梁倩++唐偉++劉文博++王威
[摘要]目的 探討辛伐他汀對(duì)高膽固醇血癥大鼠β-淀粉樣前體蛋白(APP)、β分泌酶(BACE)蛋白表達(dá)的影響,為阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)的預(yù)防與治療提供理論依據(jù)。方法 32只大鼠(3月齡)隨機(jī)分為普通飼料喂養(yǎng)組(n=16)和高膽固醇飼料喂養(yǎng)組(n=16)。將高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)鼠隨機(jī)分為高脂飼料安慰劑組(n=8)、高脂飼料藥物組(n=8),并開(kāi)始灌胃給藥,高脂飼料藥物組給予辛伐他汀2 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,高脂飼料安慰劑組給同體積安慰劑(蒸餾水)灌胃,灌胃期間繼續(xù)喂高脂飼料。普通飼料喂養(yǎng)組隨機(jī)分為普通飼料安慰劑組(n=8)和普通飼料藥物組(n=8),分別給予同體積安慰劑(蒸餾水)和辛伐他汀2 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,灌胃期間繼續(xù)喂普通飼料。8周后APP、BACE蛋白的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 高脂飼料藥物組大鼠前額皮層、海馬區(qū)APP、BACE的蛋白表達(dá)較高脂飼料安慰劑組減少(P<0.05),高脂飼料藥物組與普通飼料安慰劑組、普通飼料藥物組之間無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 辛伐他汀可能會(huì)影響高膽固醇血癥大鼠前額皮層、海馬區(qū)APP、BACE的蛋白表達(dá),從而對(duì)Aβ1-42的生成代謝產(chǎn)生影響。
[關(guān)鍵詞]辛伐他?。桓吣懝檀佳Y;海馬;皮層;β-淀粉樣前體蛋白;β分泌酶;阿爾茨海默病
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R749.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2017)06(b)-0008-05
[Abstract]Objective To explore the efficacy of Simvastatin on the expression of APP and BACE in rats with hypercholesterolemia,providing theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment in Alzheimer′s Disease.Methods The 32 rats used in this experiment were 3 months old and randomly divided into normal diet group (n=16) and high cholesterol diet groups (n=16).The high diet groups were randomly divided into high lipid feed the placebo group (n=8) and high-fat feed drug group (n=8).And then medicine was filled into their stomach:the high fat diet drugs group were given simvastatin 2 mg/(kg·d),the high fat diet placebo group placebo (distilled water) by the same volume,the high fat forage during lavage.Normal feed group were randomly divided into normal feed placebo group and normal feed drug group,respectively to the same volume with the placebo (distilled water) and simvastatin 2 mg/(kg·d) to fill the stomach,the normal fat forage during lavage,with behavior evaluation after 8 weeks.Immune histochemical method to determine the brain′s protein expression with APP,BACE.Results The result of APP,BACE protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus with immunohistochemical detection:the protein expression of APP and BACE in the prefrontal cortexis and the hippocampus was decreased in high fat feed drug group than the normal feed placebo group (P<0.05),there was no significant difference in the normal feed placebo group,the normal feed drug group and the high fat feed drug group (P>0.05).Conclusion Simvastatin may affect the protein expression of APP,BACE in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus by the hypercholesterolemia rats,which have an impact on the metabolism of Aβ1-42.
[Key words]Simvastatin;Hypercholesterolemia;The hippocampus;Cortex;APP;BACE;Alzheimer′s Disease
阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)是多發(fā)于老年人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病,臨床以進(jìn)行性記憶、認(rèn)知障礙及行為異常為特征[1]。隨著社會(huì)老齡化迅速發(fā)展,AD的發(fā)病率急劇上升,嚴(yán)重影響老人的生活質(zhì)量,并給家庭和社會(huì)帶來(lái)沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。由于A(yíng)D的病因復(fù)雜,臨床治療效果并不理想,對(duì)其發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究是防治AD發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要手段[2-3]。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)高血脂與AD發(fā)生相關(guān)[4-5]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示β淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)的形成或降解與血中脂類(lèi)代謝紊亂相關(guān)[6]。為此,降脂治療能否調(diào)控Aβ形成,能否減緩AD發(fā)生發(fā)展等問(wèn)題成為當(dāng)前關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。β分泌酶(BACE)是β-分泌酶的一種,是生成Aβ所必須的酶[7-8]。它能在體內(nèi)作用于淀粉樣前體蛋白(amyloid precursor protein,APP),是Aβ產(chǎn)生的初始酶,也是限速酶,被認(rèn)為是防治AD的主要藥物靶點(diǎn)[9]。本研究通過(guò)給予高脂血癥大鼠辛伐他汀治療,觀(guān)察BACE及APP蛋白表達(dá)的變化,初步說(shuō)明辛伐他汀對(duì)AD的治療作用及其機(jī)制,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1材料與方法
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
Wistar大鼠(160~180 g),3月齡,SPF級(jí),由大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,許可證號(hào):SCXK2015-0002,經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并進(jìn)行保種、繁衍后代,飼料營(yíng)養(yǎng)充足,飲用無(wú)菌水,無(wú)菌處理2次/周,鼠籠為小刨花木材墊料籠,溫度20~25℃,濕度50%~60%。高膽固醇飼料由北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司提供,高膽固醇飼料由普通鼠飼料88.7%、膽固醇1%、豬油10%和膽酸鈉0.3%組成。辛伐他汀片(舒降之,20 mg)由杭州默沙東制藥有限公司提供,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H19990366。
1.2動(dòng)物模型的建立及分組給藥
所用動(dòng)物為32只大鼠,空腹12 h后取尾血,測(cè)定建模前血脂水平,然后隨機(jī)分為普通飼料喂養(yǎng)組和高膽固醇飼料喂養(yǎng)組,每組16只,喂養(yǎng)2周后測(cè)定血脂水平,血脂明顯升高且與普通飼料喂養(yǎng)組比較差異有顯著性時(shí),認(rèn)為造模成功,再次分組,將高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)大鼠隨機(jī)分為高脂飼料安慰劑組、高脂飼料藥物組,每組8只,高脂飼料藥物組給予辛伐他汀2 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,高脂飼料安慰劑組給同體積安慰劑(蒸餾水)灌胃,灌胃期間繼續(xù)喂高脂飼料。將普通飼料喂養(yǎng)大鼠隨機(jī)分為普通飼料安慰劑組、普通飼料藥物組,每組8只,普通飼料藥物組給予辛伐他汀2 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,普通飼料安慰劑組給同體積安慰劑(蒸餾水)灌胃,灌胃期間繼續(xù)喂普通飼料。8周后再取尾血,測(cè)定血清膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇,并取材。
1.3取材
每組8只大鼠用4%水合氯醛以10 ml/kg的劑量腹腔注射麻醉后開(kāi)胸,充分暴露心臟,將針頭插入左心室找至主動(dòng)脈,剪開(kāi)右心耳,用100 ml生理鹽水灌流,直至流出的液體透明清澈無(wú)血液,然后用120 ml 4%多聚甲醛灌流固定,直至大鼠四肢及尾部僵硬為灌流固定充分,然后開(kāi)顱、取腦,取出腦組織放置于4%多聚甲醛中固定,用于免疫組化標(biāo)本制備。
1.4免疫組化檢測(cè)小鼠APP、BACE表達(dá)水平
石蠟切片置60℃烤箱烘烤2 h;常規(guī)脫蠟至水,蒸餾水洗2 min;微波修復(fù)抗原20 min;3% H2O2溶液阻斷過(guò)氧化物酶,10 min;PBS洗10 min×3次;滴加Aβ1-42(1∶100),4℃過(guò)夜;于冰箱中取出切片后室溫靜止20 min,PBS洗10 min×3次;加二抗,37℃孵育50 min,PBS洗10 min×3次;DAB顯色2~3 min;復(fù)染、透明后封片,顯微鏡觀(guān)察。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多樣本均數(shù)比較采用多因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn);以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1辛伐他汀對(duì)高膽固醇血癥大鼠血脂的影響
共納入Wistar大鼠32只,所有大鼠均正常成功發(fā)育,進(jìn)入結(jié)果分析,各組小鼠喂養(yǎng)共10周后,通過(guò)檢測(cè)血清膽固醇提示:高脂飼料安慰劑組大鼠血清膽固醇(CHO)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)較高脂飼料藥物組大鼠明顯升高(P<0.05),辛伐他汀能明顯降低血清CHO和LDL-C水平。普通飼料安慰劑組、普通飼料藥物組和高脂飼料藥物組三者間無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)(圖1)。
