彭 敏
(四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院口腔科,四川 成都 610072)
應(yīng)用錐形束CT和全景片預(yù)測下頜阻生磨牙拔除后下齒槽神經(jīng)損傷的比較
彭 敏
(四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院口腔科,四川 成都 610072)
目的 比較錐形束CT(CBCT)和口腔全景片對(duì)下頜阻生磨牙拔除后下齒槽神經(jīng)損傷的預(yù)測效果和對(duì)術(shù)中神經(jīng)管暴露的預(yù)測效果。方法 選取下頜第三磨牙阻生患者86例(牙),均為全景片顯示阻生牙與下頜神經(jīng)管接近,有中度下頜神經(jīng)管損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),隨機(jī)分為兩組各43例(牙),分別依據(jù)CBCT和全景片圖像預(yù)測下齒槽神經(jīng)術(shù)后損傷情況和在拔牙術(shù)中的暴露情況。結(jié)果 CBCT組和全景片組各有1例患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后感覺異常,兩組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。CBCT組的神經(jīng)暴露預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確率為56%,全景片組為35%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.029)。結(jié)論 對(duì)于有“中度”神經(jīng)損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的下頜第三磨牙拔除術(shù),CBCT在預(yù)測術(shù)后神經(jīng)損傷方面的效果并不優(yōu)于全景片,但對(duì)術(shù)中神經(jīng)管暴露的預(yù)測效果較好。
錐形束CT;全景片;下齒槽神經(jīng)
下頜第三磨牙拔除作為口腔頜面外科常規(guī)手術(shù),可能導(dǎo)致下齒槽神經(jīng)(IAN)和舌神經(jīng)損傷而致神經(jīng)功能紊亂或麻木。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,永久IAN損傷率為0.4%~13.4%[1],舌神經(jīng)損傷率為0% ~11%[2]。有研究[3]就此定義過下齒槽神經(jīng)管和下頜第三阻生磨牙的解剖關(guān)系和X射線片指征。但是出現(xiàn)X射線片指征并不表示牙根和神經(jīng)管解剖關(guān)系密切[4]。有研究認(rèn)為運(yùn)用CBCT獲得下齒槽神經(jīng)的三維圖像信息更利于降低神經(jīng)損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5]。Tantanapornkul等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)CBCT比全景片能更準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測下齒槽神經(jīng)的術(shù)中暴露。而Ghaeminia 等[7]結(jié)論相反。此外,術(shù)中神經(jīng)管暴露并非術(shù)后神經(jīng)損傷的必然條件。因此,本試驗(yàn)的主要目的是評(píng)價(jià)CBCT的術(shù)前預(yù)測神經(jīng)損傷效果和觀察者基于CBCT和全景片預(yù)測神經(jīng)管術(shù)中暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的準(zhǔn)確率的比較,以期為臨床CBCT的應(yīng)用提供參考。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2016年3~6月于我院門診口腔科就診,有1~2顆下頜第三阻生磨牙需要拔的除患牙86例,均為全景片顯示為“中度”下齒槽神經(jīng)損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)牙。所有患者年齡≥ 18歲,均經(jīng)口腔全景片牙片進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估:無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指放射片上根尖與神經(jīng)管完全無關(guān)聯(lián),高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指放射片上有明顯下齒槽神經(jīng)束損傷指征,中度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括所有排除無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的第三磨牙。隨機(jī)選擇其中43例進(jìn)行CBCT拍照。
1.2 方法 所有患者分別于術(shù)前和術(shù)后7天接受拔牙側(cè)唇部和頦部神經(jīng)感覺功能的評(píng)價(jià),通過Semmes-Weinstein 觸痛測試儀來測定:患者在試驗(yàn)中閉眼,感知到測試刺激時(shí)舉手。記錄8個(gè)最大值和8個(gè)最小值并計(jì)算平均分值。在5和11后進(jìn)行2次空白對(duì)照測試。如果被測試對(duì)象在空白測試中無感覺,則繼續(xù)測試。如有感覺,停止測試并詢問是哪種刺激,然后重新測試。所有測試由2名標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試者進(jìn)行。術(shù)前由2名觀察者對(duì)阻生牙的CBCT、全景片圖像進(jìn)行兩次評(píng)估,根據(jù)第三磨牙和神經(jīng)管的位置關(guān)系進(jìn)行評(píng)分,預(yù)測下齒槽神經(jīng)會(huì)否出現(xiàn)術(shù)中暴露。出現(xiàn)其中一項(xiàng)圖像指征:牙根變黑、神經(jīng)管的皮質(zhì)邊緣中斷或神經(jīng)管分叉為1分,出現(xiàn)兩項(xiàng)為2分,出現(xiàn)三項(xiàng)為3分;無指征為0分。1分及以上認(rèn)為有神經(jīng)暴露可能[8]。由另一名口腔外科醫(yī)師常規(guī)拔除第三磨牙,醫(yī)師通過術(shù)中直接觀察牙槽窩來判斷并記錄下齒槽神經(jīng)管暴露情況。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。P< 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。用Cohen’sκ值檢驗(yàn)觀察者自身前后對(duì)照一致性和觀察者間對(duì)照一致性。
2.1 術(shù)后7天唇和頦部的感覺異常情況比較 兩組術(shù)后感覺評(píng)分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05),見表1。CBCT組患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后感覺紊亂1例,全景片組出現(xiàn)1例,均于3個(gè)月內(nèi)好轉(zhuǎn)。此外,CBCT組還有1例出現(xiàn)術(shù)后味覺減退,于1周內(nèi)好轉(zhuǎn)。
表1 兩組術(shù)前與術(shù)后感覺評(píng)分比較(分)
