邱愛(ài)玲
(東營(yíng)市墾利區(qū)黃河口中心衛(wèi)生院,山東 東營(yíng) 257509)
老年骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體骨折經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入的危險(xiǎn)因素分析和臨床護(hù)理路徑研究
邱愛(ài)玲
(東營(yíng)市墾利區(qū)黃河口中心衛(wèi)生院,山東 東營(yíng) 257509)
目的探討臨床護(hù)理路徑的實(shí)施對(duì)老年骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體骨折經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入術(shù)后患者護(hù)理質(zhì)量的影響。方法選取2013年1月~2016年4月在我院因老年骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體骨折收治入院并接受經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入手術(shù)治療的患者64例,將其隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,各32例。對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組給予臨床護(hù)理路徑。對(duì)兩組患者術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量、焦慮情緒、痛覺(jué)感受指數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間和住院天數(shù),追蹤影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果,記錄骨水泥外漏情況,比較患者健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)率、護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意率。結(jié)果觀察組平均住院(4.1±5.0)天,對(duì)照組平均住院(5.4±7.2)天;術(shù)后平均隨訪17.7個(gè)月,對(duì)照組有1例出現(xiàn)骨水泥向椎間隙滲漏,觀察組未發(fā)現(xiàn)骨水泥滲漏且及椎弓根釘脫落、斷折現(xiàn)象;觀察組術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);觀察組術(shù)后焦慮情緒得分為(44.02±4.58)分,對(duì)照組為(57.13±6.21)分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組痛覺(jué)感受指數(shù)為(5.9±5.87),明顯少于對(duì)照組的(7.4±2.89),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);觀察組、對(duì)照組護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意率分別為100%、75%,健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)率分別為93.75%、46.87%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。結(jié)論臨床護(hù)理路徑的實(shí)施可以顯著提高患者護(hù)理質(zhì)量,有效減少老年骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體骨折經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入手術(shù)危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)患者康復(fù)的影響,緩解患者焦慮情緒,提高護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意度及健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)率。
老年骨質(zhì)疏松性;椎體骨折;經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘;聯(lián)合骨水泥注入;危險(xiǎn)因素;臨床護(hù)理路徑
退行性病變導(dǎo)致椎體的骨性及軟組織穩(wěn)定性下降,從而引起老年骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體骨折(OVCF)[1]。微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入手術(shù)可以顯著增強(qiáng)脊柱的穩(wěn)定性,提高術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,但由于患者年齡偏大、機(jī)體恢復(fù)能力較差,加之對(duì)自身病情的模糊認(rèn)識(shí),臨床常因患者焦慮情緒和健康知識(shí)的缺乏耽誤治療和術(shù)后恢復(fù),造成病情進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,所以術(shù)前教育和術(shù)后護(hù)理就變得尤為重要[2-3]。本研究通過(guò)分析老年骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體骨折患者經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入術(shù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素,提出有效的臨床護(hù)理路徑并觀察對(duì)患者護(hù)理質(zhì)量的影響,進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)臨床的應(yīng)用。
1.1 一般資料
選取2013年1月~2016年4月在我院因老年骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體骨折收治入院并接受經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入手術(shù)治療的患者64例,將其隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,各32例。對(duì)照組男18例,女14例,年齡59~84歲,平均年齡(72.7±5.4)歲;觀察組男17例,女15例,年齡61~84歲,平均年齡(73.9±7.1)歲。兩組患者一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2 護(hù)理方法
觀察組在常規(guī)外科護(hù)理基礎(chǔ)上采取臨床護(hù)理路徑,具體如下。
1.2.1 針對(duì)院內(nèi)工作人員的常規(guī)工作
制定臨床護(hù)理路徑:由院內(nèi)臨床醫(yī)師、康復(fù)醫(yī)師、護(hù)士組成專(zhuān)家小組制定路徑實(shí)施方案。抽選病區(qū)部分護(hù)士擔(dān)任護(hù)理路徑責(zé)任人。根據(jù)不同患者病情和情緒的差異進(jìn)行臨床護(hù)理路徑的個(gè)性化調(diào)整。加強(qiáng)技術(shù)人員的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)與技能:定期進(jìn)行專(zhuān)題學(xué)習(xí)、教育培訓(xùn)[4]。
1.2.2 檢查前的護(hù)理[5-7]
