管紅梅,趙 萌,李小會,高修成,席艷麗
(1.南京醫(yī)科大學附屬兒童醫(yī)院放射科,江蘇 南京 210008;2.南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院放射科,江蘇 南京 210009)
?中樞神經(jīng)影像學?
兒童幕上原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤的MRI診斷及病理對照研究
管紅梅1,趙 萌2,李小會1,高修成1,席艷麗1
(1.南京醫(yī)科大學附屬兒童醫(yī)院放射科,江蘇 南京 210008;2.南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院放射科,江蘇 南京 210009)
目的:探討兒童幕上原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤(sPNET)的MRI表現(xiàn)特點。方法:收集經(jīng)手術(shù)及病理證實的20例sPNET,所有病例均行常規(guī)MRI平掃和增強掃描,并行DWI掃描。結(jié)果:20例sPNET分別位于大腦半球的額、顳、頂、枕、島葉及側(cè)腦室內(nèi),14例為巨大囊實性腫瘤,4例以實性為主伴發(fā)小囊性變腫瘤,2例腫瘤體積小且以鈣化為主。所有病例瘤周無水腫或水腫較輕,合并出血5例,3例術(shù)后復(fù)查沿蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔播散。MR平掃腫瘤呈混雜信號,腫瘤實性部分T1WI呈等或稍低信號,T2WI呈等或稍高信號,DWI呈高信號,ADC圖呈低信號,囊變部分信號復(fù)雜。增強檢查腫瘤實性部分呈中等或明顯強化。結(jié)論:sPNET影像學表現(xiàn)有一定特征,尤其是DWI,這可能有助于腫瘤定性診斷,同時能夠提供腫瘤浸潤的范圍、有無蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔種植轉(zhuǎn)移,對疾病分期和制定治療方案有重要價值。
神經(jīng)外胚瘤,原始;兒童;病理學;磁共振成像
原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤 (Primitive neuroectodermal tumor,PNET)是一組神經(jīng)上皮組織起源的少見的未分化惡性腫瘤,它分為中樞型PNET(Central nervous system PNET,cPNET)和外周型 PNET(Peripheral PNET,pPNET)[1]。 幕上 PNET(Supratentorial PNET,sPNET)屬于cPNET,較為少見。本文收集經(jīng)手術(shù)病理及免疫組化檢查證實的20例sPNET,通過分析其MRI影像學特點和病理表現(xiàn),并復(fù)習相關(guān)文獻,提高對該病診斷的準確性。
1.1 臨床資料
收集2008年1月—2016年4月我院經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實的sPNET共20例,其中男8例,女12例,年齡1~13歲,中位年齡3.0歲。臨床表現(xiàn):18例均有頭痛、惡心、嘔吐、肢體乏力等不同癥狀,呈進行性加重,其中1例突發(fā)昏迷;2例以癲癇為首發(fā)癥狀。
1.2 檢查方法
采用Siemens Magnetom Avanto 1.5T超導(dǎo)磁共振和0.35T低場磁共振,頭部線圈,常規(guī)行矢狀位、軸位、冠狀位掃描。序列包括:T2WI采用快速自旋回波 (FSE)序列、T1WI采用液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(FLAIR)序列和T2-FLAIR序列,DWI應(yīng)用單次激發(fā)自旋回波平面回波成像(SE-EPI)序列,在三個正交方向施加擴散敏感梯度場,取2個b值(b=0,800s/mm2),層厚5 mm,間距0.5 mm,F(xiàn)OV 22 cm。增強掃描使用釓噴替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)靜脈注射,劑量0.1mL/kg,行T1WI軸位、冠狀位、矢狀位掃描。不能合作患兒檢查前30 min口服或經(jīng)肛門灌注5%水合氯醛1.0 mL/kg誘導(dǎo)睡眠。
