李光超 張倩 武婧
[摘要] 目的 分析STAT1基因敲除小鼠免疫相關(guān)因子表達(dá)差異,觀察STAT1基因敲除小鼠感染EV71病毒后的癥狀表現(xiàn)及病毒載量,為EV71抗病毒治療提供數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)。 方法 LPS刺激STAT1基因敲除小鼠后,利用微珠免疫分析(CBA)方法對(duì)血清免疫相關(guān)因子定量分析;EV71感染STAT1基因敲除小鼠后,觀察癥狀及病理表現(xiàn),利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量檢測(cè)對(duì)肌肉病毒RNA定量分析。 結(jié)果 LPS刺激后,STAT1基因敲除小鼠血清多種細(xì)胞因子分泌水平下降(P < 0.01);EV71感染后,STAT1基因敲除小鼠病理?yè)p傷加重,肌肉中病毒載量升高(P < 0.01),與野生型小鼠相比表現(xiàn)出更嚴(yán)重的癥狀與更高的死亡率。 結(jié)論 STAT1在抗EV71感染的免疫過(guò)程中扮演重要角色,提示STAT1基因敲除可以提高小鼠對(duì)EV71病毒的敏感性。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 病毒感染;EV71;STAT1;炎癥因子
[中圖分類號(hào)] R373 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)05(c)-0014-05
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the differential expression of immune-associated factors in STAT1 knockout mice, and observe the symptoms and viral load after EV71 virus infection, in order to provide a data base for anti-EV71 therapy. Methods Cytometric bead assay (CBA) was used to quantitative analysis the levels of serum immune-associated factors in STAT1 knockout mice after LPS-induced treatment. The symptom and tissue pathological features were observed and the level of muscle virus RNA was quantitated by real-time PCR in STAT1 knockout mice after EV71 virus infection. Results The levels of multi- immune-associated factors were decreased in STAT1 knockout mice after LPS stimulating (P < 0.01), and pathological damage was aggravated accompanied by the higher viral load in muscle (P < 0.01), also severe symptoms and higher mortality when compared to wide type mice after EV71 infection. Conclusions STAT1 plays an important role in the immune responseafter EV71 infection.Thus, STAT1 gene deletion can improve the sensitivity of mice to EV71 virus.
[Key words] Virus infection; EV71; STAT1; Inflammatory cytokines
手足口病是嬰幼兒最常見(jiàn)的傳染病,好發(fā)于5歲以下嬰幼兒[1]。腸道病毒71型(EV71)屬于人類腸道病毒A屬的小RNA病毒科,為常見(jiàn)的引起手足口病的病毒之一。病毒在腸道存活時(shí)間可達(dá)10周[2],引起嚴(yán)重的臨床癥狀,甚至導(dǎo)致患者死亡[3]。嬰幼兒感染EV71后,常發(fā)生手、足、口皰疹,以及引發(fā)無(wú)菌性腦膜炎、腦干腦炎、急性遲緩性麻痹、神經(jīng)源性水腫等多種神經(jīng)性疾病[4]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),手足口病患者中感染EV71所導(dǎo)致的患者死亡率始終居高不下[5]。
JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路是一條由細(xì)胞因子刺激的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路。STAT1作為STAT家族發(fā)現(xiàn)的第一個(gè)成員,是JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路中的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡等功能[6],在機(jī)體抗腫瘤免疫中也發(fā)揮重要的作用[7]。脂多糖(LPS)是革蘭陰性細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁中的一種成分,作為細(xì)菌引起機(jī)體發(fā)熱反應(yīng)的主要成分之一,可引起免疫炎性反應(yīng)[8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)給予小鼠LPS刺激后,STAT1可與TLR4協(xié)同作用,使細(xì)胞因子分泌水平升高,發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)的功能[9]。
