楊 耀,賀增良
·手術(shù)與麻醉·
經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥
楊 耀,賀增良
目的探討經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥的臨床效果及安全性。方法選擇我院2013年1月—2015年12月收治的腰椎滑脫癥24例,均采用改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù),術(shù)后隨訪3~18個月。觀察術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間及治療改善率,比較術(shù)前及末次隨訪滑脫角、滑脫率、視覺模擬(VAS)評分和日本骨科協(xié)會評估治療(JOA)評分變化。結(jié)果本組均順利完成手術(shù),手術(shù)時間(145±24.40)min,術(shù)中出血量(167.50±70.88)ml,均無輸血支持,無腦脊液漏、神經(jīng)根損傷等并發(fā)癥。隨訪3~18個月。與術(shù)前比較,末次隨訪VAS評分及JOA評分差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。臨床療效優(yōu)18例,良4例,一般2例,優(yōu)良率91.7%。結(jié)論經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥創(chuàng)傷小,臨床療效及安全性好。
腰椎滑脫癥;外科手術(shù),微創(chuàng)性;脊柱融合術(shù)
腰椎滑脫癥為脊椎不穩(wěn)定病變,可引發(fā)腰骶部疼痛、間歇性跛行、坐骨神經(jīng)痛等癥狀,保守治療效果欠佳[1]。目前治療腰椎滑脫癥的不同手術(shù)方式各有優(yōu)缺點[2-4]。我院2013年1月—2015年12月收治經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥24例,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1.1一般資料 本組男10例,女14例;年齡46~76(58.25±9.42)歲;退變性腰椎滑脫癥16例,雙側(cè)椎弓峽部斷裂8例;病變位于第3腰椎4例,第4腰椎12例,第5腰椎8例;I度滑脫8例,Ⅱ度滑脫16例;臨床表現(xiàn)為腰背痛14例,間歇性跛行6例,下肢感覺障礙4例。所有患者均經(jīng)嚴格保守治療6個月無效,具有明顯手術(shù)指征,且均予經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù),術(shù)前常規(guī)攝腰椎正側(cè)位X線片、腰椎過伸過屈動力位片、腰椎CT及MRI檢查明確診斷。
1.2手術(shù)方法 本組采用全身麻醉,俯臥位取后正中縱向切口,切開皮膚及皮下組織,沿棘上韌帶旁切開兩側(cè)深筋膜,鈍性分離骶棘肌和多裂肌,暴露病變椎體及下位椎體關(guān)節(jié)突,采用自制器械拉鉤(圖1)經(jīng)上關(guān)節(jié)突中下1/3處鉆孔,旋入普通椎弓根螺釘,分別于上關(guān)節(jié)突外緣放置兩把向外拉鉤,一把向內(nèi)拉鉤暴露關(guān)節(jié)及關(guān)節(jié)突,切除病變椎體下關(guān)節(jié)突及下位椎體部分上關(guān)節(jié)突,行雙側(cè)神經(jīng)根管擴張減壓(圖2~3),留取咬除的松質(zhì)骨,去除附著軟組織,制成顆粒狀備用,摘除癥狀重一側(cè)的椎間盤,病變椎體下終板及下位椎體上終板植入已填充減壓骨粒的椎間融合器,模棒試模后截棒、彎棒、置棒,若神經(jīng)根管通暢,內(nèi)固定良好,再逐一抱緊鎖死,徹底止血,并用0.9%氯化鈉注射液沖洗,切口旁放置負壓引流管,逐層縫合肌肉筋膜、皮下組織、皮膚。術(shù)后予抗生素預防感染(<48 h),術(shù)后2 d拔除引流管,在腰背支具保護下練習行走。隨訪3~18個月,病情未復發(fā)。
圖1經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥術(shù)中用于暴露關(guān)節(jié)突的自制拉鉤
圖2經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥術(shù)中采用自制拉鉤經(jīng)多裂肌與最長肌之間暴露病變椎體及下位椎體關(guān)節(jié)突
圖3經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥術(shù)中上關(guān)節(jié)突外緣放置兩把向外拉鉤,一把向內(nèi)拉鉤暴露關(guān)節(jié)及關(guān)節(jié)突
1.3觀察指標 觀察術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間及治療改善率,比較術(shù)前與未次隨訪滑脫角、滑脫率、視覺模擬(VAS)評分和日本骨科協(xié)會評估治療(JOA)評分變化。治療改善率=(治療后評分-治療前評分)/(29分-治療前評分)×100%,若≥75%臨床療效為優(yōu),50%~74%為良,25%~49%為一般,0~24%為差。
本組均順利完成手術(shù),手術(shù)時間(145±24.40)min,術(shù)中出血量(167.50±70.88)ml,均無輸血支持,無腦脊液漏、神經(jīng)根損傷等并發(fā)癥。與術(shù)前比較,末次隨訪滑脫角及滑脫率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),VAS評分及JOA評分差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。臨床療效優(yōu)18例,良4例,一般2例,優(yōu)良率91.7%。