1.3 圖像分析
由兩名放射科高級職稱醫(yī)師采用雙盲法分析20例患兒顱腦MRI圖像,對不同的分析結(jié)果結(jié)合臨床進行討論達到一致意見。
1.4 手術(shù)和病理檢查
20例患者均在全麻下行腫瘤全切除術(shù)。所有標本送病理科行常規(guī)HE染色和免疫組織化學檢查。
2.1 MR表現(xiàn)
2.1.1 基本形態(tài)
MRI掃描20例sPNET分別位于幕上大腦半球的額葉6例、顳葉5例、頂葉5例、枕葉1例、島葉2例、側(cè)腦室內(nèi)1例。腫瘤大小不等,最大徑1.4~7.8cm,14例最大徑>5.0 cm瘤內(nèi)壞死囊變明顯,其中5例伴瘤內(nèi)出血;4例最大徑<5.0 cm以實性成分為主,伴小囊性變;2例以鈣化成分為主,最大徑均<2.0 cm。14例sPNET無瘤周水腫,6例sPNET瘤周輕度水腫。20例sPNET腫瘤邊界較清晰。
2.1.2 MRI信號
本組病例中14例囊實性腫瘤體積較大,壞死囊變明顯,囊變區(qū)信號復(fù)雜,其中5例伴瘤內(nèi)出血患者囊變區(qū)內(nèi)見小片狀T1WI高信號 (圖1a),囊變區(qū)T2WI及 FLAIR 呈高信號(圖 1b,1c),DWI信號較腦脊液稍高(圖1d),所有腫瘤囊變壞死區(qū)均無強化。20例sPNET腫瘤實質(zhì)部分信號較均勻,T1WI、T2WI及FLAIR與腦灰質(zhì)信號相似,DWI均呈高信號,ADC圖呈低信號 (圖1a~1e),測量腫瘤實質(zhì)部分ADC值,平均值0.612×10-3m2/s;增強掃描腫瘤實質(zhì)部分呈花邊樣及結(jié)節(jié)狀強化(圖1f),強化程度中度至顯著強化。4例以實性成分為主腫瘤可見血管流空信號(圖2a),增強為較均勻顯著強化(圖2b)。2例CT掃描以鈣化為主的sPNET(圖3a),腫瘤體積小,T1WI等信號,T2WI中心呈稍低信號,僅DWI顯示低信號病灶邊緣環(huán)形高信號,增強掃描中等度均勻強化(圖3b~3e)。 3例sPNET術(shù)后半年~1.5年隨訪有廣泛蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔轉(zhuǎn)移(圖4)。
2.2 手術(shù)及病理表現(xiàn)
本組20例sPNET行手術(shù)治療,其中15例腫瘤邊界清晰,5例部分邊界欠清。14例腫瘤壞死囊變明顯,4例以實質(zhì)成分為主,2例以鈣化為主。7例瘤周血管豐富。瘤體呈灰白、灰紅色,實質(zhì)易碎。8例囊液為淡黃色;4例囊液呈黃褐色,囊內(nèi)合并小片狀血凝塊,1例囊內(nèi)為大量暗紅色未凝血及血凝塊。HE染色光鏡下見腫瘤實質(zhì)部分細胞排列緊密,由多量小藍細胞構(gòu)成,瘤細胞呈菊形團樣結(jié)構(gòu),細胞核濃染,核漿比大,核分裂可見,間質(zhì)可見血管內(nèi)皮增生(圖2c),6例可見多量沙礫體。
免疫組化:CD99(+)11 例,NSE(+)6 例,Syn(+)4 例,Vimentin(+)6 例,GFAP(+)2 例,S-100(+)4例,EMA(+)5例,Ki67增殖指數(shù)約 10%~80%6例,CD68(±)2 例。
圖1a~1f 男,12月,左側(cè)島葉sPNET。圖1a:軸位T1WI:病灶呈類圓形囊實性病灶,實質(zhì)部分灰質(zhì)等信號,瘤內(nèi)可見小片狀高信號出血灶。圖1b:軸位T2WI:病灶實質(zhì)部分灰質(zhì)等信號。圖1c:軸位FLAIR:實質(zhì)部分呈均勻灰質(zhì)等信號,囊性部分呈高信號。圖1d:DWI:實質(zhì)呈高信號。圖1e:ADC圖:實質(zhì)呈低信號。圖1f:冠狀位T1WI增強:病灶實質(zhì)花邊樣顯著強化,囊性部分無強化。