劉 婭,趙丹珩,林勇生,劉 陽(yáng)
經(jīng)內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影確診的兒童梅尼埃病一例并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
劉 婭,趙丹珩,林勇生,劉 陽(yáng)
目的提高對(duì)兒童梅尼埃病的認(rèn)識(shí),以早期診斷、治療。方法回顧性分析1例經(jīng)內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影確診的兒童梅尼埃病患者資料,并復(fù)習(xí)國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果患兒11歲,因發(fā)作性眩暈伴左耳耳鳴6年余就診,眩暈每年發(fā)作約4~5次,左耳聽(tīng)力漸下降。多次就診外院,行頭顱MRI等檢查未見(jiàn)異常,藥物控制眩暈效果不佳。入我院后,結(jié)合病史、聽(tīng)力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果,進(jìn)一步行內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影示雙側(cè)膜迷路積水,確診梅尼埃病。行內(nèi)淋巴囊減壓術(shù),術(shù)后隨訪3個(gè)月眩暈未再發(fā)作,聽(tīng)力未再繼續(xù)減退。結(jié)論因兒童梅尼埃病患者內(nèi)耳積水處于病變初始階段,尚未引起癥狀,且患兒對(duì)癥狀的描述欠準(zhǔn)確,導(dǎo)致診斷困難。內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影檢測(cè)到內(nèi)耳積水可為本病診斷提供相對(duì)客觀的證據(jù)。
梅尼埃?。粌和?眩暈;磁共振成像;誤診
梅尼埃病是以發(fā)作性眩暈、波動(dòng)性聽(tīng)力下降、耳鳴和耳脹滿感為特征癥狀的耳源性疾病,根據(jù)英國(guó)、美國(guó)和日本的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),梅尼埃病的發(fā)病率為(34~190)/100萬(wàn),發(fā)病年齡集中在40~60歲[1-3],兒童患者極少見(jiàn),占全部患者數(shù)的0.4%~7.0%[4-6]。因?yàn)閮和颊邔?duì)眩暈發(fā)作的表述往往欠準(zhǔn)確,給診斷和治療帶來(lái)一定困難。我科2017年2月經(jīng)內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影確診1例兒童梅尼埃病,患兒在長(zhǎng)達(dá)6年的病程中始終未能明確診斷,現(xiàn)回顧性分析其臨床資料,并結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)探討兒童梅尼埃病的診治要點(diǎn)。
男,11歲。因發(fā)作性眩暈伴左耳耳鳴、聽(tīng)力下降6年余入院?;純?年前出現(xiàn)發(fā)作性旋轉(zhuǎn)性眩暈,伴左耳耳鳴及波動(dòng)性聽(tīng)力下降,眩暈持續(xù)3~5 h,眩暈緩解后耳鳴略減輕,每年發(fā)作4~5次。病程中多次就診外院,行頭顱MRI等檢查未見(jiàn)異常,口服藥物(具體不詳)控制眩暈效果不佳。既往史:體健,無(wú)特殊疾病史。家族史:直系親屬中無(wú)類似癥狀發(fā)生?;純簛?lái)診時(shí)為發(fā)作間期,??茩z查:未發(fā)現(xiàn)自發(fā)及誘發(fā)性眼震,雙耳鼓膜完整,標(biāo)志清。純音測(cè)聽(tīng)示:左耳中度感音神經(jīng)性聾,0.5、1、2 kHz平均聽(tīng)閾約42 dB HL;右耳聽(tīng)力在正常范圍。頭顱MRI及顳骨CT檢查未見(jiàn)異常?;儺a(chǎn)物耳聲發(fā)射檢查示:左耳未引出,右耳正常。左耳短聲聽(tīng)性腦干反應(yīng)閾值為50 dB HL,鼓室導(dǎo)抗示雙耳A型曲線。前庭雙溫試驗(yàn)提示左側(cè)前庭功能重度低下。根據(jù)病史和聽(tīng)力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果,高度懷疑梅尼埃病,進(jìn)一步行內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影。于耳內(nèi)鏡下通過(guò)鼓膜穿刺向雙耳鼓室內(nèi)注射順磁性造影劑釓噴酸葡胺(拜耳醫(yī)藥公司生產(chǎn)),稀釋8倍(0.1 ml釓劑+0.7 ml 0.9%氯化鈉注射液)約0.6 ml;24 h后行內(nèi)耳MRI 3D-FLARE序列掃描,結(jié)果示:雙側(cè)前庭內(nèi)淋巴間隙增寬(超過(guò)1/3),以左側(cè)最為顯著(圖1);雙側(cè)耳蝸不確定。
