国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

阿爾茨海默病轉(zhuǎn)基因模型Tg2576小鼠血清的代謝組學(xué)研究

2017-05-18 01:45黎冰林盧鑫李江超王佳王麗京楊永霞
關(guān)鍵詞:膽堿甘油磷脂

黎冰林,盧鑫,李江超,王佳,王麗京,楊永霞

(廣東藥科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)學(xué)院, 廣州 510006)

研究報(bào)告

阿爾茨海默病轉(zhuǎn)基因模型Tg2576小鼠血清的代謝組學(xué)研究

黎冰林,盧鑫,李江超,王佳,王麗京,楊永霞*

(廣東藥科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)學(xué)院, 廣州 510006)

目的Tg2576轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠與阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者的病理改變相近,本文動(dòng)態(tài)研究了Tg2576小鼠在AD發(fā)病不同階段的血清代謝物特征,為臨床AD的早期診斷提供代謝依據(jù)。方法 收集Tg2576小鼠在AD發(fā)病初期(6個(gè)月)和末期(12個(gè)月)時(shí)的血清樣本,采集樣本的1HNMR譜并運(yùn)用多變量分析方法進(jìn)行代謝特征的分析。結(jié)果 結(jié)果顯示Tg2576與C57小鼠分別在6和12個(gè)月時(shí)的血清代謝特征有明顯差異,且不同AD發(fā)病階段的Tg2576小鼠具有明顯的代謝差異。與C57小鼠相比,在AD出現(xiàn)的初期階段,Tg2576小鼠血清中乳酸、肌醇和氨基酸(如亮氨酸、異亮氨酸、丙氨酸)的含量升高,而脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿/甘油磷脂酰膽堿、甜菜堿、甘氨酸和葡萄糖含量降低;在AD發(fā)病的末期,血清中乳酸、肌醇和丙氨酸的含量繼續(xù)上升,脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿/甘油磷脂酰膽堿、甜菜堿和甘氨酸含量持續(xù)降低,同時(shí)谷氨酸和肌酸含量初步顯示出下降趨勢(shì)。通過比較AD的初期和末期血清代謝物,我們能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病末期血清中乳酸、肌醇和丙氨酸含量升高,脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿、甘油磷脂酰膽堿含量降低。在這些代謝物中,乳酸、脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿和甘油磷脂酰膽堿在AD發(fā)生初期已具有顯著性變化,且與AD發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)。結(jié)論 結(jié)果表明Tg2576小鼠中乳酸與阿爾茨海默病程度的加重呈正相關(guān)變化,而脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿和甘油磷脂酰膽堿呈負(fù)相關(guān)改變,且這些代謝物隨著疾病的發(fā)展呈動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行性變化,可能是AD早期診斷的重要代謝標(biāo)志物。

阿爾茨海默病;Tg2576小鼠;核磁共振氫譜;代謝組學(xué)

阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)為老年期癡呆中最常見的一種類型,是一種慢性中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性病(neurodegenerative disease),其主要的神經(jīng)病理特征主要包括腦神經(jīng)組織中淀粉樣β蛋白(amyloid beta protein,Aβ)的積聚,神經(jīng)斑塊的出現(xiàn)以及神經(jīng)元纖維的交聯(lián)[1]。隨著我國老齡化的加劇,國內(nèi)AD的發(fā)病率也逐年升高,人們對(duì)AD的診斷與治療也日益關(guān)注。由于AD的發(fā)病機(jī)理尚未明確,臨床診斷上主要依靠臨床表現(xiàn)和神經(jīng)心理學(xué)評(píng)估,缺乏客觀的、有效的、無創(chuàng)的診斷技術(shù),早期診斷還很困難[2]。Tg2576 轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠是由Hsiao等[3]創(chuàng)建的,用于研究AD的經(jīng)典動(dòng)物模型[4]。我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Tg2576小鼠在6個(gè)月時(shí)初步呈現(xiàn)老年癡呆癥狀,但腦組織切片染色并未觀察到淀粉樣β斑塊,屬于AD發(fā)病早期;在12個(gè)月時(shí),腦組織切片已明顯觀察到淀粉樣斑塊[1],屬于阿爾茨海默病發(fā)病末期,這與已報(bào)道的研究結(jié)果一致[4,5]。