Figure 1a~1f. Male,12 months,left insular lobe sPNET.Figure 1a:On axial T1WI MRI:the tumour was roundlike and composed of cyst-solid.The signal of solid part was appeared isointense to cerebral cortex,hemorrhage with high signal in the lesion was shown.Figure 1b:On axial T2WI MRI,the solid part was isointense to cerebral cortex.Figure 1c:On axial FLAIR MRI,the solid part was isointense to cerebral cortex,while the cyst part with high signal was appeared.Figure 1d:On DWI MRI,the solid part of lesion with high signal was appeared.Figure 1e:ADC MRI,the solid part of lesion was shown low signal.Figure 1f:On coronal T1post-gadolinium MRI,the solid part was enhanced brightly and lace-likely,while the cyst part didn’t.
圖2a~2d 女,13歲,左側(cè)顳葉sPNET。圖2a:軸位T2WI:病灶呈類圓形灰質(zhì)等信號,內(nèi)見多個血管流空信號。圖2b:T1WI增強:病灶較均勻顯著強化。圖2c:病理切片HE染色光鏡下:腫瘤由排列緊密的多量小藍細胞構(gòu)成。圖2d:CD99免疫組化圖片。Figure 2a~2d. Female,13 years old,left temporal lobe sPNET.Figure 2a:On axial T2WI MRI,the roundlike lesion was appeared isointense to cerebral cortex and flowed empty phenomena in the lesion.Figure 2b:On T1post-gadolinium MRI,the lesion enhanced brightly and homogeneously.Figure 2c:Pathological images(HE)tumour was shown abundant small blue cells packed closely.Figure 2d:CD99 immunohistochemical picture.
圖3a~3e 男,2歲,左側(cè)頂葉sPNET(病灶直徑1.4 cm)。圖3a:CT平掃:類圓形鈣化灶。圖3b:軸位T1WI:左頂葉皮層下等信號。圖3c:軸位T2WI:稍低信號。圖3d:DWI:環(huán)形高信號。圖3e:T1WI增強:頂葉病灶均勻強化。 圖4 男,3歲,左側(cè)顳葉sPNET術(shù)后1.5年,T1WI矢狀位增強:四腦室及頸髓前緣多發(fā)小結(jié)節(jié)狀強化。Figure 3a~3e. Male,2 years old,sPNET with left parietal lobe(1.4 cm-diameter leision).Figure 3a:On CT image,the tumour was shown roundlike calcification.Figure 3b:On axial T1WI MRI,the lesion was appeared medium signal in subcortex of left parietal lobe.Figure 3c:On axial T2WI MRI,the tumour was shown slightly low signal.Figure 3d:On DWI MRI,there was annulus high signal in the tumour.Figure 3d:On T1post-gadolinium MR,the lesion was enhanced homogeneously. Figure 4. Male,3 years old,after 1.5 years surgery of sPNET in left temporal lobe,sagittal T1post-gadolinium MR:there were many enhanced nodules in fourth ventricle and the front edge of the cervical cord.
