何一波劉永林李曉芳施麗華彭來(lái)君楊正東陳益民
Hematoflow技術(shù)用于白血病篩查及化療療效監(jiān)測(cè)臨床價(jià)值
何一波1劉永林2李曉芳2施麗華2彭來(lái)君2楊正東1陳益民2
目的探討Hematoflow技術(shù)在篩查早期白血病及監(jiān)測(cè)化療療效的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法收集血液科門(mén)診及住院患者342例共計(jì)455份EDTA-K2抗凝的外周血樣本,應(yīng)用血細(xì)胞分析儀、形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢、Hematoflow分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)外周血白細(xì)胞,計(jì)算其相關(guān)性;以形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢法為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),評(píng)價(jià)Hematoflow分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)原始細(xì)胞的特異性和靈敏度;形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢計(jì)數(shù)14例初發(fā)白血病化療前后的骨髓原始細(xì)胞,觀(guān)察與Hematoflow計(jì)數(shù)外周血原始細(xì)胞的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果與形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢法相比,Hematoflow、血細(xì)胞分析儀分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)明顯正相關(guān)(r=0.821、0.863、0.845、0.690,0.703、0.882、0.802、0.475,P<0.05);以形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢法為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),原始細(xì)胞≥1%為臨界值,Hematoflow法檢出原始細(xì)胞的靈敏度為100%,特異性為97.3%,準(zhǔn)確度為97.8%;急性白血病患者化療前后骨髓原始細(xì)胞的變化值與Hematoflow計(jì)數(shù)外周血原始細(xì)胞的變化值呈正相關(guān)(r=0.704,P<0.01)。結(jié)論Hematoflow分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)外周血白細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)確、可靠,檢測(cè)原始細(xì)胞方法學(xué)快速、特異、靈敏、自動(dòng)化,尤其對(duì)低白細(xì)胞總數(shù)的樣本,在白血病篩查及療效監(jiān)測(cè)中具有較高的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
白血病;白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù);Hematoflow技術(shù);流式細(xì)胞術(shù);血細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)
白血病是一種臨床常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤疾病,目前對(duì)其早期篩查主要根據(jù)外周血白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)[1]。血細(xì)胞分析儀和形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢法是用于外周血白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)最常見(jiàn)的兩類(lèi)方法,前者可標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、自動(dòng)化,但識(shí)別異常白細(xì)胞的能力較低[2-5];后者作為“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但易受主觀(guān)因素的影響,結(jié)果提供信息較少,需要技術(shù)嫻熟的專(zhuān)業(yè)人士操作,不能廣泛應(yīng)用[6-9]。近年來(lái),歐美一種基于cytodiff試劑的快速流式細(xì)胞術(shù)Hematoflow的出現(xiàn)可彌補(bǔ)這些不足,同時(shí)能分類(lèi)更多白細(xì)胞亞群[10-11],主要應(yīng)用于敗血癥、中性粒細(xì)胞減少癥等疾病診斷及異常白細(xì)胞的篩查等[11-13]。目前國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)報(bào)道甚少[14]。本研究通過(guò)Hematoflow、形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢和血細(xì)胞分析儀法分析342例血液病患者455份外周血樣本,對(duì)白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較,驗(yàn)證Hematoflow技術(shù)分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)外周血白細(xì)胞尤其是原始細(xì)胞的的可靠性,同時(shí)探討其在白血病的篩查及療效監(jiān)測(cè)的臨床價(jià)值。