代謝組學(xué)(metabonomics)可以動(dòng)態(tài)描述體內(nèi)代謝循環(huán)中基本化合物性質(zhì)與含量改變的一門學(xué)科,已經(jīng)被廣泛地應(yīng)用到藥物研發(fā)、分子生理學(xué)、分子病理學(xué)、臨床診斷等重要領(lǐng)域[6]。在阿爾茨海默病的研究中,該方法已經(jīng)用來研究腦組織的代謝改變,并篩選出可能的生物標(biāo)志物[7,8]。我們前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阿爾茨海默病患者血清的代謝特征與健康人具有明顯的差異[9],但是與該病發(fā)病程度相關(guān)的動(dòng)態(tài)代謝改變還不清楚。因此,本研究擬用基于核磁共振氫譜的代謝組學(xué)技術(shù),動(dòng)態(tài)研究Tg2576小鼠在老年癡呆發(fā)生的初期和末期血清的代謝特征,篩選與發(fā)病程度密切相關(guān)的代謝標(biāo)志物,為臨床AD患者的早期無創(chuàng)診斷提供具有潛在價(jià)值的代謝依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物和飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境

阿爾茨海默癥Tg2576轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠構(gòu)建于C57B6/SJL背景,購自美國Taconic Company(Taconic: Stock #1349)。C57BL/6小鼠購自廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心【SCXK(粵) 2013-0002】。以上實(shí)驗(yàn)用鼠均自由飼養(yǎng)在校內(nèi)動(dòng)物中心【SYXK(粵) 2012-0125】:室內(nèi)溫度維持在(24±2)℃之間,濕度保持在40%~ 60%,噪音小于60分貝。

1.2 試劑和儀器

重水(D2O)(青島騰龍科技有限公司),0.1 mol/L磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)配制試劑均為國產(chǎn)分析純;5 mm 核磁管(北京欣維爾玻璃儀器有限公司),500 MHz Bruker AVANCE Ⅲ超導(dǎo)液體NMR波譜儀(瑞士Bruker公司),Sorvall Primo R臺(tái)式冷凍離心機(jī)(Thermo)。

1.3 血樣的收集處理

用乙醚迷昏小鼠,眼眶靜脈叢取血常溫靜置一段時(shí)間后,室溫6000 r/min離心30 min,吸取上層血清液待存于-80℃?zhèn)溆?。樣品檢測(cè)前處理:血清解凍后在4℃條件下15 000 r/min離心10 min,吸取上清液300 μL,與100 μL的D2O和100 μL的 PBS于核磁管中混勻,放置4℃待測(cè)。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)的采集和分析

對(duì)每份血清樣本分別進(jìn)行代謝數(shù)據(jù)采集,NMR波譜儀探頭溫度設(shè)為25℃(298 K),選用已編定的Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) 脈沖序列。采樣的重要參數(shù):譜寬為20 ppm,延遲時(shí)間設(shè)為3 s,回波時(shí)間為0.1 s,測(cè)樣點(diǎn)數(shù)32 k,測(cè)樣循環(huán)次數(shù)為128次,將自由感應(yīng)衰減(free induction decay,F(xiàn)ID)信號(hào)在Topspin 2.1軟件中經(jīng)32 k傅立葉變換為核磁共振譜圖,隨后手動(dòng)調(diào)相位和基線校正,以乳酸的雙峰δ 1.33進(jìn)行化學(xué)位移定標(biāo),然后參考文獻(xiàn)和2D譜對(duì)譜圖中的各類代謝物逐一歸屬。