3.1 臨床表現(xiàn)
sPNET是一種少見腫瘤,僅占兒童幕上腫瘤的5%以下,多見于5歲以下,發(fā)病率男女無區(qū)別[2]。本組20例發(fā)病中位年齡為3.0歲,與文獻報道年齡相仿。臨床表現(xiàn)主要以頭痛、嘔吐等顱內(nèi)壓增高的癥狀及肢體乏力、視力障礙、癲癇等相應(yīng)占位癥狀為主,缺乏特異性。
3.2 組織起源及病理學特點
根據(jù)2007年WHO的最新分類,將幕上大腦組織和脊髓的原始神經(jīng)上皮組織起源的惡性腫瘤歸為cPNET[3],定為Ⅳ級,腫瘤具有多向分化的潛能。sPNET多發(fā)生于大腦半球深部[4],以額葉多發(fā),其次為頂葉、顳葉、枕葉、基底節(jié)區(qū)和腦室內(nèi)[5]。腫瘤邊界較清晰,體積較大,最大徑多>6.0 cm,呈類圓形或淺分葉狀。但本組病例中4例以實質(zhì)成分為主病例病灶最大徑<5 cm,2例以鈣化為主的sPNET體積更小,直徑<2.0 cm,實質(zhì)成分少,與文獻報道不一致,本組病例中體積較小腫瘤病變并不少見,基本不伴有大的囊變壞死區(qū)。sPNET因富含實質(zhì)細胞及血管而呈灰紅色,柔軟易碎,65%的病例可見壞死和囊變,50%鈣化,可并發(fā)出血[6],鏡下腫瘤由未分化的小圓細胞構(gòu)成,細胞排列緊密,瘤細胞呈菊形團樣結(jié)構(gòu)為特征,圓形或卵圓形的細胞核,核染色深,細胞質(zhì)少,核漿比大,核分裂多見,腫瘤細胞周圍有豐富的毛細血管增生。免疫組化在鑒別診斷中起著重要的作用,如文獻報道[7]CD99是未分化小圓細胞腫瘤最有用的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標志物,本組20例手術(shù)患兒中11例CD99表達陽性。
3.3 MRI表現(xiàn)及與病理組織學的相關(guān)性
sPNET邊界較清晰,瘤周無水腫或輕度水腫,這與腫瘤生長方式有關(guān)[8],不同于其他浸潤性生長惡性腫瘤,它主要以瘤細胞分裂、增殖為主,病灶生長快,易發(fā)生壞死、囊變、及出血。而本組4例實性成分為主sPNET僅見小的囊變壞死,2例以鈣化為主病例未見囊變,筆者認為可能與腫塊小,同時瘤周及瘤內(nèi)血供豐富有關(guān)。sPNET實質(zhì)部分具有較典型的MRI信號特點。病理上高級別腫瘤細胞排列緊密和較高的核胞質(zhì)比例[9-10],故MRI信號較均勻,T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR基本與灰質(zhì)信號相同,因彌散受限,DWI呈明顯高信號,ADC圖呈低信號,測量實質(zhì)部分ADC值可應(yīng)用于腫瘤分級。Porto等[9]研究報道以ADC最小值0.7×10-3mm2/s和 ADC平均值1.0×10-3mm2/s為界限區(qū)分低級別和高級別腦腫瘤。在本組病例sPNET測量實質(zhì)部分ADC值,平均值為0.612×10-3m2/s,屬于高級別腫瘤。2例鈣化為主的小sPNET鈣化灶周圍環(huán)形DWI高信號,同樣具有典型的MRI信號特點。腫瘤囊性部分MRI信號較復(fù)雜,取決于壞死囊變部分成分。腫瘤易伴發(fā)出血,根據(jù)出血多少、出血時間不同,信號不同。T1WI腫瘤內(nèi)高信號多提示出血。文獻報道[11-12]sPNET多種血管內(nèi)皮生成因子的表達,導(dǎo)致腫瘤內(nèi)高度的血管內(nèi)皮細胞增生,腫瘤血供豐富,這與本組病例鏡下病理所見一致,本組4例以實質(zhì)成分為主腫瘤病灶內(nèi)及周圍可見流空血管影,所以對比增強MRI腫瘤實質(zhì)明顯強化。Chawla等[10]報道髓母細胞瘤和sPNET約40%發(fā)生腦脊液種植轉(zhuǎn)移,最常見的位置是沿著脊髓胸腰段,轉(zhuǎn)移灶沿脊髓及腦室邊緣呈小結(jié)節(jié)狀強化或涂層狀線狀強化。本組病例術(shù)前未見明顯種植轉(zhuǎn)移,術(shù)后隨訪3例發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率低于文獻報道,分析原因與樣本量小相關(guān)。全面評估患者脊髓MRI對術(shù)前分期非常重要。
3.4 鑒別診斷
兒童sPNET主要應(yīng)與高級別膠質(zhì)瘤、室管膜瘤和非典型畸胎樣/橫紋肌樣腫瘤[2]相鑒別。①高級別膠質(zhì)瘤,囊變、壞死、出血較多見,腫瘤邊界模糊,血管源性水腫較廣泛。腫瘤實質(zhì)部分信號以稍長T1、T2信號常見,DWI及增強表現(xiàn)與sPNET相似。②幕上室管膜瘤較少發(fā)生于腦室內(nèi),好發(fā)于三角區(qū)旁,邊界清晰,腫瘤內(nèi)鈣化、囊變,偶有出血,以混雜信號為主,DWI信號較sPNET偏低,囊實性腫瘤實質(zhì)部分環(huán)狀強化,不易與sPNET鑒別。③非典型畸胎樣/橫紋肌樣腫瘤較罕見,發(fā)現(xiàn)時病灶較大,典型腫瘤為實性,伴不規(guī)則壞死區(qū),實性部分MR信號與灰質(zhì)等信號,腫塊不均勻強化。sPNET與以上三者鑒別較困難,最終確診需靠病理及免疫組化。