一般護(hù)理:接待每一位待檢查患者,明確并向患者解釋責(zé)任護(hù)士的職責(zé),全面了解患者基本情況。嚴(yán)格掌握適應(yīng)與禁忌癥:評(píng)估病情詢(xún)問(wèn)病史及過(guò)敏史,根據(jù)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)格篩選高危人群,征求患者同意,并于檢查前簽署知情同意書(shū),對(duì)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之外的患者詳細(xì)講解不建議CT增強(qiáng)的原因。健康宣講:向患者及家屬講解病情進(jìn)展,講述所需要做的每一項(xiàng)檢查的意義,并針對(duì)手術(shù)方案向病患講解檢查必要性。針對(duì)注意事項(xiàng)、治療目的、預(yù)期效果、不良反應(yīng)、康復(fù)護(hù)理等,做好病人及家屬的解釋工作,使患者及其家屬建立對(duì)病情、檢查、治療的正確認(rèn)知,促進(jìn)患者配合醫(yī)護(hù)人員的工作。心理疏導(dǎo):做好患者及其家屬的心理護(hù)理,消除焦慮、緊張、急躁的不良情緒。
1.2.3 術(shù)中護(hù)理
注意事項(xiàng)解釋工作;輔助患者進(jìn)行體位、心理的調(diào)整,提高配合。嚴(yán)格手術(shù)制劑的檢查與注射。
1.2.4 術(shù)后[8]
加強(qiáng)病情監(jiān)護(hù),向患者講解可能出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng),以及常用藥物的使用方法及注意事項(xiàng)等。通過(guò)心理疏導(dǎo)緩解病情緊張情緒。追蹤檢查結(jié)果,及時(shí)向患者及主治醫(yī)生告知病情進(jìn)展。加強(qiáng)患者的健康知識(shí)講解,包括術(shù)后服藥、出院后的飲食、生活、起居注意事項(xiàng)以及個(gè)人康復(fù)護(hù)理方法。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)[9]
借助FLIC生活質(zhì)量表對(duì)患者術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量、焦慮情緒、痛覺(jué)感受指數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),評(píng)價(jià)臨床護(hù)理路徑對(duì)患者焦慮情緒的影響程度。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間和住院天數(shù),追蹤影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果,記錄骨水泥外漏情況,比較患者健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)率、護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意率的差異綜合對(duì)護(hù)理質(zhì)量的影響。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
選用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(n)、百分?jǐn)?shù)(%)表示,采用x2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以“s”表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 療效
觀察組平均住院(4.1±5.0)天,對(duì)照組平均住院(5.4±7.2)天;術(shù)后平均隨訪17.7個(gè)月,對(duì)照組有1例出現(xiàn)骨水泥向椎間隙滲漏,觀察組未發(fā)現(xiàn)骨水泥滲漏且及椎弓根釘脫落、斷折現(xiàn)象。
2.2 睡眠質(zhì)量、焦慮情緒、痛覺(jué)感受指數(shù)情況
觀察組術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.01);觀察組術(shù)后焦慮情緒得分(44.02±4.58)分,對(duì)照組為(57.13±6.21)分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組痛覺(jué)感受指數(shù)(5.9±5.87),明顯少于對(duì)照組的(7.4±2.89),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組患者術(shù)后FLIC生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較(s,分)
表1 兩組患者術(shù)后FLIC生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較(s,分)
注:與對(duì)照組相比,1P<0.01,2P<0.05
分組 n 睡眠質(zhì)量 焦慮情緒 痛覺(jué)感受指數(shù)對(duì)照組 32 1.4±0.18 57.13±6.21 7.4±2.89觀察組 32 2.9±1.741 44.02±4.581 5.9±5.871
2.3 護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意度、健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)情況
觀察組、對(duì)照組護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意率分別為100%、75%,健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)率分別為93.75%、46.87%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。
表2 兩組患者護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意度、健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)情況比較
微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入廣泛應(yīng)用于OVCF的治療,相較于單純經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定微創(chuàng)手術(shù),將一定量的的骨水泥注入傷椎,因骨水泥沿骨髓腔中骨質(zhì)網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)向臨近骨折部位擴(kuò)散,填充疏松間隙穩(wěn)定斷裂椎體,部分還原其高度,有效恢復(fù)其強(qiáng)度,但骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者椎體所能承受的最大負(fù)荷下降,在術(shù)后短期內(nèi)骨水泥局部應(yīng)力的作用下仍有有塌陷和脊柱后凸畸形趨勢(shì),若術(shù)后短期內(nèi)患者未嚴(yán)格遵守醫(yī)囑、床旁護(hù)理疏忽、個(gè)人焦慮增加活動(dòng)都會(huì)使得患者有再次骨折的可能性[10]。
患者術(shù)后危險(xiǎn)因素分析可知,微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入在單純經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定微創(chuàng)手術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,將一定量的的骨水泥注入傷椎,可以部分還原椎體高度,有效恢復(fù)其強(qiáng)度,但患者年齡較大,經(jīng)皮手術(shù)易引發(fā)切后感染,經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定雖然可以固定椎體,但由于骨質(zhì)疏松癥使得椎體所能承受的最大負(fù)荷下降,易導(dǎo)致傷椎臨近椎體的粉碎性骨折發(fā)生,且在術(shù)后短期內(nèi)骨水泥局部應(yīng)力的作用下仍有有塌陷和脊柱后凸畸形趨勢(shì)?;颊咝g(shù)后短期內(nèi)對(duì)護(hù)理要求很高,最大程度減少個(gè)人活動(dòng),減輕椎體應(yīng)力,若術(shù)后短期內(nèi)患者未嚴(yán)格遵守醫(yī)囑、床旁護(hù)理疏忽、個(gè)人焦慮增加活動(dòng)都會(huì)使得患者有再次骨折的可能性。