注:1.脂質(zhì); 2.亮氨酸/異亮氨酸;3.纈氨酸;4.乳酸;5.丙氨酸;6.賴氨酸;7.精氨酸;8.乙酸鹽; 9.谷氨酸鹽; 10.谷氨酰胺; 11.D-3-羥基丁酸; 12.丙酮酸鹽;13.琥珀酸鹽; 14.檸檬酸鹽;15.天冬氨酸鹽;16.肌酸;17.膽堿;18.PC;19.GPC;20.甜菜堿;21.鯊肌醇;22.葡萄糖/氨基酸;23.?;撬幔?4.甘氨酸;25.肌醇;26.α-葡萄糖;27.β-葡萄糖;28.不飽和脂肪酸;29.絡(luò)氨酸;30.苯丙氨酸;31.組氨酸。圖1 C57小鼠(6 m,A;12 m,B)和Tg2576小鼠(6 m,C;12 m,D)血清NMR 1H譜Note. (A)C57 mice at 6 m,(B)C57 mice at 12 m,(C) Tg2576 mice at 6 m,(D)Tg2576 mice at 12 m. Keys:1. lipids; 2. leucine / isoleucine; 3. valine; 4. lactate; 5. alanine; 6. lysine; 7. arginine; 8. acetate; 9. glutamate; 10. glutamine; 11. D-3-hydroxybutyrate; 12. pyruvate; 13. succinate; 14. citrate; 15. aspartate; 16.creatine; 17.choline; 18.PC; 19.GPC; 20.betaine; 21. scyllitol; 22.glucose / amino acid; 23. taurine; 24. glycine; 25.myo-inositol; 26. α-glucose; 27. β-glucose; 28. unsaturated fatty acid; 29. tyrosine; 30.phenylalanine; 31. Histidine.Fig.1 Serum NMR1H spectra of Tg2576 and C57 mice at different stages of age

對(duì)所有的NMR1H譜采用Bruker Amix軟件進(jìn)行積分,積分區(qū)間為δ0.5~9.0,積分間隔為0.004 ppm,為避免積分區(qū)間在δ4.7~5.2的水峰影響,將其積分值設(shè)為零。在數(shù)據(jù)分析前,需對(duì)每份積分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行歸一化處理。然后采用SIMCA-P+12.0軟件對(duì)歸一化后的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行多變量分析,包括:主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判別法(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)模式識(shí)別分析。在PCA分析中,結(jié)果用得分矩陣圖(score plot)表示。OPLS-DA分析中,結(jié)果用得分矩陣圖和負(fù)荷圖(loading plot)表示。其中負(fù)荷圖中相關(guān)系數(shù)編碼圖是采用Matlab(the Math Works,Inc.,USA)腳本直接處理OPLS-DA模型中l(wèi)oading和correlation coefficient值得到。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)

對(duì)上述篩選得到對(duì)樣本區(qū)分有貢獻(xiàn)的代謝物積分值使用SPSS(Version 16.0, SPSS Inc., USA)軟件做統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)(P<0.05)。

2 結(jié)果

2.1Tg2576和C57小鼠血清的NMR1H譜比較

圖1為Tg2576小鼠和C57小鼠在6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)血清的NMR1H譜,主要的代謝物有:脂質(zhì)(lipids, δ0.82-0.88, 1.27)、亮氨酸/異亮氨酸(leucine/isoleucine, δ0.93, 1.01)、纈氨酸(valine, δ0.98, 1.04)、乳酸(lactate, δ1.33, 4.11)、丙氨酸(alanine, δ1.48)、賴氨酸(lysine, δ1.72,1.89)、精氨酸(arginine, δ1.68,1.90)、乙酸鹽(acetate, δ1.91)、谷氨酸(glutamate,δ 2.06,2.36)、谷氨酰胺(glutamine, δ 2.15,2.44)、D-3-羥基丁酸(D-3-hydroxybutyrate, δ2.31,2.41)、丙酮酸鹽(pyruvate, δ2.37)、琥珀酸鹽(succinate, δ 2.41)、檸檬酸(citrate, δ2.52, 2.69)、天冬氨酸鹽(aspartate, δ 2.68,2.83)、肌酸(creatine, δ3.03)、膽堿(choline, δ3.21)、磷脂酰膽堿/甘油磷脂酰膽堿(phosphocholine/glycerolphosphocholine, PC/GPC, δ3.22,3.24)、甜菜堿(betaine, δ3.27)、鯊肌醇(scyllitol, δ3.36)?;撬?taurine, δ3.43)、甘氨酸(glycine, δ3.56)、肌醇( myo-inositol, δ3.56, 3.66)、葡萄糖(glucose, δ3.70~3.90)、不飽和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty lipid,δ5.3)、酪氨酸(tyrosine,δ6.87, 7.17)、苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine, δ7.33-7.5)、組氨酸(histidine, δ7.75)。從圖1我們可以觀察到Tg2576小鼠血清中脂質(zhì)含量明顯低于對(duì)照鼠。為了進(jìn)一步全面分析所有樣本中血清代謝物的變化,我們采用模式識(shí)別方法進(jìn)行分析。