2.2各組大鼠前額皮質(zhì)和海馬區(qū)APP的蛋白表達(dá)結(jié)果
免疫組化結(jié)果如圖2所示,APP蛋白主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞胞漿、細(xì)胞突起和神經(jīng)纖維。計(jì)數(shù)APP表達(dá)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)結(jié)果提示,高脂飼料藥物組大鼠前額皮層、海馬區(qū)APP的蛋白表達(dá)較高脂飼料安慰劑組減少(P<0.05),高脂飼料藥物組與普通飼料安慰劑組、普通飼料藥物組之間無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05)(圖2、3,表1)。
2.3各組大鼠前額皮質(zhì)和海馬區(qū)BACE的蛋白表達(dá)結(jié)果
從免疫組化結(jié)果可以看出,BACE蛋白著色部位主要位于在胞漿、細(xì)胞突起和神經(jīng)纖維,與APP蛋白定位較為一致(圖3)。計(jì)數(shù)BACE表達(dá)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)結(jié)果提示,高脂飼料藥物組大鼠前額皮層、海馬區(qū)BACE的蛋白表達(dá)較高脂飼料安慰劑組減少(P<0.05),高脂飼料藥物組與普通飼料安慰劑組、普通飼料藥物組之間無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05)(圖4、5,表2)。
3討論
老年斑是AD腦內(nèi)特征性的變化,是確診AD的重要依據(jù)[10]。Aβ是老年斑的主要成分[11]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為AD是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)性的過(guò)程,這一過(guò)程中伴隨神經(jīng)功能退化,同時(shí)研究還指出Aβ 的異常聚集事AD病理過(guò)程的起始因素,發(fā)生在A(yíng)D病理過(guò)程的早期[12]。隨著病情的進(jìn)展,Aβ沉積過(guò)程伴隨神經(jīng)毒性物質(zhì)的積聚并能觸發(fā)一系列級(jí)聯(lián)變化,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)AD病理過(guò)程的發(fā)展。隨著對(duì)AD認(rèn)識(shí)的深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)APP蛋白與Aβ生成密切相關(guān)[13]。
APP是一種跨膜蛋白質(zhì),由一條較長(zhǎng)的細(xì)胞外N端節(jié)段與一條較短的細(xì)胞內(nèi)C端節(jié)段組成,在不同的分泌酶作用下,APP裂解成不同的多肽產(chǎn)物,生理?xiàng)l件下這些多肽產(chǎn)物可以被細(xì)胞清除,在病理?xiàng)l件下Aβ生成增多,且清除不完全,逐漸沉積最終形成老年斑[14]。隨著生活水平的提高,高脂飲食成為了老年斑形成的重要因素,也因此成為了人們研究AD發(fā)病的熱點(diǎn)[15]。有研究報(bào)道膽固醇增多能夠加強(qiáng)BACE的活性,從而增強(qiáng)APPβ裂解途徑的作用,導(dǎo)致Aβ 1-40與Aβ 1-42多肽生成增多,造成Aβ沉積[16]。參與APP切割的關(guān)鍵酶(α、β、γ分泌酶)因其疏水性而必須在一個(gè)富含脂肪的環(huán)境中才具有生物活性,膜區(qū)的脂筏為APP和分泌酶提供了一個(gè)活性平臺(tái)。在高膽固醇含量的脂筏環(huán)境中,APP更傾向于產(chǎn)生Aβ的代謝途徑:BACE活性顯著提高,β位點(diǎn)的切割增加,Aβ生產(chǎn)增多,從而形成大量老年斑,而在低膽固醇含量的脂筏環(huán)境中,APP更傾向于不產(chǎn)生Aβ的代謝途徑:α分泌酶活性提高,Aβ產(chǎn)生減少[17-18]。
為了進(jìn)一步探討控制高脂能否影響APP、BACE的表達(dá),本研究首先通過(guò)給予大鼠高脂飲食構(gòu)建高膽固醇大鼠,通過(guò)檢測(cè)大鼠血清膽固醇,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇含量提示高脂飲食成功構(gòu)建高膽固醇大鼠模型。近年大量研究均證實(shí)了他汀藥物在大鼠AD模型上對(duì)腦Aβ沉積物的作用,結(jié)果顯示阿托伐汀可以顯著減弱Aβ在動(dòng)物模型中的沉積[19-20]。那么,辛伐他汀有效改善高膽固醇血癥大鼠的Aβ1-42是通過(guò)何種機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn),是否與APP、BACE有關(guān)?本研究通過(guò)免疫組化方法檢測(cè)大鼠前額皮層、海馬區(qū)APP蛋白與BACE蛋白的表達(dá),結(jié)果提示高脂飼料藥物組大鼠前額皮層、海馬區(qū)APP、BACE的蛋白表達(dá)較高脂飼料安慰劑組表達(dá)明顯減少,二者之間比較差異明顯,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說(shuō)明辛伐他汀能夠降低腦內(nèi)APP、BACE的蛋白表達(dá)有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果提示辛伐他汀可能通過(guò)抑制前額皮質(zhì)與海馬區(qū)的APP及BACE蛋白的表達(dá),進(jìn)而影響Aβ1-42的表達(dá)來(lái)影響高脂血癥大鼠向AD的發(fā)展。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果提示了辛伐他汀能夠有效控制高脂血癥,同時(shí)能夠抑制Aβ1-42調(diào)控因子APP與BACE蛋白的表達(dá),這一作用機(jī)制提示辛伐他汀可能作為今后控制AD進(jìn)展的潛在治療藥物。由于本實(shí)驗(yàn)尚存在不足,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)辛伐他汀的治療AD的作用及其深入的機(jī)制尚需要更多的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-29 本文編輯:馬 越)