1.1 研究對(duì)象入選病例為2014年7—11月浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院血液科門(mén)診及住院患者共342例,其中急性白血病(AL)72例,慢性白血?。–L)47例,骨髓增生異常綜合征(MDS)48例,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(MM)38例,惡性淋巴瘤(ML)58例,其他血液病79例,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)張之南《血液病診斷及療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[15]。男176例,年齡4~87歲,中位年齡51歲;女166例,年齡1~89歲,中位年齡52歲。
1.2 儀器與試劑LH750全自動(dòng)血細(xì)胞分析儀(美國(guó)Beckman公司),F(xiàn)C500流式細(xì)胞儀(美國(guó)Beckman公司),血細(xì)胞分析配套試劑和質(zhì)控物、稀釋液(COULTERCLEZ@DILUENT)、清洗液(COULTERCLENZ)、Cytodiff組合試劑、溶血素、校準(zhǔn)微球(Flow-SetPro)和質(zhì)控微球(Flow-Check Pro、Flow-Check)均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Beckman公司。
1.3 手工分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)由兩名具有3年以上細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的檢驗(yàn)師操作,制片后計(jì)數(shù)200個(gè)白細(xì)胞,如果樣本細(xì)胞數(shù)不足200個(gè),則計(jì)數(shù)全片白細(xì)胞,如手工法未檢測(cè)到原始細(xì)胞而用Hematoflow技術(shù)檢測(cè)到原始細(xì)胞或白細(xì)胞總數(shù)低于0.5×109/L,則由兩名高年資(10年以上)具備形態(tài)學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的檢驗(yàn)師復(fù)核。
1.4 血細(xì)胞分析儀分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)應(yīng)用全自動(dòng)血細(xì)胞分析儀(LH750)測(cè)定樣本,測(cè)定樣本前使用配套質(zhì)控物進(jìn)行室內(nèi)質(zhì)控以保證檢測(cè)結(jié)果的可靠性和穩(wěn)定性,存貯全血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)和WBC分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)的結(jié)果。儀器報(bào)警為“原始細(xì)胞”或“異常淋巴細(xì)胞”的樣本依舊納入此研究。
1.5 Hematoflow分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)操作參考廠(chǎng)商的說(shuō)明書(shū),將Cytodiff組合試劑10μL與全血100μL混勻,室溫避光孵育15~20min,加入溶血素1mL混勻,室溫避光孵育15min,上機(jī)。流式細(xì)胞儀開(kāi)機(jī)后先使用Flow-Check上機(jī)測(cè)試,觀(guān)察熒光強(qiáng)度FL1-FL5的變異系數(shù)(CV)在要求范圍內(nèi),如符合要求可檢測(cè)樣本。將樣本放入32管進(jìn)樣轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)中,打開(kāi)自動(dòng)分析軟件,調(diào)整設(shè)門(mén)策略,設(shè)門(mén)策略參考說(shuō)明書(shū),根據(jù)外周血中各種白細(xì)胞表面抗原表達(dá)類(lèi)型不同及熒光強(qiáng)度的差異,結(jié)合不同細(xì)胞光散射特點(diǎn)采用多重邏輯設(shè)門(mén)的方法將其分開(kāi)。
1.6 骨髓形態(tài)學(xué)與外周血Hematoflow結(jié)果的一致性收集14例急性白血病患者首次就診骨髓常規(guī)結(jié)果,同時(shí)收集患者骨髓穿刺當(dāng)天外周血樣本行Hematoflow檢測(cè)。常規(guī)化療后3~4個(gè)月,復(fù)檢骨髓常規(guī)及外周血Hematoflow分析。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。對(duì)三種分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)法分別做雙變量Pearson相關(guān)性分析。率的比較用配對(duì)四格表資料的χ2檢驗(yàn),雙變量對(duì)比應(yīng)用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 Hematoflow、形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢、全自動(dòng)血細(xì)胞分析儀用于外周血白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)相關(guān)性分析與形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢法相比,計(jì)數(shù)中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞,Hematoflow法、血細(xì)胞分析儀法均呈現(xiàn)明顯正相關(guān)(P<0.05);計(jì)數(shù)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞,Hemato-flow法呈正相關(guān),而血細(xì)胞分析儀法無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性;計(jì)數(shù)原始細(xì)胞,Hematoflow法呈高度相關(guān)(r= 0.953,P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
表1 Hematoflow法、血細(xì)胞分析儀法(Y)與形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢法(X)相關(guān)性分析
