王穎林曉濛白鳳英張瑞張小溪

銅三氟柳配合物的合成，結(jié)構(gòu)和仿生催化溴化

王穎林曉濛白鳳英＊張瑞張小溪

(遼寧師范大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院，大連116029)

合成了一系列2-羥基-4-三氟甲基苯甲酸(h2tba)-銅配合物：[Cu(htba)2(pz)2](1)，[Cu(htba)(2，2′-bipy)](htba)(2)和[Cu(htba)2(4，4′-bipy)](3)(h2tba=2-羥基-4-三氟甲基苯甲酸，pz=吡唑，2，2′-bipy=2，2′-聯(lián)吡啶，4，4′-bipy=4，4′-聯(lián)吡啶)，并且通過(guò)元素分析、紅外光譜、紫外光譜、粉末X射線衍射、單晶X射線衍射和熱重分析方法對(duì)配合物結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了表征。這些配合物能夠在過(guò)氧化氫和溴化物存在的條件下催化苯酚紅溴化，并且展示出了較高的催化溴化活性。

銅配合物；三氟柳；晶體結(jié)構(gòu)；催化溴化

0 Introduction

Continuing interest in the chemistry of copper complexes has been promoted owing to their biological and catalytic properties.While the different property of the copper complexes is mainly dependent on different kinds of ligands,and the key structural feature of the ligands gives rise to a rich variety of complexes with unusual properties.Among the organic ligands,N-heterocyclic ligands[1-3](e.g.pyrazole,pyridine,imidazole)and their derivatives havebeen widely used in synthesis in coordination chemistry. Especially for pyrazole/pyridine and its derivatives, which have attracted much attention of pharmacy expertsfortheirgoodbiologicalactivityand compatibility[4-8].

Vanadium-dependenthaloperoxidases(VHPOs) are a class of peroxidases that utilize a vanadate cofactor to perform two electron oxidation of halides or organic sulfides[9-11].The compounds were designed tomimick the active centre of these haloperoxidases which have also been reported to catalyze in vitro oxidations of substrates,emphasizing the importance ofbiologicallyorientedmodelinvestigationsfor industrially relevant processes.Although the synthesis of some oxovanadium complexes with various organic ligands has been reported[12-16],the detailed investigation on the VHPO mimicking activity as well as the mechanism of action of such complexes containing organic ligands are very scanty.Recent researches show that copper complexes have also similar VHPOs behavior.Recently,our group has reported some related research results[17-20],it is proved that transition metal complexes can be useful models in studying the biomimetic catalytic reaction mechanism[21].Here,a series of new metal-medicine complexes:[Cu(htba)2(pz)2] (1),[Cu(htba)(2,2′-bipy)](htba)(2)and[Cu(htba)2(4,4′-bipy)](3)(h2tba=2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid,pz=pyrazole,2,2′-bipy=2,2′-bipyridine,4,4′-bipy=4,4′-bipyridine)were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions.The spectral and structures of complexes 1～3 were characterized.Their cytotoxicity in hADSCs and Chang liver cells was evaluated using a multiple parallel perfused microbioreactor,and the mimicking catalytic bromination reaction dynamics was also tested for the study of whether the copper complexes is potential functional model compound of bromoperoxidase.

1 Experimental

1.1 Materials and methods

The reagents include CuCl2·2H2O(Beijing Chemical Works),Cu(NO3)2·3H2O(Aladdin),h2tba(Aladdin), pz(J&K Scientific),2,2′-bipy(Taizhou MaiBo Chemical Co.,Ltd),4,4′-bipy(Taizhou MaiBo Chemical Co., Ltd).All of the above reagents are of analytical grade and used without further purification.

