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骶神經(jīng)電針刺激對(duì)脊髓全橫斷損傷后神經(jīng)源性膀胱大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子NGF及其受體TrkA表達(dá)的影響

2017-09-13 09:01元小紅葉超江澤輝伍紹明于海川李春根
環(huán)球中醫(yī)藥 2017年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:源性電針生長(zhǎng)因子

元小紅 葉超 江澤輝 伍紹明 于海川 李春根

·論著·

骶神經(jīng)電針刺激對(duì)脊髓全橫斷損傷后神經(jīng)源性膀胱大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子NGF及其受體TrkA表達(dá)的影響

元小紅 葉超 江澤輝 伍紹明 于海川 李春根

目的觀察電針刺激骶2神經(jīng)對(duì)脊髓全橫斷損傷后神經(jīng)源性膀胱大鼠膀胱重量、排尿量、神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)及其酪氨酸激酶受體(TrkA) 的影響,探討骶神經(jīng)電針刺激治療脊髓全橫斷損傷后神經(jīng)源性膀胱的機(jī)制。方法以尖刀橫斷T9脊髓方式建立大鼠脊髓全橫斷損傷后神經(jīng)源性膀胱模型,通過(guò)膀胱重量、排尿量的測(cè)量觀察空白組、模型組、電針組大鼠的膀胱功能變化;通過(guò)Western blot方法觀察各組大鼠脊髓內(nèi)NGF及TrkA表達(dá)情況,并統(tǒng)計(jì)分析各組間的差異。結(jié)果治療4周后,與空白組比較,模型組和電針組膀胱重量均明顯增高(P<0.05)。與模型組比較,電針組膀胱重量降低(P>0.05)。與空白組比較,模型組手法排尿量增加(P<0.05)。與空白組比較,電針組手法排尿量增加(P>0.05)。與模型組比較,電針組手法排尿量減少(P>0.05)??瞻捉M和電針組的NGF及TrkA的表達(dá)明顯高于模型組(P<0.05)。電針組的NGF高于空白組,TrkA的表達(dá)低于空白組 (P>0.05)。結(jié)論骶神經(jīng)電針刺激治療可以通過(guò)提高損傷脊髓局部神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子NGF及其高親和力受體TrkA的表達(dá),抑制脊髓損傷局部神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,保護(hù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞并促進(jìn)損傷神經(jīng)的恢復(fù)。同時(shí)電針刺激促進(jìn)排尿反射的協(xié)調(diào)進(jìn)行,改善SCI后NB的膀胱功能。

神經(jīng)源性膀胱; 脊髓損傷; 電刺激療法; 神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子; 神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子氨酸激酶受體

神經(jīng)源性膀胱(neurogenic bladder,NB)指控制排尿的中樞神經(jīng)(腦或脊髓)或周圍神經(jīng)受到損害后引起的排尿功能障礙,是脊髓損傷(spinal cord injury,SCI)后的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,也是SCI患者最常見(jiàn)的臨床問(wèn)題[1],嚴(yán)重影響SCI患者的生活質(zhì)量。研究顯示,電針刺激治療能夠一定程度上恢復(fù)SCI后NB患者的神經(jīng)功能[2-4],然而作用機(jī)制尚未明確。本文通過(guò)觀察電針刺激骶神經(jīng)對(duì)SCI后NB大鼠脊髓組織內(nèi)神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)及其受體原肌球蛋白相關(guān)激酶A(TrkA)表達(dá)的影響,探討骶神經(jīng)電針刺激治療SCI后NB的機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 動(dòng)物和分組

SPF級(jí)雌性SD大鼠40只,體重(200±20)g。隨機(jī)挑選10只作為空白組,其余30只大鼠進(jìn)行脊髓全橫斷損傷造模,2周后對(duì)確定神經(jīng)源性膀胱成模的存活大鼠26只采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為:模型組、電針刺激組,每組13只。