2.2 Hematoflow技術(shù)檢測(cè)外周血原始細(xì)胞的靈敏度和特異性以原始細(xì)胞≥1%為臨界值,形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),455例樣本共檢出86例原始細(xì)胞,陽(yáng)性率18.9%;Hematoflow檢出原始細(xì)胞96例,敏感度為100%,特異性97.3%,準(zhǔn)確度為97.8%。見(jiàn)表2。Hematoflow發(fā)現(xiàn)原始細(xì)胞而形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢未能發(fā)現(xiàn)共有10例樣本,經(jīng)兩名高年資(10年以上)醫(yī)師復(fù)核,證實(shí)其中有7例樣本有原始細(xì)胞,另有3例為成熟淋巴細(xì)胞。形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢漏檢的7例樣本有5例細(xì)胞數(shù)低于0.5×109/L,另2例原始細(xì)胞比例分別為2%、3%,提示Hematoflow技術(shù)在白細(xì)胞缺乏癥患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)原始細(xì)胞有很高的價(jià)值,尤其在原始細(xì)胞比例較低的情況下更優(yōu)于一般的形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢。
2.350 例WBC<0.5×109/L樣本Hematoflow法、手工鏡檢法檢測(cè)原始細(xì)胞比較以原始細(xì)胞≥1%為臨界值,形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢為“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,50例WBC<0.5×109/L樣本中共檢出原始細(xì)胞19例,用Hematoflow法共檢出20例,靈敏度100%,特異性96.78%;手工法共檢出14例,靈敏度73.68%,特異性100%。
2.4 Hematoflow技術(shù)在評(píng)估白血病化療療效中的作用對(duì)14例急性白血病患者化療前后行骨髓常規(guī)及外周血Hematoflow分析,見(jiàn)表3?;熐昂蠊撬柙技?xì)胞變化值與Hematoflow法檢測(cè)外周血原始細(xì)胞變化值呈正相關(guān)(r=0.704,P<0.01),見(jiàn)圖1。
表2 Hematoflow法檢測(cè)外周血原始細(xì)胞靈敏度及特異性分析(例)
圖1 白血病患者化療前后骨髓、外周血原始細(xì)胞變化值的相關(guān)性
Hematoflow技術(shù)主要用于外周血白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù),可對(duì)白細(xì)胞進(jìn)行16亞群分型,對(duì)原始細(xì)胞及不成熟中性粒細(xì)胞有較高的診斷效率,但國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)報(bào)道很少。本研究通過(guò)Hematoflow、手工鏡檢、血細(xì)胞分析儀法分別對(duì)455例外周血白細(xì)胞進(jìn)行分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)后發(fā)現(xiàn),三種方法檢測(cè)結(jié)果呈明顯的正相關(guān),與手工鏡檢法相比,Hematoflow技術(shù)較血細(xì)胞分析儀在各類(lèi)白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)中相關(guān)性更顯著,尤其原始細(xì)胞(r= 0.953,P<0.01),提示Hematoflow在發(fā)現(xiàn)異常白細(xì)胞中的作用,這與Jo等[11]報(bào)道的結(jié)論一致。由于手工鏡檢操作繁瑣、不易自動(dòng)化,Hematoflow可彌補(bǔ)這方面的不足,這也使得Hematoflow技術(shù)在白血病的篩查方面有著無(wú)限應(yīng)用的前景。在三種方法的比對(duì)中,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分類(lèi),血細(xì)胞分析儀法與手工鏡檢法相比無(wú)明顯相關(guān);盡管Hematoflow法結(jié)果有相關(guān)性,但相關(guān)性較弱(r=0.445,P<0.05),可能與外周血嗜堿性白細(xì)胞數(shù)量少、比例低有關(guān)。
表3 14例急性白血病患者化療前后Hematoflow及骨髓常規(guī)結(jié)果
以原始細(xì)胞≥1%為臨界值,本研究中455例樣本形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢共檢出86例原始細(xì)胞,Hematoflow法檢出原始細(xì)胞96例,靈敏度為100%。對(duì)于該結(jié)果,推測(cè)形態(tài)學(xué)鏡檢法可能難以計(jì)數(shù)到足夠的細(xì)胞數(shù),且白細(xì)胞形態(tài)異常明顯,聚集情況嚴(yán)重,分類(lèi)難度高,容易造成原始細(xì)胞漏檢及誤判;而Hematoflow技術(shù)是基于細(xì)胞免疫標(biāo)志進(jìn)行的,在不降低靈敏度的前提下增加對(duì)白細(xì)胞識(shí)別的特異性,并能識(shí)別出難以辨認(rèn)的原始細(xì)胞和幼稚細(xì)胞。Hematoflow法錯(cuò)誤分類(lèi)的3例樣本均為慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病患者,原因可能與淋巴細(xì)胞CD45表達(dá)異常減弱有關(guān),導(dǎo)致CD45 V SS雙參數(shù)圖中淋巴細(xì)胞群左移,被錯(cuò)誤分類(lèi)為原始細(xì)胞。