STAT1也是機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)抗病毒、減少組織損傷的的媒介之一,調(diào)節(jié)JAK/STAT通路可以對(duì)EV71病毒的感染免疫產(chǎn)生影響[10]。STAT1在EV71病毒感染過(guò)程中可以發(fā)揮抗病毒的作用,同時(shí)EV71病毒也可以影響STAT1信號(hào)通路的激活。對(duì)EV71病毒感染細(xì)胞進(jìn)程中STAT1的影響進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),THP-1細(xì)胞的在EV71感染后STAT1磷酸化水平增加,使JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路激活[11];橫紋肌肉瘤(RD)細(xì)胞STAT1介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通路在EV71感染后,會(huì)通過(guò)干擾素途徑使其激活[12]。目前對(duì)EV71感染進(jìn)程中STAT1的作用研究多處于細(xì)胞水平[13],利用STAT1基因敲除的小鼠模型進(jìn)行動(dòng)物整體水平的研究鮮有報(bào)道。本研究利用STAT1敲除的C57BL/6小鼠模型,在整體動(dòng)物水平探討STAT1基因?qū)V71病毒復(fù)制的影響,為減少病毒復(fù)制及控制感染癥狀等治療提供可靠的數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
1.1.1 主要試劑與儀器 Trizol試劑 (Life Technologies);cDNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(Thermo Scientific);實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量檢測(cè)染料(Applied Biosystems);鼠抗EV71單克隆抗體(Millipore, MAB979);細(xì)胞CBA檢測(cè)抗體(BD)。流式細(xì)胞儀(BD FACSCanto II);激光共聚焦顯微鏡(Leica Microsystems GmbH)。
1.1.2 病毒 病毒為醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究所EV71課題組利用EV71病毒FY0805病毒株,經(jīng)ICR小鼠傳代適應(yīng)株MP10(Accession number: HQ712020)[14],儲(chǔ)存滴度1×109 TCID50。
1.1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 SPF級(jí)STAT1-/- C57BL/6小鼠22只,體重7~9 g,10日齡;SPF級(jí)STAT1+/- C57BL/6小鼠20只,體重7~9 g,10日齡;SPF級(jí)野生型C57BL/6小鼠20只,體重7~9 g,10日齡;實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物由醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究所實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物資源研究中心研制,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):SCXK(京)2014-0004,試驗(yàn)單位使用許可證編號(hào):SYXK(京)2015-0035。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 動(dòng)物分組 LPS刺激組:STAT1-/- (n = 10), STAT1+/- (n = 8),野生型 (n = 8)。EV71感染組:STAT1-/- (n = 6),STAT1+/-(n = 6),野生型 (n = 6)。衛(wèi)星組:STAT 1-/- (n = 6),STAT1+/-(n = 6),野生型(n = 6)。
1.2.2 LPS刺激 3周齡C57BL/6小鼠腹腔注射LPS,劑量為每克體重10 μg。注射后24 h取小鼠血清,CBA方法檢測(cè)血清IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12/IL-23p40、MIP-1α、TNF-α。
1.2.3 EV71病毒感染及一般指標(biāo)檢測(cè) EV71感染組及衛(wèi)星組C57BL/6小鼠10日齡,腹腔注射1×107 TCID50(致死劑量),在感染后9 d內(nèi)每日觀察并記錄體重、癥狀、生存率指標(biāo)。臨床癥狀評(píng)分為:0,無(wú)癥狀;1,豎毛;2,后肢行動(dòng)遲緩;3,單側(cè)后肢癱瘓;4,全部后肢癱瘓;5,死亡。感染后3 d對(duì)衛(wèi)星組小鼠實(shí)行安樂(lè)死,取后肢腿部肌肉30 mg,TRIzol法提取全RNA并反轉(zhuǎn)錄cDNA,利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量檢測(cè)方法對(duì)特異性片段擴(kuò)增并定量。所用引物序列編號(hào)為EV71-S1 (5'-AGATAGGGTGGCAGATGTAATTGAAAG-3')和EV71-A1(5'-TAGCATTTGATGATGCTCCAATTTCAG-3')。
1.2.4 HE染色及免疫熒光分析 感染3 d后,衛(wèi)星組小鼠給予安樂(lè)死,取后肢肌肉,10%福爾馬林固定48 h,脫水后石蠟包埋,HE染色觀察病理變化。免疫熒光染色利用抗EV71單克隆抗體(1∶500)作為一抗,4℃過(guò)夜,隨后0.01 mol/L PBS清洗,鼠抗兔IgG(H+L)作為二抗(1∶200)孵育,0.01 mol/L PBS清洗后附熒光抗體,在激光共聚焦顯微鏡下觀察。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 LPS刺激后STAT1敲除小鼠血清細(xì)胞因子水平降低
對(duì)LPS刺激組的血清細(xì)胞因子定量分析發(fā)現(xiàn),STAT1基因敲除小鼠的血清細(xì)胞因子水平出現(xiàn)不同程度降低。腹腔注射LPS 24 h后,對(duì)小鼠血清細(xì)胞因子進(jìn)行定量分析的結(jié)果顯示,STAT1基因敲除小鼠血清細(xì)胞因子的分泌水平都有不同程度的降低。與野生型小鼠相比,STAT1-/-小鼠細(xì)胞因子降低水平高于STAT1+/-小鼠,具體為:IL-1α(60.69%,P < 0.01)、IL-1β(91.92%,P < 0.01)、IL-6(79.93%,P < 0.05)、IL-10(56.66%,P < 0.01)、IL-12/IL-23p40(72.58%,P < 0.01)、TNF-α(62.03%,P < 0.01)以及Mouse MIP-1α(45.09%,P < 0.01)。在所檢測(cè)細(xì)胞因子中,小鼠IL-1β的降低水平最為明顯(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 EV71感染后STAT1敲除小鼠癥狀加重