表1 經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥術(shù)前及末次隨訪情況比較
注:JOA指日本骨科協(xié)會評估治療
腰椎滑脫癥是臨床常見病,表現(xiàn)為腰骶部疼痛、坐骨神經(jīng)痛,甚至出現(xiàn)間歇性跛行及馬尾神經(jīng)痛;保守治療效果不佳或癥狀進一步加重時,手術(shù)治療成為患者唯一選擇,通過固定、融合、減壓等方式改善臨床癥狀。傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)包括前路椎間融合術(shù)(ALIF)、后路椎間融合術(shù)(PLIF)、經(jīng)椎間孔椎間融合術(shù)(TLIF)、腰椎后外側(cè)融合術(shù)(PLF)和環(huán)狀融合術(shù)等,各有其優(yōu)勢和不足,其中PLIF是指通過后方剝離豎棘肌完全暴露病變部位,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大,術(shù)中出血量多,有時需輸血支持或自體血液回輸,增加了醫(yī)療費用,且術(shù)后常遺留頑固性腰骶痛[5]。
近年微創(chuàng)技術(shù)廣泛用于臨床,其切口小、創(chuàng)傷小、出血少,術(shù)后效果好,脊柱外科醫(yī)生逐漸嘗試通過微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥。Isaacs等[6]報道應(yīng)用顯微內(nèi)窺鏡行脊柱后路微創(chuàng)經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎椎間融合術(shù)(METLIF)治療單節(jié)段腰椎不穩(wěn)20例,與單純行PLIF組比較,METLIF在術(shù)中出血量、輸血量和住院時間方面均顯著優(yōu)于PLIF。Jeong等[7]回顧性分析行MINI-open PLIF治療的40例腰椎骨脫癥,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后融合器移位顯著減少,滑脫角得到糾正,下腰痛明顯改善??递x等[8]利用Quadrant系統(tǒng)聯(lián)合Sextant-R系統(tǒng)微創(chuàng)治療腰椎滑脫癥,結(jié)果顯示所有患者均植骨融合,無椎弓根螺釘斷裂及融合器移位。然而,微創(chuàng)技術(shù)存在手術(shù)暴露范圍小、術(shù)野不清等不足,一般需特殊器械工作通道,對手術(shù)器械及醫(yī)師技術(shù)要求較高,學習曲線時間長,術(shù)中需反復行X線透視,帶來了不可忽視的醫(yī)源性損害。
由于認識到微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的不足,本文經(jīng)改良wistle入路[9],采取單一后正中切口,經(jīng)多裂肌與最長肌之間的間隙通道,利用自制拉鉤[10]暴露上下關(guān)節(jié)突,經(jīng)椎間孔完成置釘、減壓、融合等操作,其優(yōu)點如下:①沿棘突旁切開深筋膜,且沿筋膜下淺層向外剝離至肌間隙,顯露腰椎小關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié),方便牽拉,避免了經(jīng)典wiltse雙側(cè)手術(shù)入路時多裂肌所產(chǎn)生的骨筋膜室樣效應(yīng);②經(jīng)椎間孔途徑進行固定融合類似于TLIF,無須顯露中央椎管,避免了神經(jīng)牽拉損傷及腦脊液漏的發(fā)生;③術(shù)中無須剝離肌肉組織,直接損傷小,術(shù)中出血量少,圍術(shù)期無須輸血支持;④不需借助任何器械通道亦能達到微創(chuàng),顯露視野清晰,避免無套筒則無法手術(shù)的尷尬;⑤采用常規(guī)椎弓根螺釘即可固定融合,降低了進口耗材使用頻率,減輕了患者經(jīng)濟負擔,性價比高;⑥易在較短時間內(nèi)掌握該手術(shù)方式,進釘點解剖標識一目了然,易于掌握,學習曲線時間較短,可在基層醫(yī)院推廣應(yīng)用。
本組術(shù)中出血量少,手術(shù)時間短,無輸血支持及腦脊液漏、神經(jīng)根損傷等發(fā)生,且術(shù)前及末次隨訪VAS評分、JOA評分比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,提示經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行推弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)減輕了患者痛苦,避免了醫(yī)師接受多次輻射及醫(yī)患雙方醫(yī)源性傷害[11]。
根據(jù)Denis三柱理論,脊柱前柱承受80%的壓應(yīng)力[12],故其能否融合對整個脊柱的穩(wěn)定性起重要作用。本研究充分認識到這一點,通過自制拉鉤顯露并行椎間自體骨融合術(shù),術(shù)后無融合失敗或假關(guān)節(jié)形成,分析原因如下:①術(shù)中通過一定的提拉復位,縮小臺階,增加了椎間融合面積;②后方的椎弓根螺釘固定牢靠,為前柱融合提供了相對穩(wěn)定的應(yīng)力環(huán)境;③為恢復椎間高度,保持腰椎生理性前凸及腰椎生物力學特性,提供了椎間縱向支撐,刺激骨愈合;④術(shù)中剔除滑脫椎體的椎間盤及終板軟骨,達到相對的骨-骨界面,為骨性愈合創(chuàng)造了良好的基礎(chǔ);⑤采用減壓的保留骨粒,無排異性及感染可能,較異體骨有更好的相容性,融合率高,避免了自體髂骨取出的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[5]。本組術(shù)后常規(guī)佩戴支具3個月,門診復查X線及CT顯示椎體間骨小梁連續(xù),完全融合成單一椎體,無不穩(wěn)及釘棒松動現(xiàn)象。