2.2 數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果

Tg2576和C57小鼠6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月的血清1H CPMG譜的PCA分析見圖2。結(jié)果顯示Tg2576小鼠在阿爾茨海默病發(fā)病初期(6個(gè)月)與C57鼠具有明顯區(qū)分,且這種區(qū)分在,在AD末期(12個(gè)月)時(shí)更加明顯;

Tg2576小鼠在阿爾茨海默病發(fā)病初期和末期的血清具有明顯不同的代謝特征。為了篩選出各組樣本之間的差異代謝物,我們進(jìn)一步做了OPLS-DA分析。

注:t[1]代表第一主成分,t[2]代表第二主成分(R2=87.8%, Q2=70.3%)。圖2 C57小鼠(6 m ■、12 m●)和Tg2576小鼠(6 m◆、12 m ▲)血清PCA分析結(jié)果 Note. t[1]: The first principal component,t[2]: The second principal component (R2 =87.8%, Q2=70.3%), (■)C57 mice at 6 m,(●)C57 mice at 12 m,(◆) Tg2576 mice at 6 m,(▲)Tg2576 mice at 12 m.Fig.2 PCA analysis results of Tg2576 and C57 mice at different stages of age

OPLS-DA分析結(jié)果見圖3。Tg2576和C57兩組小鼠分別在6個(gè)月齡和12個(gè)月齡時(shí),以及Tg2576小鼠在阿爾茨海默病發(fā)病的初期和末期血清樣本均在t[1]維可以明顯區(qū)分開,且得到了對(duì)區(qū)分有較大貢獻(xiàn)的代謝物。與C57相比,在AD發(fā)病初期,Tg2576小鼠血清中乳酸、肌醇和氨基酸(如亮氨酸、異亮氨酸、丙氨酸)的含量升高,而脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿/甘油磷脂酰膽堿、甜菜堿、甘氨酸和葡萄糖含量降低;在AD發(fā)病末期(表達(dá)淀粉樣蛋白斑),Tg2576小鼠血清中乳酸、肌醇和丙氨酸的含量繼續(xù)上升,脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿/甘油磷脂酰膽堿、甜菜堿和甘氨酸含量持續(xù)降低,同時(shí)谷氨酸鹽和肌酸含量初步顯示出現(xiàn)下降。進(jìn)一步對(duì)比Tg2576小鼠在阿爾茨海默病發(fā)病初期和末期的血清,發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠發(fā)病末期血清中乳酸、肌醇和丙氨酸含量升高,脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿、甘油磷脂酰膽堿含量降低。在這些代謝物中,乳酸、脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿和甘油磷脂酰膽堿與阿爾茨海默病的發(fā)病程度密切相關(guān),且隨著病情的程度加重它們呈現(xiàn)出動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行性改變。

2.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

為了進(jìn)一步確定Tg2576小鼠在AD發(fā)病初期和末期的血清代謝變化,找出具有統(tǒng)計(jì)意義的差異代謝物,將上述經(jīng)OPLS-DA初步篩選得到的對(duì)樣本區(qū)分有貢獻(xiàn)的血清代謝物積分值進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。結(jié)果表明在AD發(fā)生初期,乳酸、脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿和甘油磷脂酰膽堿的變化具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且隨著AD程度的加重,這些代謝物的變化進(jìn)一步加劇(表1)。從上述研究結(jié)果,我們可以初步推斷Tg2576小鼠血清中乳酸與阿爾茨海默病程度的加重呈動(dòng)態(tài)正相關(guān)變化,而脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿和甘油磷脂酰膽堿呈動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)相關(guān)改變,這些代謝物可能是阿爾茨海默病早期診斷的重要代謝標(biāo)志物。