EV71感染后,與野生型STAT1+/-小鼠相比,STAT1-/-小鼠表現(xiàn)出更嚴(yán)重的臨床癥狀、更高的死亡率以及更高的病毒載量。結(jié)果表明,EV71感染后,野生型小鼠在感染后6 d出現(xiàn)死亡,而STAT1-/-小鼠在感染4 d后出現(xiàn)死亡情況,死亡時(shí)間提前。感染6 d后STAT1-/-小鼠全部死亡,生存率為零,與其他組小鼠相比差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)(圖2A)。對(duì)感染EV71后小鼠出現(xiàn)的癥狀表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)分并統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn),STAT1-/-小鼠在感染3 d后癥狀急劇惡化(斜率增加),與其他組相比癥狀表現(xiàn)更為嚴(yán)重(圖2B)。伴隨癥狀加重,STAT1-/-小鼠在感染3 d后的體重明顯減輕,其他兩組小鼠隨時(shí)間變化體重逐漸增加(圖2C)。對(duì)肌肉病毒載量檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,STAT1-/-小鼠的肌肉病毒載量明顯高于野生型小鼠與STAT1+/-小鼠,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)圖2D。
2.3 EV71感染后STAT1敲除小鼠組織損傷加重
利用HE染色對(duì)小鼠后肢肌肉的病理變化進(jìn)行觀察,利用免疫熒光技術(shù)對(duì)不同組小鼠后肢肌肉中EV71抗原的表達(dá)量進(jìn)行了對(duì)比。400倍鏡下對(duì)EV71抗原熒光染色結(jié)果顯示,EV71抗原在小鼠后肢肌肉中有聚集現(xiàn)象,與野生型組相比,這種現(xiàn)象在STAT1-/-小鼠中更加明顯(圖3B),據(jù)此推測(cè)EV71在STAT-/-小鼠后肢肌肉中復(fù)制水平增高。與野生型及STAT1+/-相比,STAT1-/-小鼠表現(xiàn)出大片炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)與組織纖維化(圖3A),組織損傷情況更為嚴(yán)重。見(jiàn)圖3。從生存率、病毒載量、HE染色等檢測(cè)指標(biāo)可見(jiàn),STAT1基因敲除小鼠抵抗EV71病毒感染復(fù)制的能力存在嚴(yán)重缺陷,可能是導(dǎo)致EV71病毒感染加重的原因。
3 討論
通過(guò)LPS刺激對(duì)免疫相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子檢測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析,在LPS刺激后STAT1-/-小鼠免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子分泌水平降低,與之前報(bào)道的結(jié)論[15]。本研究證實(shí)STAT1基因敲除可以對(duì)C57BL/6小鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響。STAT1作為一種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可以通過(guò)與其它的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合后,激活或抑制[16],其表達(dá)調(diào)控過(guò)程比較復(fù)雜。STAT1的作用包括誘導(dǎo)CXCL9、P21WAF1/CIP1、IFI205等基因的表達(dá)[17],直接誘導(dǎo)MCP1等趨化因子產(chǎn)生[18],以及與NF-κB協(xié)同參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)[19]等等。LPS刺激后,STAT1-/-小鼠與STAT1+/-小鼠的白介素、TNF-α、MIP-1α等細(xì)胞因子水平下調(diào),且STAT1-/-小鼠下調(diào)的程度高于STAT1+/-小鼠,證明STAT1參與了小鼠免疫應(yīng)答。
有研究報(bào)道,IL-1β基因轉(zhuǎn)錄可以通過(guò)JAK/STAT信號(hào)途徑進(jìn)行調(diào)控[20]。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,STAT1-/-小鼠的血清IL-1β因子在LPS刺激下其分泌水平下調(diào)了90%以上,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01),推測(cè)可能是由于STAT1信號(hào)通路的影響引起IL-1β轉(zhuǎn)錄水平下調(diào)所導(dǎo)致的。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),STAT1基因敲除可以導(dǎo)致小鼠對(duì)EV71的敏感性增高。EV71病毒感染STAT1基因敲除小鼠后,其生存率、體重水平明顯降低,癥狀嚴(yán)重程度及病毒載量顯著增高,肌肉病理?yè)p傷更加嚴(yán)重,免疫熒光染色結(jié)果也可以觀察到EV71抗原在STAT1-/-小鼠肌肉的聚集水平升高。在整體動(dòng)物水平上印證了之前報(bào)道過(guò)的關(guān)于EV71感染實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)論[13]。
STAT1在細(xì)胞因子調(diào)節(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中扮演重要的角色,STAT-/-小鼠模型的構(gòu)建,對(duì)研究機(jī)體免疫功能提供了強(qiáng)有力的研究工具?,F(xiàn)已證實(shí)STAT1基因的缺失導(dǎo)致小鼠對(duì)EV71的敏感性增高。本實(shí)驗(yàn)從動(dòng)物整體水平上探索了STAT1在抗EV71感染中的作用,可以為今后減少病毒復(fù)制及控制感染癥狀等治療提供可靠的數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)。
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(收稿日期:2017-01-27 本文編輯:蘇 暢)