崔建宏
【中圖分類號(hào)】G633.41 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】B 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089(2015)15-0208-01
語(yǔ)言是一種交際工具,其呈現(xiàn)方式為口頭表達(dá)和書(shū)面表達(dá)兩種形式。不論漢語(yǔ)還是英語(yǔ),都要學(xué)會(huì)這兩種表達(dá)方式,而且中高考英語(yǔ)試題中都少不了這方面內(nèi)容,特別是書(shū)面表達(dá)有更具體的試題,試題所占分值也不低,足以引起師生的高度重視。
多年來(lái)的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我,要培養(yǎng)中學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)能力,應(yīng)該從以下幾個(gè)方面做起。
一、課文改寫(xiě)法。
英語(yǔ)課文沒(méi)有漢語(yǔ)課文那么復(fù)雜,基本上都是與我們?nèi)粘I钣嘘P(guān)的話題。學(xué)生可以運(yùn)用與課文有關(guān)的字、詞、句改寫(xiě),也就是說(shuō)學(xué)生可以利用現(xiàn)成的語(yǔ)言材料,寫(xiě)出自己的文章。這就要求教師教引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)用簡(jiǎn)單的詞,寫(xiě)簡(jiǎn)單的句子、避開(kāi)不太常用的詞、運(yùn)用自己熟悉的詞表達(dá)自己的思想感情。例如:My Favorite Subjects一文,在第一段,學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)了introduce myself , 基本上掌握了live in , in the north of …, in the future等短語(yǔ),還掌握了簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型,如主系表結(jié)構(gòu),主謂結(jié)構(gòu),主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)以及簡(jiǎn)單的賓語(yǔ)從句。他們按照這樣的課文,也能寫(xiě)出自己的簡(jiǎn)介,如:Hello! My name is …. I live in Xianyang, a city in the north of China. I have lived here for many years. I think Xianyang is a lovely city, and I love it very much. I hope that you will visit it sometime in the future.
二、精品示范法。
教師一定要讓學(xué)生背誦相當(dāng)篇目的精品范文,然后寫(xiě)作與之體裁題材相同的文章。范文語(yǔ)言精練、傳神、明白易懂。學(xué)生如果能背誦幾十篇范文,比如《新概念英語(yǔ)》二冊(cè),經(jīng)過(guò)吸收、消化,變成自己的知識(shí),寫(xiě)起作文來(lái)便會(huì)得心應(yīng)手,左右逢源。如:
A private conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end,I could not bear it. I turned round again. “I can?蒺t hear a word!”I said angrily.
“It?蒺s none of your business,” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation! ”
這篇課文簡(jiǎn)短精煉,朗朗上口,趣味橫生,學(xué)生樂(lè)于學(xué)習(xí)背誦。其中生詞可分為,名詞:conversation 談話,theatre 劇場(chǎng),戲院seat 座位,play 戲,attention 注重,business 事;形容詞:private私人的, angry 生氣的;副詞:loudly大聲地,angrily生氣地,rudely 無(wú)禮地,粗魯?shù)?;?dòng)詞:bear容忍。這些詞大多數(shù)學(xué)生都學(xué)過(guò),引入課堂并不會(huì)加重學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān),反而會(huì)增加學(xué)生興趣,學(xué)生由熟讀到背誦,最終也能寫(xiě)出自己的A private conversation.
三、聽(tīng)音復(fù)寫(xiě)法。
聽(tīng)音在初中階段,不再停留在單詞和單句上,而是篇段聽(tīng)寫(xiě)。教師要有意識(shí)地讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)后寫(xiě)出所聽(tīng)材料的全部?jī)?nèi)容,不要只停留在聽(tīng)音選擇或判斷這個(gè)層面。學(xué)生如果能把聽(tīng)音材料全部寫(xiě)出來(lái),說(shuō)明他們已經(jīng)聽(tīng)懂,那么,做選擇、判斷題就不在話下。一旦這樣的練習(xí)做多了,他們的語(yǔ)言感悟能力也會(huì)隨之提高。語(yǔ)言感悟能力提高之后,便能自如地用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己的思想。如下面這篇聽(tīng)力材料:
Once, a rich man and a poor man lived in the same house. The rich man lived upstairs. And the poor man, Peter, lived downstairs.
The poor mans job was making clothes. He liked singing while he was working. He sang songs one by one. But the rich man hated this.
One day the rich man said, “Well, Peter, I will give you a bag of money every day if you stop singing.” “Fine,” said the poor man. So he stopped singing and got richer and richer. But as time went on, he felt unhappy because he couldnt sing. At last he brought all the money back to the rich man. “Here,” he said, “take all your money. I wont be happy if I cannot sing.”
So he gave the money back to the rich man and began to sing again. And then he was happy.
在聽(tīng)說(shuō)課堂上,學(xué)生聽(tīng)完之后,能夠口頭表達(dá)的占五分之一,能夠?qū)懗鰜?lái)的占三分之一。通過(guò)多次訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生的表達(dá)能力明顯比以前有所提高。
四、討論再現(xiàn)法。
《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》給學(xué)生列出了24個(gè)話題,教師要很好地組織學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)、討論,讓學(xué)生記錄要點(diǎn),然后把討論過(guò)程的內(nèi)容取精去粗,簡(jiǎn)明扼要地寫(xiě)出來(lái)。這樣做的目的,在于讓學(xué)生有話可寫(xiě),有事可敘,避免學(xué)生無(wú)話可說(shuō),無(wú)事可敘的尷尬局面出現(xiàn)。如情感(Emotions):1.Happiness(高興),2.Surprise(驚奇)3.Worries(憂慮)等九種感情表達(dá)方式,學(xué)生通過(guò)討論,能夠掌握以下這些關(guān)鍵詞句,如:
1. How wonderful/nice!
Thats lovely/great/wonderful!
Im so happy.
Its well done.
Im pleased to know that.
2. Really?
Oh dear!
Is that so?
3. What a surprise!
How nice to see you!
How surprising!
Im surprised.
Does that surprise you?
Whats Wrong?
Whats the matter?
Anything wrong?
What should we do?
Are you worried about your health?
學(xué)生一旦掌握了這些關(guān)鍵句型,加上教師引導(dǎo),反復(fù)訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生既熟悉了話題,也學(xué)會(huì)了寫(xiě)作,具有一箭雙雕之功效。
五、講評(píng)分析法。
教師不但要讓學(xué)生寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)作文,還要批改學(xué)生英語(yǔ)作文,更要講評(píng)分析學(xué)生英語(yǔ)作文。其目的在于,通過(guò)講評(píng)分析,讓學(xué)生看到自己的長(zhǎng)處和不足。
講評(píng)分析法分為四個(gè)步驟。一是學(xué)生根據(jù)老師批語(yǔ)自評(píng)。二是學(xué)生互評(píng)。三是教師精選精評(píng)。通過(guò)精選精評(píng),讓學(xué)生掌握寫(xiě)作時(shí)常用的重要句型、詞匯、語(yǔ)法以及剪裁構(gòu)思、謀篇布局的大概方法。四是講評(píng)分析后,要求學(xué)生重寫(xiě)同題目的作文。
初中學(xué)生書(shū)面表達(dá)能力的強(qiáng)弱,固然與教師教給的方法有關(guān),但艱苦的訓(xùn)練過(guò)程和教師耐心細(xì)致的面批也分不開(kāi)。希望教師能夠選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ǎ瑘?jiān)持長(zhǎng)期有效地訓(xùn)練,做好耐心細(xì)致的批改工作,逐漸提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)能力。