3 討論

代謝組學(xué)技術(shù)可以篩選出與疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)的代謝物,在疾病的臨床診斷和預(yù)測(cè)中有著廣泛應(yīng)用[10-12]。我們前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AD患者血清代謝特征與健康人具有明顯差異,AD患者血清中異亮氨酸和乳酸含量升高,而脂質(zhì)、谷氨酰胺、肌酸和葡萄糖含量降低[9]。但是與該病發(fā)病程度相關(guān)的動(dòng)態(tài)代謝改變,尤其是發(fā)病早期的代謝變化還不清楚。因此,本研究動(dòng)態(tài)分析了Tg2576小鼠在AD發(fā)生初期和末期的血清代謝特征,結(jié)果表明乳酸、脂質(zhì)、膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿和甘油磷脂酰膽堿與AD的發(fā)病程度密切相關(guān),且隨著疾病的加重,這些代謝物呈現(xiàn)出動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行性改變,可能是AD早期診斷的重要代謝標(biāo)志物。

注:A1~A3:得分矩陣圖;B1~B3:負(fù)荷圖。 A1、B1:6個(gè)月齡的C57和Tg2576小鼠血清OPLS-DA分析結(jié)果(R2X=67.6%, Q2Y=93.9%);A2、B2:12個(gè)月齡的C57和Tg 2576小鼠血清OPLS-DA分析結(jié)果(R2X=97.5%, Q2Y=96.7%);A3、B3:Tg2576小鼠(6 M,12 M)的血清OPLS-DA分析結(jié)果(R2X=84.3%, Q2Y=91.8%)。圖3 血清代謝物的OPLS-DA的分析結(jié)果 Note.A1,B1: Scores plot and loading plot of OPLS-DA for 6-month-old Tg2576 and C57 mice (R2X=67.6%, Q2Y=93.9%). A2,B2: Scores plot and loading plot of OPLS-DA for 12-month-old Tg2576 and C57 mice,(R2X=97.5%, Q2Y=96.7%). A3,B3: Scores plot and loading plot of OPLS-DA for 6 and 12-month-old Tg2576 mice (R2X=84.3%, Q2Y=91.8%).Fig.3 OPLS-DA analysis of the serum metabolites

表1Tg2576和C57小鼠血清中潛在生物標(biāo)志物的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
Tab.1 Statistical analysis of potential biomarkers in different months oldTg2576 andC57 mice

代謝物(Metabolite)化學(xué)位移(Chemicalshift,δ)C57,6m/%C57,12m/%Tg2576,6m/%Tg2576,12m/%脂質(zhì)Lipids0.93(m),1.28(m)13.84±0.8411.77±1.1110.47±0.49**8.36±0.32#/△△異亮氨酸Isoleucine0.99(t),1.02(d)0.66±0.030.64±0.010.69±0.030.85±0.07##乳酸Lactate1.33(d),4.11(q)10.39±0.6611.39±0.6213.27±0.63**16.03±0.64###/△△△丙氨酸Alanine1.46(d)0.52±0.050.55±0.040.60±0.060.63±0.08谷氨酸Glutamate2.06(m),2.36(m)0.65±0.040.83±0.030.67±0.040.66±0.02##肌酸Creatine3.03(s)0.28±0.020.27±0.020.23±0.010.16±0.01###/△△△膽堿Choline3.2(s),3.51(t)1.18±0.091.73±0.100.90±0.02*0.84±0.06#/△磷脂酰膽堿/甘油磷脂酰膽堿PC/GPC3.22(s),3.60(m)/3.24(s),3.69(m)8.92±0.238.79±0.197.81±0.23*5.97±0.51###/△肌醇Myo-inositol3.57(m),3.65(m)4.14±0.363.75±0.444.25±0.164.68±0.31葡萄糖Glucose3.40-3.9033.27±0.9232.31±1.4527.93±0.89***24.89±097###/△

注:與正常C57小鼠6 m比較,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;與C57小鼠12 m比較,#P<0.05,##P<0.01,###P<0.001;與Tg2576小鼠,6 m比較,△P<0.05,△△P<0.01,△△△P<0.001。

Note. Compared with the C57 mice at 6 m,*P≤0.05,**P≤0.01,***P≤0.001;Compared with the C57 mouse at 12 m,#P≤0.05,##P≤0.01,###P≤0.001; and compared with the Tg2576 mice at 6 m,△P≤0.05,△△P≤0.01,△△△P≤0.001. PC/GPC: phosphorylcholine/glycerol phosphorylcholine.