Elemental analyses for C,H,and N were carried out on a PE 240C automatic analyzer(Perkin-Elmer, Waltham,MA).The infrared spectra were recorded on a JASCO FT/IR-480 spectrometer(JASCO,Tokyo, Japan)with pressed KBr pellets in the range of 200～4 000 cm-1.UV-Vis spectra were recorded with a V-570-UV/VIS/NIR spectrophotometer(JASCO,Tokyo, Japan)(200～2 000 nm,in the form of the solid sample). The X-ray powder diffraction data were collected on a Bruker AXS D8 Advance diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation(λ=0.154 18 nm)in the 2θ range of 5°～60° (U=30 kV,I=30 mA).Thermogravimetric analyses(TG) were performed under N2atmosphere with a heating rate of 10℃·min-1on a Perkin Elmer Diamond TG/ DTA.

1.2 Syntheses of the complexes

1.2.1 Synthesis of[Cu(htba)2(pz)2](1)

CuCl2·2H2O(0.017 9 g,0.1 mmol),h2tba(0.049 6 g,0.2 mmol)and pz(0.014 g,0.2 mmol)were mixed in the ethanol-water(1∶2,V/V)solution(15 mL),and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h to get a blue solution.The final reaction mixture was sealed in a 30 mL flask and heated at 100℃for 24 h. Finally,purple crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained.Yield(based on Cu):73%. Anal.Calcd.for C11H8N2O3F3Cu0.5(%):C,43.33;H, 2.65;N,9.19.Found(%):C,43.32;H,2.59;N,9.16. IR(KBr,cm-1):3 356(m),3 153(w),1 638(m),1 591(s), 1 500(m),1 472(w),1 480(s),1 335(s),1 298(w),1 225 (s),1 161(s),1 060(s).UV-Vis(λmax/nm):300,552.

1.2.2 [Cu(htba)(2,2′-bipy)](htba)(2)

The synthetic method of complex 2 was similar to that of complex 1.For complex 2,the starting material pyrazole was replaced by 2,2′-bipy(0.031 5 g,0.2 mmol).Yield(based on Cu):78%.Anal.Calcd.for C26H16N2O6F6Cu(%):C,49.57;H,2.56;N,4.45.Found (%):C,49.65;H,2.61;N,4.41.IR(KBr,cm-1):3 118 (w),3 073(w),1 609(s),1 492(w),1 438(s),1 392(w), 1 338(s),1 230(m),1 158(w),1 122(s),1 058(m).UVVis(λmax/nm):304,586.

1.2.3 [Cu(htba)2(4,4′-bipy)](3)

The synthetic method of complex 3 was also similar to that of complex 1.In the reaction,starting material Cu(NO3)2·3H2O(0.018 8 g,0.1 mmol)and 4,4′-bipy(0.031 4 g,0.2 mmol)were chosen instead of CuCl2·2H2O and pyrazole.Yield(based on Cu):78%. Anal.Calcd.for C13H8NO3F3Cu0.5(%):C,49.57;H, 2.56;N,4.45.Found(%):C,49.51;H,2.59;N,4.49. IR(KBr,cm-1):3 103(w),1 603(s),1 504(m),1 433(s),1 332(s),1 233(s),1 152(m),1 116(s),1 061(m).UVVis(λmax/nm):302,602.

1.3 X-ray crystallographic determination

Suitable single crystals of the three complexes were mounted on glass fibers for X-ray measurement. Reflection data were collected at room temperature with a Bruker AXS SMART APEXⅡCCD diffractometer(Bruker AXS,Karlsruhe,Germany)with graphitemonochromated Mo Kα radiation(λ=0.071 07 nm)and an ω scan mode.All measured independent reflections (I＞2σ(I))were used in the structural analysis and semi -empirical absorption corrections were applied using the SADABS program[22].The structures were solved by the direct method using SHELXL-97[23].Crystal data and structure refinements are shown in Table 1.All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically and by temperature factor with the full-matrix least squares method.Hydrogen atoms of the organic frameworks werefixedatcalculatedpositionswithisotropic thermal parameters and refined using a riding model. The F atoms were found to be disordered,which were given occupancy parameters of 0.5 in order to retain acceptable displacement parameters.

CCDC:1041787,1;1041788,2;1041789,3.