骨髓常規(guī)檢查是應(yīng)用于血液系統(tǒng)疾病尤其是白血病的重要檢查項(xiàng)目,其原始細(xì)胞數(shù)目的變化可以很大程度上反映患者的病程發(fā)展,但骨髓常規(guī)檢查具有創(chuàng)傷性且有諸多禁忌證,無(wú)法短期內(nèi)多次檢測(cè)。本研究顯示化療前后骨髓原始細(xì)胞變化值與外周血Hematoflow檢測(cè)的原始細(xì)胞變化呈正相關(guān),提示白血病患者外周血Hematoflow技術(shù)檢測(cè)可作為骨髓檢查的一種補(bǔ)充檢驗(yàn)手段,可適當(dāng)?shù)販p少骨髓穿刺的次數(shù),用于化療療效監(jiān)測(cè),但本次研究樣本數(shù)有限仍有待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
總之,Hematoflow技術(shù)用于分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)外周血白細(xì)胞穩(wěn)定可靠,檢測(cè)原始細(xì)胞方法學(xué)快速、特異、靈敏度高,且對(duì)白細(xì)胞減少的標(biāo)本具有更高的診斷效率,在白血病篩查及療效監(jiān)測(cè)具有較高的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值,在值得進(jìn)一步推廣和應(yīng)用。
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(收稿:2016-11-10修回:2017-01-13)
Clinical Application of Hematoflow Method to Screening Leukemia and Monitoring Efficacy of Chemotherapy
HE Yibo1,LIU Yonglin2,LI Xiaofang2,SHI Lihua2,PENG Laijun2,YANG Zhengdong1,CHEN Yinmin2.
1 The First Clinical Medical College,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,Hangzhou(310002),China;2 Clinical Laboratory,the First Hosptial Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,Hangzhou(310006)
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical application of Hematoflow method to screening leukemia and monitoring the effect of chemotherapy.MethodsA total of 455 peripheral blood samples through EDTA-K2 anticoagulation from 342 inpatients and outpatients in Department of Hematology were collected in this study.Leukocytes in these samples were counted with automated hematology analyzer,morphology observation and Hematoflow method,separately,then the correlation among these results was calculated.The specificity and sensibility of Hematoflow method were analyzed and compared to morphology observation as a reference method.Blast cells from 14 patientswith primary leukemia before and after chemotherapy were collected to make a comparison with Hematoflow method.ResultsThe correlation between Hematoflow method,hematology analyzer and morphological observation was good for neutrophils,lymphocytes,monocytes,basophils and eosinophils(r=0.821,0.863,0.845, 0.690,0.703,0.882,0.802,0.473,P<0.05).When the cutoff value of blast count by Hematoflow method was set at 1%,the sensitivity was 100%,the specificity was 97.3%,and the accuracy was 97.8%,referred to morphological observation(P<0.05).The correlation between Hematoflow method and bone marrow examination for blasts variation was good in 14 patients undergoing chemotherapy(r=0.704,P<0.01).ConclusionHematoflow method is accurate and available for leukocyte differential count and has high sensitivity and specificity for blasts differential count, especiallyhaving excellent diagnostic efficiency in the sample of leukopenia.
leukocyte;WBC differential count;Hematoflow method;flow cytometry;morphology
國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局科研基金(No.JDZX2015111)
1浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(杭州310002);2浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科(杭州310006)
陳益民,Tel:13906533683;E-mail:cym3338@163com