本研究顯示Tg2576小鼠的血清中與能量相關(guān)的代謝物發(fā)生了明顯變化。葡萄糖含量在Tg2576小鼠血清中降低,在不同的AD轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的血清中也發(fā)現(xiàn)其含量有明顯的降低[13,14],并在前期研究中AD患者血清也有明顯下降。同時(shí),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在Tg2576小鼠血清中乳酸濃度明顯高于正常鼠,且隨著病情的加重其濃度進(jìn)一步增加,這與臨床AD患者中的乳酸變化一致。葡萄糖和乳酸含量的變化預(yù)示著AD的發(fā)生過程中能量代謝系統(tǒng)中糖代謝和糖酵解過程發(fā)生紊亂。此外,我們同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)肌酸濃度在Tg2576小鼠發(fā)病末期血清中是降低的,González-Domínguez等[15]對(duì)AD患者血清的研究中也報(bào)道了肌酸濃度降低。Adhihetty等[16]研究表明肌酸通過肌酸激酶/磷酸肌酸系統(tǒng)將能源從線粒體轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞質(zhì),對(duì)細(xì)胞整體起著能量緩沖和生物能學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)性作用。并且在動(dòng)物模型中有研究表明肌酸能夠抗神經(jīng)變性和老化[17],同時(shí)AD患者通過補(bǔ)充肌酸能夠減輕中樞神經(jīng)疾病引起的神經(jīng)性退化[18]。因此,肌酸可能在AD的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程起著關(guān)鍵性作用。

氨基酸的含量在Tg2576小鼠發(fā)病末期血清中也有明顯改變。異亮氨酸水平升高結(jié)果與AD臨床患者血清的代謝研究一致。而谷氨酸的含量水平下降,谷氨酸作為不可缺少的興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的表達(dá)豐富[19],對(duì)大腦的突觸傳遞和神經(jīng)元的生長和分化起著重要的生理作用[20,21]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,谷氨酸代謝通路的調(diào)節(jié)異常可能導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)合成途徑受阻,從而引起突觸過程失敗,最終引發(fā)神經(jīng)退行性疾病[22]。以上結(jié)果說明在Tg2576轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠中與谷氨酸相關(guān)代謝通路調(diào)節(jié)異常,谷氨酸濃度的變化可能對(duì)AD的發(fā)生具有重要意義。

脂質(zhì)含量在Tg2576轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的發(fā)病前后明顯低于正常鼠,隨著病情的加重其濃度也進(jìn)一步降低,這與臨床AD患者血清中的研究結(jié)果一致。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中脂質(zhì)含量非常豐富,且生物膜脂質(zhì)的構(gòu)成和代謝的改變是AD 發(fā)病機(jī)制的重要環(huán)節(jié),膜質(zhì)類代謝異??赡軐?dǎo)致胞膜功能的改變進(jìn)而誘發(fā)神經(jīng)退行性疾病[23],所以脂質(zhì)的變化與AD疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切關(guān)聯(lián)。同時(shí),我們?cè)赥g2576轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠發(fā)病初期和末期發(fā)現(xiàn)膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿/甘油磷脂酰膽堿含量也下降。膽堿攝取對(duì)于質(zhì)膜的構(gòu)建、甜菜堿的合成以及膽堿能神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生起著舉足輕重的作用[24]。Davies等[25]報(bào)告顯示,膽堿能神經(jīng)元的損失與AD 的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)。在AD中,膽堿的變化可能與膽堿能神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生有所關(guān)聯(lián);在大多數(shù)細(xì)胞膜磷脂中磷脂酰膽堿約占40%,膜磷脂的變化發(fā)生在AD的病理學(xué)進(jìn)程中,且為AD突觸丟失的提供分子基礎(chǔ)[26]。我們初步推測(cè)膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿/甘油磷脂酰膽堿的變化與AD疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切聯(lián)系。盡管在臨床AD患者血清沒有觀察到膽堿類代謝物的變化,我們將在后續(xù)的研究中收集臨床不同發(fā)病程度的AD患者血清樣本進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證分析。

本研究采用代謝組學(xué)的方法動(dòng)態(tài)研究了Tg2576小鼠在不同發(fā)病階段血清樣本的代謝特征,篩選出Tg2576小鼠在AD發(fā)生早期且與疾病嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)的血清代謝標(biāo)志物,這可能為AD的早期診斷提供輔助的代謝依據(jù)。

[1] Li JC, Han L, Wen YX, et al. Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and Alzheimer’s disease-like alterations in slit-2 transgenic mice[J]. J Alzheimer′s Dis, 2015, 43(2):535-548.