1.2 儀器及試劑

英迪牌KWD-808Ⅰ型脈沖針灸治療儀(常州英迪電子醫(yī)療器械有限公司);NGF抗體(生產(chǎn)廠家:美國(guó)santa cruz公司,編號(hào):SC-548);TrkA抗體(生產(chǎn)廠家:美國(guó)santa cruz公司,編號(hào):SC-118)。

1.3 模型制備

脊髓全橫斷損傷造模:參照Hassan Shaker脊髓橫斷法[5]并加以改良。具體操作:制備T9脊髓全橫斷損傷大鼠模型:大鼠以烏拉坦0.9 g/Kg腹腔內(nèi)注射麻醉后俯臥位固定于平板上,常規(guī)備皮,75%酒精消毒背部手術(shù)區(qū)域,根據(jù)解剖學(xué)標(biāo)志定位T10椎體。以T10棘突為中心沿背側(cè)正中線做長(zhǎng)約2 cm的縱行切口,依次切開(kāi)皮膚及皮下組織,緊貼椎板切開(kāi)豎脊肌并向兩邊鈍性剝離,用撐開(kāi)器撐開(kāi)肌肉組織,顯露相鄰上下胸椎的棘突和椎板。用手術(shù)刀切開(kāi)T9~T10棘間韌帶,用微型咬骨鉗從T9~T10椎板間隙緊貼椎板與脊髓平行進(jìn)鉗,輕輕向上小心咬除椎板,逐漸咬除整個(gè)T9椎板及兩側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)突,避免損傷脊髓硬脊膜、血管和神經(jīng)根。尖刀片在顯露的脊髓一端橫向切斷脊髓,刀尖要觸及椎管前壁和側(cè)壁骨面,反復(fù)切割脊髓,即刻見(jiàn)大鼠雙下肢抽搐,尾巴甩動(dòng),隨后松馳,后以彎頭顯微鑷輕輕抬起脊髓斷端用顯微剪剪斷取出約1~2 mm長(zhǎng)的脊髓組織,脊髓內(nèi)縮形成一個(gè)空洞,充分止血后以明膠海綿填充并清理切口,逐層縫合肌肉、皮下組織及皮膚。以雙下肢癱瘓作為SCI成模的標(biāo)志,術(shù)后大鼠在加熱毯上至蘇醒后放回單籠飼養(yǎng),每2日更換墊料。術(shù)后一周內(nèi)每日腹腔注射青霉素鈉8萬(wàn)單位預(yù)防感染,每日2次以手法對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行人工輔助排尿、排便,并記錄尿量及觀察排尿習(xí)慣。輔助排尿量在術(shù)后第14天左右降低并穩(wěn)定,結(jié)合尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查判定SCI后NB大鼠造模成功。

1.4 干預(yù)方式

造模14天后開(kāi)始干預(yù),空白組和模型組只固定不電針,電針刺激組:俯臥位固定大鼠,以直徑0.25 mm×40 mm的中研太和牌無(wú)菌針灸針進(jìn)行雙側(cè)骶2神經(jīng)針刺,定位于第2骶后孔處,直刺4~5 mm。針刺后分別接英迪牌KWD-808Ⅰ型脈沖針灸治療儀正負(fù)極。電針刺激參數(shù):疏密波,2 Hz,強(qiáng)度以肢體輕顫并耐受為度。每日1次,每次20分鐘,5次/周,共4周。

1.5 檢測(cè)

3組大鼠治療4周后,進(jìn)行一次人工輔助手法排尿量測(cè)定,然后以烏拉坦0.9 g/kg腹腔注射麻醉。在全麻狀態(tài)下迅速剝離大鼠背部皮膚、筋膜、肌肉等充分暴露T7~T11脊髓,迅速平整切除T8~T10 脊髓,用冰生理鹽水沖洗后放入凍存管中,存放于-80℃低溫冰箱,以備用于Western blot檢測(cè)。完整取出膀胱,濾紙吸干后稱重。