綜上,經(jīng)改良wiltse微創(chuàng)入路并自制拉鉤行椎弓根螺釘固定融合術(shù)治療腰椎滑脫癥具有創(chuàng)傷小、對軟組織干擾小、出血量少等優(yōu)點,加之術(shù)中接受射線少,無須借助額外通道系統(tǒng),且圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥少,術(shù)后恢復時間短,可在直視下完成置釘、減壓、融合,可接受度高,但本研究僅觀察該手術(shù)方式的短期療效,遠期療效仍需大樣本臨床研究證實。
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Pedicle Screw Fixation and Fusion by Improved Wiltse Mini-invasive Approach and Self-made Retractor in Treatment of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
YANG Yao, HE Zeng-liang
(Department of Osteology, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China)
ObjectiveTo analyze clinical effect and safety of pedicle screw fixation and fusion by improving wiltse mini-invasive approach and self-made retractor in treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis.MethodsA total of 24 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis underwent pedicle screw fixation and fusion by improving wiltse mini-invasive approach and self-made retractor during January 2013 and December 2015, and all patients were followed up for 3-18 months. Intraoperative blood loss volume, operative time and improvement rate of treatment were observed, and changes of slip angle, slip percentage, visual analogue scales (VAS) score and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score were compared before operation and at the last time of follow-up.ResultsAll patients underwent operation successfully, and the operative time was(145±24.40) min, and intraoperative volume of blood loss was (167.50±70.88) ml. There were no complications such as blood transfusions, cerebrospinal leak and nerve roots damage with 3-18 months of follow-up. There were significant differences in visual analogue scales (VAS) and Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) in the last time follow-up compared with those before operation (P<0.05). There were 18 patients with excellent, 4 patients with good and 2 patients with common, and the good and excellent rate was 91.7%.ConclusionPedicle screw fixation and fusion by improved wiltse mini-invasive approach and self-made retractor in treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis can achieve minimal trauma, good clinical effect and safety.
Lumbar spondylolisthesis; Surgical procedures, minimally invasive; Spinal fusion
R681.52
A
1002-3429(2017)09-0048-03
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.09.019
2017-05-27 修回時間:2017-07-03)
210003 南京,南京市第二醫(yī)院骨科