[2] 陳傳鋒,何承林,潘鑫,等.我國老年癡呆研究概況 [J].寧波大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(教育科學(xué)版).2012,34(2):45-50.

[3] Hsiao K, Borchelt DR,Olson K,et al. Age-related CNS disorder and early death in transgenic FVB/N mice overexpressing Alzheimer amyloid precursor proteins[J]. Neuron, 1995,15(5):1203-1218.

[4] 李國營,汪華僑,姚志彬,等.AD轉(zhuǎn)基因模型Tg2576鼠陽性子鼠的病理和認(rèn)知行為變化[J].神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)雜志,2006,22(4):384-388.

[5] Kevin AC, Ye L, Stephen M. Overexpression of hAPPswe impairs rewarded alternation and contextual fear conditioning in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease[J]. Learn Mem, 2002,9(5): 243-252.

[6] Tang HR, Wang YL. Metabonomics: A revolution in progress[A]. Progr Biochem Biophys,2006, 33(5): 401-417.

[7] Salek RM, Griffin JL, Robert A,et al. A metabolomic study of the CRND8 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease[J]. Neurochem Int. 2010 ,56(8):937-947.

[8] Lalande J, Halley H, Malet MM,et al. 1H NMR metabolomic signatures in five brain regions of the Aβ PPswe Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease at four ages[J]. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014,39(1):121-143.

[9] 張靜麗,李江超,楊永霞,等.阿爾茨海默病和帕金森病患者血清代謝組學(xué)研究[J].第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2016,38(5):522-526.

[10] Jiang N, Yan X, Zhou W, et al.NMR-based metabonomic investigations into the metabolic profile of the senescence-accelerated mouse[J]. J Proteome Res, 2008, 7(9):3678-3686.

[11] Brindle JT, Antti H, Holmes E, et al. Rapid and noninvasive diagnosis of the presence and severity of coronary heart disease using 1H-NMR-based metabonomics[J]. Nat Med, 2002, 8(12):1439-1444.

[12] Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F,et al.Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease[J]. J Proteome Res, 2007, 6(2):546-551.

[13] Hu ZP, Browne ER, Liu T, et al. Metabonomic profiling of TASTPM transgenic Alzheimer’s disease mouse model[J]. J Proteome Res,2012, 11(12):5903-5913.

[14] Graham SF, Holscher C, McClean P, et al. H-1 NMR metabolomics investigation of an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model pinpoints important biochemical disturbances in brain and plasma[J]. Metabolomics. 2013, 9:974-983.

[15] GonzálezDR, GarcíaBT, GómezA. JL. Using direct infusion mass spectrometry for serum metabolomics in Alzheimer’s disease[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014, 406(28):7137-7148.

[16] Adhihetty PJ, Beal MF. Creatine and its potential therapeutic value for targeting cellular energy impairment in neurodegenerative diseases[J]. Neuromol Med ,2008,10(4):275-290.

[17] Klopstock T, ElstnerM, BenderA,et al. Creatine in mouse models of neurodegeneration and aging[J].Amino Acids,2011, 40(5),1297-1303.

[18] GualanoB, Artioli GG, PoortmansJR,et al. Exploring the therapeutic role of creatine supplementation[J].Amino Acids, 2010, 38(1):31-44.

[19] Gasic GP, Hollmann M. Molecular neurobiology of glutamate receptors[J]. Annu Rev Physiol,1992,54: 507-536.

[20] Butterfield DA, Pocernich CB. The glutamatergic system and Alzheimer’s disease: therapeutic implications[J]. CNS Drugs.2003, 17 :641-652.

[21] Francis PT. Glutamatergic systems in Alzheimer’s disease[J]. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003, 18: S15-S21.

[22] Jiménez JF, Molina J, Vargas C, et al. Neurotransmitter amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson’s disease[J]. J Neurol Sci,1996, 141(1-2):39-44.