1.4 Measurement of bromination activity in solution

The reactions were started with the existence of phenol red solution,copper complex,KBr and H2O2with a buffer solution of NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4(pH=5.8)[24]. The UV spectral changes were recorded using a UV-1000 spectrophotometer at 5 min intervals.By sequential collecting the UV absorption spectrum data during the reaction and executed data treatment and fitting,the bromine reaction rate constant of coppercomplexeswereobtainedbythemethodinthe literature[10,20,25-27].

Table1 Crystallographic data for complexes 1～3

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Synthesis

Three copper complexes have been successfully synthesized by copper salt(CuCl2·2H2O and Cu(NO3)2·3H2O),h2tba and nitrogen heterocyclic ligands(pz, 2,2′-bipy and 4,4′-bipy)in the system of ethanolwater with a hydrothermal reaction in 100℃.It is worth to mention that,for complex 3,we tried to use almost all kinds of copper salt,but only Cu(NO3)2· 3H2O as the starting material could get the best crystal morphology of the complexes.

It is interesting to note that the starting material of h2tba was used in the synthesis process of the complexes.However,the ester groups in the ligand become hydroxy during the reaction.The possible disengaging reason is that the reaction condition could result in the hydrolysis of the ester.

2.2 IR spectra

The IR spectra of the complexes 1～3 are shown in Table 2 and Fig.S1.The weak peaks observed at 3 059～3 153 cm-1are attributed to the stretching vibrations of the N-H in the pyrazolyl rings and the CH stretching vibrations of the pyridine/pyrazolyl rings. The strong peaks at 1 591～1 637 cm-1and around 1 330 cm-1are attributed to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration of the C=O group.Peaks in the range of 1 000～1 500 cm-1are assigned to the stretchingvibrationcharacterizationofthepyrazolyl, pyridine and phenyl rings.

2.3 UV-Vis spectra

The UV-Vis absorption spectra of complexes 1～3 are recorded in form of the solid sample(Table 3 and Fig.S2).They have similar absorption patterns.In the high-frequency region,the absorption peaks at 210～212 nm and 300～304 nm are attributed to the π-π* transition of the pyrazoly ring and the htba ligand.In the visible range,the broad peak at 552 nm for 1,586nm for 2 and 602 nm for 3 can be caused by the charge transitions from the ligands to Cuion(LMCT).

Scheme 1Reaction process of the complexes 1～3

Table2 IR data for complexes 1～3 cm-1

Table3 UV-Vis data for complexes 1～3 nm

2.4 Crystal structure

The molecular structures of the complexes 1～3 are depicted in Fig.1～3,and some selected bond distances and angles are summarized in Table S1.The hydrogenbonds parameters of complexes 1～3 are listed in Table S2.

Fig.1 (a)Molecular structure of the complex 1 with probability level of 30%;(b)One dimensional chain structure; (c)Two dimensional planar structure

Single-crystal X-ray structure analyses reveals that complex 1 crystallizes in the Triclinic system with P1 space group.The molecular structure of 1 contains one copper ion,two htba ligands and two pz moieties. As shown in Fig.1a,Cuion in complex 1 is coordinated with two oxygen(O1 and O1#1,Symmetry codes:#1:-x+1,-y,-z+1)from two htba ligands and two nitrogen atoms from two pz moieties,respectively, forming a CuN2O2plane square geometry.There is no deviation of the plane atoms.The bond lengths of Cu-N1 and Cu-O1 are 0.196 3(3)and 0.193 7(2)nm, respectively.The angles of O1-Cu-N1 and O1-Cu-N#1 are 89.93(11)°and 90.07(12)°,respectively.

In addition,there are two kinds of hydrogen bonds in the molecular structure:(i)intramolecular hydrogen bond(O3…O2,0.258 36 nm,153.95°) between the oxygen atoms from oxhydryl and carboxylate group;(ii)hydrogen bond(N2…O2#3,0.282 35 nm,139.20°,Symmetry codes:#3:-1+x,y,z)between oxygen from carboxylae group and nitrogen from pyrazolyl.The molecules of the complex 1 are connected to an infinite 1D chain structure by the hydrogenbonds of O3-H3A…O2(Fig.1b),and connected to a 2D planar structure by N2-H2A…O2#3(Fig.1c).