2.2 觀察者基于CBCT和全景片圖像預(yù)測下齒槽神經(jīng)術(shù)中暴露的準(zhǔn)確率 表2顯示,觀察者2的自身前后對(duì)照一致性百分比(87%)高于觀察者1(67%),且Cohen’s κ(0.7)表明其客觀可信度高。對(duì)該名觀察者,CBCT組的神經(jīng)暴露預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確率為56%,靈敏度95%,特異度35%。全景片組預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確率為35%,靈敏度93%,特異度7%。如表3所示。參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為拔牙醫(yī)師在術(shù)中實(shí)際所見。
表2 觀察者自身前后對(duì)照一致性比較
據(jù)報(bào)道下頜第三阻生磨牙拔除時(shí)神經(jīng)管暴露導(dǎo)致術(shù)后感覺異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以通過術(shù)前圖像預(yù)測來降低。在本試驗(yàn)中,有2例患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后感覺異常。1例在全景片組,1例在CBCT組。但在輕觸感覺測試中并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)其測試前后有明顯差異??赡?例患者雖然出現(xiàn)術(shù)后神經(jīng)紊亂,但并沒有完全失去知覺?;蛏窠?jīng)紊亂的程度較大,但不在輕觸測試法的可測試范圍之內(nèi)。另有研究報(bào)道,術(shù)后觸覺缺失不一定會(huì)顯示在測試結(jié)果中。
由于費(fèi)用和放射劑量原因,CT通常不作為阻生第三磨牙的放射檢查方式[9]。Sanmartí-Garcia等[10]報(bào)道CT不能降低低位第三磨牙拔除時(shí)的下齒槽神經(jīng)損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Tantanapornkul 等[6]指出CBCT用于拔牙術(shù)中神經(jīng)管暴露的診斷準(zhǔn)確性顯著優(yōu)于全景片。Ghaeminia等[7]結(jié)論相反。需要注意的是這兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)的納入患者都是神經(jīng)損傷的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者。本試驗(yàn)選擇了中度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的病例,因?yàn)閷?duì)于有明顯神經(jīng)管關(guān)聯(lián)的病例再采用CBCT成像不僅經(jīng)濟(jì)浪費(fèi)且對(duì)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的病例拔牙,臨床上很難獲得患者的知情同意?;诒驹囼?yàn),CBCT在中度神經(jīng)損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者中對(duì)于神經(jīng)管暴露的預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確率偏低,但仍然顯著高于全景片。
本試驗(yàn)僅局限于第三磨牙拔除的一個(gè)較為特殊的指征:唇部或頦部的神經(jīng)異常,因?yàn)樵摪Y狀對(duì)患者和醫(yī)生而言是最嚴(yán)重的拔牙并發(fā)癥。在進(jìn)一步試驗(yàn)中還應(yīng)包括其他指征,如術(shù)后疼痛、腫脹、三叉神經(jīng)痛等。
基于本試驗(yàn)可知,CBCT在預(yù)測術(shù)后神經(jīng)損傷方面的效果并不優(yōu)于全景片。但兩種方法對(duì)于術(shù)中神經(jīng)管暴露的準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測有顯著差異,CBCT預(yù)測術(shù)中神經(jīng)暴露的效果優(yōu)于全景片。這提示我們,第三磨牙的外科拔除作為外科常規(guī)操作,外科操作技術(shù)是影響最終結(jié)果的主要因素。
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Comparison of prediction effect of inferior alveolar nerve sensory disturbance between cone beam computed tomography and panoramic radiography
PENG Min
(Department of Oral Medicine,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital,Chengdu 610072,China)
Objective To compare the predictive effects of the sensory disturbances of inferior alveolar nerve(IAN) after removal of impacted mandibular third molars and IAN exposure during surgery between cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) and panoramic radiography(PAN).Methods Eighty-six patients with impacted third molars in close relation to the IAN as determined by PAN and judged as a “moderate” risk of IAN damage were divided into CBCT and PAN groups.The sensory disturbances of the IAN after teeth removal and the IAN exposure at surgery were evaluated with CBCT and PAN,respectively.Results Postoperative sensory disturbances occurred in one patient in the CBCT group and one patient in the PAN group.There were no significant differences between the two groups.However,correct diagnostic rates of neurovascular bundle exposure at the extraction of impacted teeth were 56% and 35% by CBCT and PAN,respectively.The differences were statistically significant(P=0.029).Conclusion CBCT was not superior to PAN in predicting postoperative sensory disturbances but was superior in predicting IAN exposure during third molar removal in cases judged as having “moderate” risk.
Cone beam computed tomography(CBCT); Panoramic radiography; Inferior alveolar nerve
R782.11;R445.4
A
1672-6170(2017)01-0095-03
2016-04-26;
2016-08-13)