臨床護(hù)理路徑(Clinical nursing pathway,CNP)提倡以患者為中心的理念,對(duì)患者健康有著系統(tǒng)、規(guī)范管理[11]。本研究針對(duì)微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入手術(shù)制定臨床護(hù)理路徑,研究表明,觀察組平均住院(4.1±5.0)天,對(duì)照組平均住院(5.4±7.2)天;術(shù)后平均隨訪17.7個(gè)月,對(duì)照組有1例出現(xiàn)骨水泥向椎間隙滲漏,觀察組未發(fā)現(xiàn)骨水泥滲漏且及椎弓根釘脫落、斷折現(xiàn)象;觀察組術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.01);觀察組術(shù)后焦慮情緒得分(44.02±4.58)分,對(duì)照組為(57.13±6.21)分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組痛覺(jué)感受指數(shù)(5.9±5.87),明顯少于對(duì)照組的(7.4±2.89),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);觀察組、對(duì)照組護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意率分別為100%、75%,健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)率分別為93.75、46.87,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。
綜上所述,臨床護(hù)理路徑的實(shí)施可以顯著提高患者護(hù)理質(zhì)量,有效減少老年骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體骨折經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘聯(lián)合骨水泥注入手術(shù)危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)患者康復(fù)的影響,緩解患者焦慮情緒,提高護(hù)理滿(mǎn)意度及健康知識(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)率,值得臨床應(yīng)用推廣。
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Analysis of risk factors and clinical nursing pathway of percutaneous pedicle screw combined with bone cement in elderly patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures
QIU Ai-ling
(Dongying city Kenli District Center Hospital of Yellow River Estuary,Shangdong Dongying 257509, China)
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of clinical nursing pathway on the nursing quality of elderly patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures treated by percutaneous pedicle screw combined with bone cement implantation.MethodsJanuary 2013 to 2016 year in April in our hospital for osteoporotic vertebral fractures admitted and accepted surgical treatment in patients with bone cement injection combined with percutaneous pedicle screw, were randomly divided into 2 groups, control group: 32 cases of routine nursing; the observation group: 32 cases of clinical nursing path. Statistics on postoperative sleep quality, anxiety, pain index, operative time and hospitalization time, tracking the results of imaging examination, record the leakage of bone cement, the difference of health knowledge rate, nursing satisfaction rate of patients.ResultsIn the observation group, the average length of stay (4.1±5.0) d, the control group of patients with an average of (5.4±7.2) d. The average follow-up of 17.7 months after the surgery, the control group of 1 patients had bone cement leakage to the intervertebral space, second groups of patients found no leakage of bone cement and pedicle screw off, and broken phenomenon. The sleep quality index of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.01). The anxiety score of the observation group was (44.02±4.58), which was statistically significant (P<0.05) compared with the control group (6.21±57.13). In observation group, the pain perception index was (5.9±5.87), which was significantly less than that of the control group (7.4±2.89),(P<0.01). The nursing satisfaction rate of observation group and control group were 100% and 75% respectively. The standard rate of health knowledge was 93.75% and 46.87% respectively, and there was significant difference between the observation group and the control group (P<0.01).ConclusionThe implementation of clinical nursing path can significantly improve the quality of nursing care of patients, reduce osteoporotic vertebral surgery combined with bone cement into the impact of risk factors on rehabilitation of patients with percutaneous pedicle screw fracture, alleviate the anxiety of patients, improve nursing satisfaction and health knowledge rate.
Senile osteoporosis; Vertebral fracture; Percutaneous pedicle screw; Combined bone cement injection; Risk factor; Clinical nursing pathway
R687.3
A
ISSN.2095-8242.2017.001.12.03