Fig.2 (a)Molecular structure of complex 2 with probability level of 30%;(b)Dimer structure;(c)One dimensional chain structure;(d)Two dimensional planar structure;(e)Three dimensional network structure

Single-crystal X-ray structure analyses reveals that complex 2 crystallizes in the Triclinic system with P1 space group.The crystal structure comprises a monomeric Cu(htba)(2,2′-bipy)neutral molecule and one free htba molecule.The coordination environment of the central Cuion in complex 2 is shown in Fig. 2a.The Cuion is five-coordinated by three oxygen atoms(O1,O2 and O1#1,Symmetry codes:#1:-x+1, -y,-z+1)from htba ligands with Cu-O bond distances in the range of 0.189 76(17)～0.242 45(19)nm andtwo nitrogen atoms(N1 and N2)from 2,2′-bipy with Cu-N bond distances in the range of 0.198 9(2)～0.200 3(2)nm to form a CuN2O3tetragonal structure. The deviations of Cu,O1,O2,N1 and N2 atoms that composed of the least-squares plane are 0.007 60, 0.005 49,-0.009 63,0.006 35 and-0.009 81 nm, respectively,showing that these atoms are almost on one plane.The angles of O1-Cu-O2 and N1-Cu-N2 are 89.93(11)°and 81.18(9)°,respectively,and the angles of O-Cu-N are in the range of 92.29(8)°～174.29(8)°.

Fig.3 (a)Molecular structure of the complex 3 with probability level of 30%;(b)View of 1D chain linked by 4,4′-bipy in 3;(c)View of 3D structure formed by hydrogen bonding interaction in 3

There are two kinds of hydrogen bonds,O-H…O (O…O 0.250 75 nm)and C-H…O(C…O 0.321 66～0.340 08 nm),in complex 2.Hereinto,the O-H…O hydrogen bonds come from the coordinated htba ligand and the free htba ligand:O6-H6A…O3#4(O6…O3#4 0.250 75 nm,O6-H6A…O3#4 163.40°,Symmetry codes:#4:2-x,1-y,1-z);the C-H…O hydrogen bonds are from the carbon atoms from 2,2′-bipy,oxygen atoms from the coordinated htba and free htba:C9-H9…O5#4(0.321 66 nm,147.41°);C21-H21…O4#6 (0.340 08 nm,165.77°);C16-H16…O3#5(0.336 78 nm,166.68°,Symmetry codes:#6:1-x,1-y,-z;#5: x,-1+y,z).Two independent molecules form a dimer bybridgingcoordination oxygen(O1)(Fig.2b).The dimer is further linked through the C9-H9…O5#3 hydrogen bond to generate a 1D chain structure,as illustrated in Fig.2c and then the adjacent chains are connected through the weak interaction between the cooper atom and oxygen atom to form a 2D structure (Fig.2d).Eventually the 2D structure of 2 is connected into a 3D network structure(Fig.2e).

Structural analysis shows that complex 3 crystallizes in the Monoclinic system with P21/c space group. The molecular structure of 3 contains one copper ion, two htba ligands and one 4,4′-bipy ligand.The coordination environment of the central Cuatom in complex 3 is shown in Fig.3a.The Cuatom is sixcoordinated by four oxygen atoms(O1,O2,O1#1 and O2#1,Symmetry codes:#1:-x+2,-y,-z+1)from htba ligands and two nitrogen atoms from 4,4′-bipy moiety, respectively,forming a CuN2O4octahedral structure. There is no deviationoftheplaneatoms.The bond lengths of Cu-N and Cu-O1 are 0.202 6(3)and 0.195 5(2)nm,respectively.The angles of O1-Cu-N and O1-Cu-N#2(Symmetry codes:#2:2-x,-0.5+y, 2.5-z)are 89.49(11)°and 90.52(11)°,and the angles of O(1)-Cu-O(1)#2 and N(1)#2-Cu-N(1)are 180.00(7)° and 180.0°,respectively.The molecules are linked to an infinite 1D chain(Fig.3b)by 4,4′-bipy.The chains are further linked through the hydrogen bonds C5-H5…O3#7(Symmetry codes:#7:-1+x,0.5-y,-0.5+z)to generate a 3D hydrogen bond network(Fig.3c).