[23] Klein J. Membrane breakdown in acute and chronic neurodegeneration: focus on choline-containing phospholipids[J]. J Neural Transm, 2000, 107(8-9):1027-1063.

[25] Davies P, Maloney AJ.Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer’s disease[J].Lancet. 1976,2(8000):1403.

[26] SimonyiA, He Y, Sheng W, et al.Targeting NADPH oxidase and phospholipases A2 in Alzheimer’s disease[J]. Mol Neurobiol, 2010,41(2-3):73-86.

Serum metabolic changes in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

LI Bing-lin, LU Xin, LI Jiang-chao,WANG Jia,WANG Li-jing, YANG Yong-xia*

(School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University,Guangzhou 510006,China)

Objective To provide a basis for clinical diagnosis, a serum metabonomic dynamic study was carried out on theTg2576 mouse model at different stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) whose pathological progress is similar to that of human AD patients. Methods Serum samples ofTg2576 mice were collected at the early(6 months) and late(12 months) stages of Alzheimer’s disease.The1H NMR spectra of the serum samples were collected and the metabolic characteristics were analyzed by multivariate analysis.Results Significant differences in serum metabonomics were found in the transgenicTg2576 mice andC57 mice at 6 and 12 months of age, and there were significant metabolic changes inTg2576 mice at different stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Compared withC57 mice, theTg2576 mice at early stage of Alzheimer’s disease showed higher levels of serum lactate,myo-inositol and amino acids (such as leucine, isoleucine, alanine), and lower levels of lipids, choline, phosphorylcholine, glycerol phosphorglcholine, betaine, glycine and glucose.At the late stage of Alzheimer’s disease, the transgenicTg2576 mice had higher levels of lactate, myo-inositol and alanine,while the serum levels of lipids, choline, phosphorylcholine, glycerophosphorylcholine, betaine, and glycine continued to drop. Meanwhile glutamine and creatine levels started to decline. By comparing the early and late serum metabolites of Alzheimer’s disease, serum metabonomic profiles of the late stage of Alzheimer’s disease indicated an up-regulation of lactate, myo-inositol and alanine, and a down-regulation of lipids,choline, phosphorylcholine and glycerophosphorylcholinelevels.Moreover, the levels of lactate, lipids, choline, phosphorylcholine and glycerophosphorylcholine showed statistical significance at the early stage of AD, and they were closely correlated with the severity of Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusions The above results show that the changes of lactate, myo-inositol and alanine are positively-correlated with the development of AD, while the serum levels of lipids, choline, phosphorylcholine and glycerophosphorylcholine are inversely-proportional to the severity of AD. These metabolites are dynamically and progressively changed along with the disease progression, which hopefully may serve as early metabolic markers for the diagnosis of AD in clinical practice.

Alzheimer’s disease;Tg2576 mice;Metabonomics;NMR1H spectra

YANG Yong-xia, E-mail: sheepma@163.com

廣東省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2016A030303062)。

黎冰林(1992-),男,碩士研究生,研究方向:病理學(xué)與病理生理學(xué)。E-mail: libinglin0913@163.com

楊永霞(1979-),女,博士,教授,研究方向:生物波譜與代謝組學(xué)。E-mail: sheepma@163.com

Q95-33

A

1005-4847(2017) 02-0218-07

10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2017.02.019

2016-10-09

猜你喜歡
膽堿甘油磷脂
磷脂和酶解磷脂乳化的影響因素研究
一種包埋氯化膽堿的微膠粉制備工藝
腦出血并腦水腫患者行甘油果糖聯(lián)合甘露醇治療的效果
飼料中添加氯化膽堿對(duì)拉薩裸裂尻魚生長性能的影響
大黃酸磷脂復(fù)合物及其固體分散體的制備和體內(nèi)藥動(dòng)學(xué)研究
素食或致膽堿攝入不足
辣椒堿磷脂復(fù)合凝膠的制備及其藥動(dòng)學(xué)行為
Auto—focus Eyeglasses
白楊素磷脂復(fù)合物的制備及其藥動(dòng)學(xué)行為
不同還原態(tài)葉酸和膽堿組合對(duì)人結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞hMLH1和hMSH2轉(zhuǎn)錄水平的影響