員和良好的設(shè)備;(3)耗時(shí)長,所以不推薦。有條件的情況下推薦CTA,CTA優(yōu)點(diǎn):(1)無創(chuàng)性檢查,無需動(dòng)脈穿刺,減少并發(fā)癥;(2)耗時(shí)較短,迅速、方便;(3)特異性高;(4)CTA可行骨的重建,可明確骨與受損血管關(guān)系[8,13]。當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)疑似腘動(dòng)脈損傷患者但無上述特殊儀器時(shí)應(yīng)考慮立即血管探查或盡早轉(zhuǎn)院治療。
腘動(dòng)脈損傷可能造成誤診、漏診的原因:(1)醫(yī)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足,在診治過程中只關(guān)注骨折和脫位而忽略腘動(dòng)脈損傷;(2)通過體檢觸摸到下肢動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng),皮膚皮溫顏色正常誤認(rèn)為腘動(dòng)脈未損傷,當(dāng)腘動(dòng)脈損傷時(shí),由于側(cè)支循環(huán)尚未破壞,或腘動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜損傷、血栓尚未完全堵塞腘動(dòng)脈時(shí),短時(shí)間內(nèi)動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng),皮膚皮溫顏色大致正常;(3)創(chuàng)傷性休克時(shí),也不能觸及動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng);(4)誤診骨筋膜室綜合征,骨筋膜室綜合征疼痛劇烈,以觸痛、牽拉痛為主,骨筋膜室綜合征導(dǎo)致微循環(huán)障礙,血管受壓變扁,血流彩色信號(hào)是連續(xù)的,遠(yuǎn)端動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)并不消失,肢端并不蒼白。
2 手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)及治療方法的選擇
當(dāng)腘動(dòng)脈損傷后,應(yīng)盡快急診手術(shù)重建下肢血運(yùn),外固定支架固定骨折,常規(guī)骨筋膜室切開減壓,負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù)覆蓋創(chuàng)面。對(duì)于先進(jìn)行骨折固定還是先進(jìn)行血管修復(fù)爭議很大。傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)典方法認(rèn)為先固定骨折后行血管修復(fù),防止修復(fù)的血管再次受到損傷。但也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為應(yīng)先恢復(fù)血運(yùn)后固定骨折,如Mchenry和Hossny等[14-15]就主張先重建血液循環(huán),減少肢體缺血時(shí)間及并發(fā)癥,提高肢體存活率。筆者經(jīng)過實(shí)踐認(rèn)為應(yīng)該根據(jù)具體情況而定,下肢缺血不嚴(yán)重、時(shí)間較短可先行復(fù)位和固定骨折后再恢復(fù)血運(yùn),當(dāng)下肢缺血嚴(yán)重、受傷時(shí)間較長、骨折相對(duì)穩(wěn)定則可先吻合血管后固定骨折。本組患者中先固定骨折后吻合血管15例,先吻合血管后固定骨折11例。無論哪種方式原則是下肢要盡早恢復(fù)血運(yùn),骨折固定要簡單、穩(wěn)固。
腘動(dòng)脈損傷時(shí),由于腘動(dòng)脈分支較多,一旦出現(xiàn)大的缺損就只能犧牲側(cè)支而進(jìn)行吻合,如果盲目地結(jié)扎側(cè)支血管又會(huì)加重下肢缺血,因此大的缺損都應(yīng)該自體大隱靜脈移植,而對(duì)于腘動(dòng)脈裂傷的患者筆者主張最好端端吻合。對(duì)于腘動(dòng)、靜脈同時(shí)損傷,筆者主張先吻合動(dòng)脈,然后再對(duì)靜脈進(jìn)行端端吻合或自體大隱靜脈移植,不主張對(duì)大隱靜脈進(jìn)行結(jié)扎,因?yàn)榇箅[靜脈結(jié)扎后會(huì)導(dǎo)致靜脈高壓,擾亂動(dòng)脈血運(yùn)。另外清創(chuàng)是手術(shù)成功的重要步驟,必須徹底清除壞死組織和徹底切除損壞的血管,一般切除損傷段0.5~1.0cm才能保證血液通暢。關(guān)于是否進(jìn)行骨筋膜室綜合征切開減壓,Mullenix等[3]認(rèn)為有骨筋膜室壓力增高表現(xiàn)的患者都應(yīng)該切開減壓,筆者認(rèn)為無論是治療性切開減壓還是預(yù)防性切開減壓都是有必要的,但在切開減壓過程中也要注意,要徹底減壓,完全分離深筋膜和其余筋膜室,不徹底的減壓是無效的。
3 截肢適應(yīng)證
腘動(dòng)脈損傷后,截肢的指征目前爭議還是很大。Stayner和Coen[16]認(rèn)為缺血時(shí)間<6h保肢預(yù)后良好,>8h截肢率明顯增高。筆者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)認(rèn)為,缺血時(shí)間絕不是唯一的依據(jù),每個(gè)人情況不同,要根據(jù)具體情況而定。雖然時(shí)間越長,患肢缺血越嚴(yán)重,但只要有可能保肢無論時(shí)間長短就應(yīng)該積極保肢;但如果出現(xiàn)高熱、小腿肌肉廣泛壞死、肝腎功能受損、尿常規(guī)檢查顆粒管型,無論時(shí)間是否>8h,為保證患者生命安全,就應(yīng)考慮行膝上截肢術(shù)。
對(duì)于腘動(dòng)脈修復(fù)后發(fā)生傷口嚴(yán)重感染、肌肉廣泛壞死的截肢也應(yīng)就具體情況而定。因?yàn)槟N動(dòng)脈尤其是延誤型腘動(dòng)脈損傷修復(fù)血管后,術(shù)后一般都會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同程度的肌肉壞死與感染,尤其是在小腿后外側(cè)肌肉壞死較多患者。對(duì)待這樣的患者應(yīng)該有信心,可分期切除壞死組織,最終閉合傷口,只要患者沒有出現(xiàn)高熱、腎功能異常及小便常規(guī)顆粒管型就可挽救肢體,保存肢體部分功能。本組1例男性患者,因脛腓骨上段粉碎性骨折導(dǎo)致腘動(dòng)脈損傷,傷后35h后由下級(jí)醫(yī)院轉(zhuǎn)入筆者科室,經(jīng)過評(píng)估病情后急診吻合動(dòng)脈,術(shù)后高熱,肌肉出現(xiàn)壞死,但腎功能正常,經(jīng)2次清創(chuàng)后保肢成功,因多次清創(chuàng)在隨訪過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)肢體踝關(guān)節(jié)攣縮,進(jìn)行矯形處理后改善。