2.5 Thermal properties and XRD analysis

To examine the thermal stability of the complexes 1～3,TG was carried out with the temperature range of 30～1 000℃(Fig.4).For complex 1,the result shows the initial weight loss of 44.88%before 298℃is due to the release of two pz and two-CF3moieties(Calcd. 44.94%).The second weight loss occurs in the range of 298～1 000℃,which is ascribed to the release of the remaining part of h2tba(Obsd.44.87%;Calcd. 44.64%),and the final residue corresponds to copper oxide(Obsd.10.25%;Calcd.13.03%).The TG curve of 2 can be divided into three stages.The first weight loss of 44.44%in the range of 30～291℃is attributed to the free htba and two-CF3moieties(Calcd.43.67%). The second weight loss occurs in the range of 291～369℃with a weight loss of 20.96%,which is ascribed to the release of the remaining part of h2tba (Calcd.21.45%).The last step of decomposition occurred within the range of 369～1 000℃,which is attributed the loss of 2,2′-bipy(Obsd.24.76%;Calcd. 24.79%),and the final residue corresponds to copper oxide(Obsd.9.84%;Calcd.12.61%).The first weight loss in the complex 3 occurs in the range of 30～298℃,implying the removal of two-CF3moieties and two 4,4′-bipy(Obsd.45.82%;Calcd.46.69%).The second weight loss of 43.69%occurs in the temperature range of 298～495℃,which is ascribed to the release of the remaining part of h2tba ligand(43.22%).And finally, the residue might be copper oxide(Obsd.10.49%; Calcd.12.61%).

Fig.4 TG curves for the complexes 1～3

ThepowderX-raydiffractiondataofthe complexes 1～3 were obtained and compared with the corresponding simulated single-crystal diffraction data (Fig.S3～S5).The phase of the complexes is considered as purities owning to the agreement of the peak positions.The different intensity may be due to the preferred orientation of the powder samples.

2.6 Functional mimics of complexes 1～3

Asweknow,oxidovanadiumcomplexescan mimic a reaction in which vanadium haloperoxidases could catalyze the bromination of organic substrates in the presence of bromide and H2O2[28-29].However,it is found that copper complexes showed obviously catalytic bromination activities in the experiment system,and the catalytic activity of copper complexes were close to the vanadium complexes[9-12].Herein,the bromination reaction activities of complexes 1～3 are shown by the conversion of phenol red as an organic substrate to bromophenol blue.The reaction is efficient and rapid, producing the halogenated product by the reaction of oxidized halogen species with the organic substrate, and the reactive process is shown in Scheme 2.

The solution color visibly changed from yellow to blue when complex 1 was added to the standard reaction of bromide in a phosphate buffer with phenol red as a trap for oxidized bromine.The UV absorption spectra recorded a decrease in absorbance of the peak at 443 nm due to the loss of phenol red and an increase of the peak at 592 nm with production of the bromophenolblue,investigatingthatcomplex1 possess better catalytic activity.The results of the mimic catalytic activity for 2 and 3 is similar to that for 1.In order to evaluate the catalytic reaction of phenol red based on vanadium complex 1 as a catalyst exactly,wehavedesignedandcarriedoutan experiment system:the DMF-water solution of the complexes was added to the reaction system involving phosphate buffer,KBr,H2O2and phenol red which acted as a substrate to be brominated,resulting in visible color change of the solution from yellow to blue.Spectral intensity change was recorded at 10 min intervals(Fig.5).The conversion rate of the phenol red (α)can be expressed as follow:

α=(1-ct/c0)×100%(1) where ct=equilibrium concentration,c0=initial concentration.Because of the relationship of c∝A,we could convert the conversion of phenol red based on Eq.1 into(1-At/A0)×100%(At=equilibrium absorbance,A0= initial absorbance).So,α=(1-At/A0)×100%=(1-1.734 6 /2.366 2)×100%=26.7%.