綜上所述,sPNET的MRI表現(xiàn)有一定特征,無論腫瘤大小,腫瘤周圍水腫少見,腫瘤實質(zhì)部分與灰質(zhì)等信號,DWI明顯彌散障礙的高信號,有助于腫瘤定性診斷,同時MRI能夠提供腫瘤浸潤的范圍、有無蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔種植轉(zhuǎn)移,對疾病分期和制定治療方案有重要價值。
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Analysis of MRI manifestation and relatives pathology feature of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor in children
GUAN Hong-mei1,ZHAO Meng2,LI Xiao-hui1,GAO Xiu-cheng1,XI Yan-li1
(1.Department of Radiology,Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210008,China;2.Department of Radiology,First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210009,China)
Objective:To investigate the MRI features of the supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor(sPNET)in children.Methods:Twenty cases of sPNET confirmed by operation and pathology were collected,all patients underwent conventional MRI scan,enhanced scan,and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)scan.Results:Twenty cases of sPNET were all located in supratentorial cerebral hemisphere(frontal,temporal,top,occipital,insular lobe,lateral ventricle).Fourteen cases were shown huge cystic-solid mixed masses,4 cases were manifestated great solid tumor with microcystic,2 cases were small tumor size and calcification.No edema or peritumoral edema around the tumor,hemorrhage in 5 cases,3 cases of postoperative examination spreaded along the subarachnoid.MR scan was shown mixed signal,the solid part of tumor was shown equal or slightly low signal on T1WI,equal or slightly hyperintense on T2WI,high signal on DWI,and slightly low signal on ADC map.The signal of cystic region was consistent with cerebrospinal fluid and the region of cyst with hemorrhage was shown complex signal.The solid part of the tumor was enhanced moderately or markedly.Conclusion:There were some imaging features with sPENT.DWI was especially beneficial to nature of tumor diagnosis,providing information of tumor invasion and whether implantation metastasis along the subarachnoid existed.It was beneficial to clinical staging and treatment plan.
Neuroectodermal tumors,primitive;Child;Pathology;Magnetic resonance imaging
R739.41;R445.2
A
1008-1062(2017)02-0077-04
2016-07-01;
2016-09-28
管紅梅(1968-),女,南京人,副主任醫(yī)師。 E-mail:18901582106@163.com
趙萌,南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院放射科,210009。E-mail:zhaomengnanjing@sina.com