綜上所述,腘動(dòng)脈損傷臨床較為常見,損傷后截肢率高。避免漏診、誤診,盡早恢復(fù)血運(yùn)是降低截肢率關(guān)鍵,行肢體CTA檢查可準(zhǔn)確診斷,簡單、可靠、有效的固定是維持血運(yùn)的重要措施,同時(shí)要嚴(yán)格把握截肢適應(yīng)證。
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(本文編輯: 黃利萍)
Clinical analysis of 32 cases of popliteal artery injury
GUYan-chao,LIUShi-qing,MINGJiang-hua,ZHOUYan,LIAOQi,CHENQing,WANGGang
(Department of Orthopaedics,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Wuhan 430060,China)
Objective To summarize the treatment and clinical effects of popliteal artery injury. Methods Totally 32 patients with popliteal artery injury who had been admitted to our hospital between Jan.2005 and Jan.2015 were retrospectively analyzed,including 28 males and 4 females with an average age of 35.5(25-56)years. Fourteen were on the left side and 18 were on the right side. Twelve cases were open injury and 20 cases were closed injury. According to the vascular injury type classification,17 were type A,5 cases were type B,and 10 cases were type C. In the 32 patients,17 cases were associated with injury of great saphenous vein and 26 patients were associated with fractures around the knee joint. Thirty patients underwent emergency surgery,and popliteal blood vessels and nerves were detected during the operation. Among them,11 cases were conducted end-to-end anastomosis,19 patients were performed transplantations of great saphenous vein,and 2 cases were conducted amputation immediately. Popliteal vein injury in 17 cases was repaired. Fractures were treated with external fixator,and the bone fascia room were cut for decompression,following by negative pressure drainage technology. Results All 32 patients survived. Twenty-nine patients obtained succcessful limb salvage. Two patients underwent amputation owing to serious complication and acute renal failure.One case of limb-salvage surgery underwent amputation for muscle necrosis and acute renal failure. Thirty cases were followed up for 6 to 24 months,average 15 months. Fracture in 25 patients healed. One patient suffered bone nonunion and bone defect got bone union after treated by fracture fixation and bone graft. During the last follow-up,29 cases were evaluated with Hohl score. Eleven cases were excellent,8 cases were good,6 cases were fair and 4 cases were poor,the excellent and good rate was 65.5%. Conclusion Early diagnosis,emergency reconstruction of lower limb blood supply,close postoperative observation and nursing can improve the success rate of popliteal artery injury treatment.
popliteal artery injury; compartment syndrome; diagnosis
1009-4237(2017)01-0055-04
430060 武漢,武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院骨三科
劉世清,E-mail:guyanchao2007@163.com
R 654.3
A 【DOI】 10.3969/j.issn.1009-4237.2017.01.015
2016-01-21;
2016-02-27)