Fig.5 Mimic catalytic activity of complex 1

Scheme 2Reactive process of bromination reaction catalysed by the complexes

Take complex 1 as an instance to execute kinetic studies of mimicking bromination reaction.A series of dA/dt data were acquired by changing the concentrationof the complex shown in Fig.6.According to Lambert-Beer′s law,A=εbc,dA/dt=εb(dc/dt),where A is the measurable absorbance of the resultant;ε is molar absorption coefficient,which is measured as 14 500 L ·mol-1·cm-1at 592 nm for bromophenol blue;and b is the light path length of sample cell(b=1 cm).Then,the catalytic reaction kinetic equation:dc/dt=kc1xc2yc3z,was treatedinto lg(dc/dt)=lgk+xlgc1+ylgc2+zlgc3.In the equation,the reaction rate constant,k,is determined by the concentrations of complex 1，KBr and phenol red(c1,c2and c3,respectively),the reaction orders of complex 1,KBr and phenol red(x,y and z),as well as lg(dc/dt).While in the experiment,in view of the reaction orders of KBr and phenol red(y and z)being 1 according to the literature[30-31];c2and c3are known to be 0.4 and 1×10-4mol·L-1,respectively,then the plot of-lg(dc/dt)vs-lgc1for complex 1 was depicted with the data in Fig.5,obtaining a straight line(Fig.7) with a slope of 1.07 and intercept of-0.917 4.The former confirms the first-order reaction being dependent on copper ion.According to the intercept,the reaction rate constant(k)for complex 1 was calculated as 3.023 ×103L2·mol-2·s-1.Similar plots for 2 and 3 were generated in the same way(Fig.S6～S9),and values of the slope and the intercept are 1.060 3 and-1.272 1 for 2,1.036 9 and-1.063 8 for 3,and the reaction rate constants(k)for complexes 2 and 3 can be calculated as 1.336×103and 2.158×103L2·mol-2·s-1,respectively. Through the experimental results,we gave conclusion that(i)the reaction orders for phenol red in the bromination reactions catalyzed by copper-complexes are all close to 1;(ii)the reaction rate constants of the three complexes are similar.

Fig.6 Linear calibration plots of the absorbance(at 592 nm)vs time for bromination reaction of phenol red with different concentrations of complex 1

Fig.7 -lg(dc/dt)dependence of-lgc1for complex 1 in DMF-H2O at(30±0.5)℃

3 Conclusions

In this work,by selecting appropriate ligands, three new copper complexes have been successfully synthesized for the first time.In order to further explore the efficacious copper model complexes with the active center which is similar to the structure of VHPOs,we tested the bromination reaction activity with phenol red as an organic substrate in the presence of the complex,H2O2,KBr and a phosphate buffer solution.The results show that three cooper complexes all could catalyzed phenol red bromination rapidlyandefficiently,exhibitinggoodcatalytic activity,which may be applied as potential functional catalytic model in future.

Supporting information is available at http://www.wjhxxb.cn

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Syntheses,Structures and Biomimetic Catalytic Bromination of Copper-Triflusal Complexes

WANG YingLIN Xiao-MengBAI Feng-Ying＊ZHANG RuiZHANG Xiao-Xi
(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian,Liaoning 116029,China)

A series of 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid(h2tba)-copper complexes:[Cu(htba)2(pz)2](1),[Cu (htba)(2,2′-bipy)](htba)(2)and[Cu(htba)2(4,4′-bipy)](3)(h2tba=2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid,pz= pyrazole,2,2′-bipy=2,2′-bipyridine,4,4′-bipy=4,4′-bipyridine)have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis,IR spectra,UV-Vis,spectroscopy,powder X-ray diffraction,single-crystal X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis(TG).The complexes which catalyzed phenol red bromination in the presence of H2O2and bromide,exhibited high catalytic bromination activity.CCDC:1041787,1;1041788,2;1041789,3.

copper complexes;triflusal;crystal structure;catalytic bromination

O614.121

A

1001-4861(2017)09-1667-11

10.11862/CJIC.2017.202

2017-04-19。收修改稿日期：2017-07-14。

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(No.21571091)資助項(xiàng)目。

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