1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

2 結(jié)果

2.1 膀胱重量及手法排尿量

見(jiàn)下表1,各組大鼠治療4周后,模型組和電針組與空白組比較,膀胱重量均明顯增高(P<0.05)。電針組與模型組比較,膀胱重量降低,差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。模型組與空白組比較,手法排尿量增加(P<0.05)。電針組與空白組比較,手法排尿量增加,差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。電針組與模型組比較,手法排尿量減少,差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

表1 各組大鼠膀胱重量和手法排尿量比較

注: 與空白組比較,aP<0.05。

2.2 脊髓組織和神經(jīng)根中NGF及其受體TrkA表達(dá)量的觀察

見(jiàn)表2,各組大鼠治療4周結(jié)束后,空白組和電針組的神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子及受體TrkA的表達(dá)明顯高于模型組(P<0.05)。電針組的NGF高于空白組,受體TrkA的表達(dá)低于空白組,差異均不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

表2 各組大鼠脊髓中NGF、TrkA灰度值比較

注: 與空白組比較,aP<0.05;與模型組比較,bP<0.05。

3 討論

本實(shí)驗(yàn)采取胸段脊髓全橫斷損傷切斷了骶髓排尿中樞與腦干及其以上的排尿中樞間的上行和下行神經(jīng)通路,骶髓排尿中樞失去了上位排尿中樞的調(diào)控,從而先后產(chǎn)生逼尿肌機(jī)能低下、逼尿肌亢進(jìn)、逼尿肌-括約肌協(xié)同失調(diào)[6]等病理生理改變,最終造成膀胱功能性出口梗阻而致不充分排尿、殘余尿量增加,膀胱有效排尿率下降。久之膀胱壁逐漸增厚,因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)中SCI造模后的模型組和電針組的膀胱重量均明顯高于空白對(duì)照組,而人工排尿量均高于空白對(duì)照組。經(jīng)過(guò)4周電針刺激治療后,電針組大鼠膀胱重量及人工排尿量較模型組均有降低趨勢(shì),說(shuō)明電針刺激骶神經(jīng)根對(duì)SCI后NB有一定治療作用,能夠減緩膀胱增生程度,改善膀胱梗阻情況,提高膀胱有效排尿率,一定程度上改善SCI后NB的膀胱功能。

NGF是神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子家族中首先被發(fā)現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵成員[7-8],能夠影響神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)、成熟及損傷等過(guò)程,并可影響中樞神經(jīng)的可塑性[9-10]。此外,NGF還可以保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受氧化應(yīng)激及細(xì)胞毒素介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[11-13]。NGF通過(guò)與兩個(gè)已知的受體結(jié)合發(fā)揮信號(hào)分子的作用:能夠結(jié)合所有神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的普通低親合力受體P75和只與特定的酪氨酸激酶受體結(jié)合的高親合力受體TrkA[14-15]。當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元損傷后,NGF選擇性地與高親合力受體TrkA結(jié)合才能啟動(dòng)NGF的對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育、修復(fù)及再生等生物效應(yīng)[16-18]。TrkA受體和細(xì)胞內(nèi)激酶通路的激活,包括PI3K/Akt和增殖蛋白激酶通路參與神經(jīng)發(fā)生和神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子的保護(hù)作用[19-20]。

大量研究表明,NGF對(duì)SCI后神經(jīng)損傷的修復(fù)具有促進(jìn)作用[21-22]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明大鼠脊髓損傷后脊髓中NGF及其受體TrkA水平均降低,而經(jīng)過(guò)電針治療4周后,SCI大鼠脊髓中NGF及其TrkA均恢復(fù)至稍低于正常水平,且差異不明顯。因此,電針刺激骶神經(jīng)能夠誘導(dǎo)脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元重新表達(dá)NGF及其受體TrkA,最終改善SCI后NB的膀胱功能。這一作用機(jī)制可能是NGF與其受體TrkA結(jié)合后,激活PI3K/Akt和增殖蛋白激酶通路,從而抑制脊髓損傷局部神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,保護(hù)脊髓損傷局部神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)損傷神經(jīng)的恢復(fù)。

目前,針灸對(duì)SCI后NB的療效在臨床與實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中均得到證實(shí)[23-26]。本研究采用電針刺激骶2神經(jīng)治療SCI后NB,提高了損傷脊髓周圍NGF及其受體TrkA的水平,并改善了SCI后NB的膀胱功能。電針既有針刺效應(yīng)又有低頻電刺激作用。它通過(guò)刺激S2神經(jīng),可以刺激到骶副交感神經(jīng),從而調(diào)節(jié)膀胱、尿道的功能狀態(tài),改善儲(chǔ)尿或排尿功能。其刺激經(jīng)傳入神經(jīng)纖維可反射性興奮脊髓及高級(jí)排尿中樞,從而發(fā)放沖動(dòng)下行至膀胱,支配逼尿肌及括約肌,促進(jìn)二者協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)動(dòng)完成排尿反射[25]。

綜上所述,電針刺激S2神經(jīng)能夠誘導(dǎo)脊髓中NGF及其受體TrkA的表達(dá)升高,抑制脊髓損傷局部神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,保護(hù)脊髓損傷局部神經(jīng)細(xì)胞并促進(jìn)損傷神經(jīng)的恢復(fù)。同時(shí)電針刺激促進(jìn)排尿反射的協(xié)調(diào)進(jìn)行,改善SCI后NB的膀胱功能。

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(本文編輯: 董歷華)

EffectsofsacralelectroacupunctureontheexpressionofNGFandTrkAinspinalcordofratswithspinalcordtransectioninjury

YUANXiaohong,YEChao,JIANGZehui,etal.

SecondDepartmentofOrthopaedics,DongzhimenHospitalAffiliatetoBeijingUniversityofChineseMedicine,Beijing100700,China

Correspondingauthor:LIChungen,E-mail:leechungen@126.com

ObjectiveTo observe the influence of electroacupuncture stimulation on S2 nerve of the bladder weight, urine output and the expression of NGF and TrkA of rats with neurogenic bladder after spinal cord transection injury and it’s mechanism.MethodsTo build a model of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord transection injury by remove the T9 spinal cord with a sharp scalpel blade, the bladder function were detected by bladder weight, urine output. The expression of NGF and TrkA were detected by Western blot method, and the differences between the groups were statistically analyzed.Results4 weeks after treatment, compared with blank group, the bladder weight of model group and the electroacupuncture group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with model group,the bladder weight of electroacupuncture group was decreased (P>0.05). Compared with blank group, the urine output of model group was increased (P<0.05). Compared with blank group, the urine output of the electroacupuncture group was increased (P>0.05). Compared with model group, the urine output of the electroacupuncture group was decreased (P>0.05). The expression of NGF and TrkA in blank group and electroacupuncture group was obviously higher than that in model group (P<0.05). The expression of NGF in electroacupuncture group was higher than that in blank group, the expression of TrkA was lower than that in blank group (P>0.05).ConclusionSacral electroacupuncture therapy can improve the expression of both NGF and TrkA in the local nerve of damaged spinal cord, inhibite apoptosis of the damaged spinal cord, protect nerve cells and promote the recovery of damaged nerve. At the same time, electroacupuncture can promote the coordination of micturition reflex and improve NB bladder function after SCI.

Neurogenic bladder; Spinal cord injury; Electrical stimulation therapy; Nerve growth factor; TrkA receptor

100700 北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)東直門醫(yī)院骨二科[元小紅(博士研究生)、葉超、江澤輝、伍紹明、于海川、李春根]

元小紅(1987-),女,2014級(jí)在讀博士研究生。研究方向:脊髓損傷與關(guān)節(jié)軟骨再生。E-mail: zhenjiuyuan@126.com

李春根(1965-),博士,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。研究方向:脊髓損傷與關(guān)節(jié)軟骨再生。E-mail:leechungen@126.com

R245

A

10.3969/j.issn.1674-1749.2017.08.003

2016-11-05)

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