根據(jù)病史、聽(tīng)力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果,以及MRI結(jié)果提示膜迷路積水影像,符合梅尼埃病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),確診梅尼埃病。在全麻下行左側(cè)內(nèi)淋巴囊減壓術(shù)。術(shù)后第3日出院,術(shù)后隨訪3個(gè)月,眩暈未再發(fā)作,聽(tīng)力較術(shù)前未降低。
圖1兒童梅尼埃病患者內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影(水平位)示
雙側(cè)前庭內(nèi)淋巴間隙增寬,以左側(cè)明顯,藍(lán)色長(zhǎng)箭頭所示高信號(hào)區(qū)為前庭外淋巴,紅色短箭頭所示低信號(hào)區(qū)為內(nèi)淋巴
3.1導(dǎo)致兒童眩暈的常見(jiàn)疾病 流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),8%~15%的兒童有眩暈病史,引起兒童眩暈的常見(jiàn)疾病為前庭性偏頭痛(27.82%)、良性陣發(fā)性眩暈(15.68%)、前庭神經(jīng)炎(9.81%)和梅尼埃病(4.08%)[7-8]。前庭性偏頭痛患兒頭痛常發(fā)生于額部或眶周,持續(xù)時(shí)間一般≤2 h,頭痛和眩暈在發(fā)作時(shí)間上可能無(wú)相關(guān)性。兒童良性陣發(fā)性位置性眩暈發(fā)作時(shí)間為數(shù)秒至數(shù)分鐘,發(fā)作頻率常隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而降低。前庭神經(jīng)炎常有病毒感染或上呼吸道感染病史,發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間為2~3周。此外,中耳炎、外傷和腦腫瘤等亦可導(dǎo)致眩暈發(fā)作,但明確病因相對(duì)容易。耳科醫(yī)生需要對(duì)上述導(dǎo)致兒童眩暈的常見(jiàn)疾病進(jìn)行仔細(xì)鑒別。
3.2梅尼埃病的病理特點(diǎn) 有學(xué)者對(duì)已故梅尼埃病患者頭顱進(jìn)行解剖發(fā)現(xiàn),幾乎所有患者內(nèi)耳均表現(xiàn)為膜迷路積水[9]。因此,膜迷路積水成為梅尼埃病較公認(rèn)的病理基礎(chǔ)。然而,并非所有內(nèi)耳膜迷路積水患者均會(huì)出現(xiàn)梅尼埃病的癥狀[10]。目前尚未明確膜迷路積水與梅尼埃病癥狀的出現(xiàn)有關(guān)系。大量顳骨解剖提示,約17%的兒童有不同程度的膜迷路積水;新生兒出現(xiàn)膜迷路積水的比率約為1.4%[11-12]。故可以認(rèn)為兒童或青少年期靜止性膜迷路積水可發(fā)展為中年期梅尼埃病。內(nèi)淋巴積水導(dǎo)致膜迷路破裂、內(nèi)外淋巴液離子混合后刺激眩暈感受器出現(xiàn)眩暈,被普遍用來(lái)解釋梅尼埃病相關(guān)癥狀與內(nèi)耳病理改變[13]。本例內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影證實(shí)雙側(cè)膜迷路積水,以左側(cè)為著,且眩暈、耳鳴、耳聾等梅尼埃病的典型癥狀出現(xiàn)于左耳。而本例造影提示的右耳前庭內(nèi)淋巴積水,證實(shí)兒童期確實(shí)存在內(nèi)淋巴積水這一病理狀態(tài),但尚未出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的臨床癥狀。
3.3診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 自1972年以來(lái),美國(guó)耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)梅尼埃病的診斷進(jìn)行了3次修訂。近20余年來(lái),我國(guó)對(duì)梅尼埃病的診療多遵循“1996年貴陽(yáng)梅尼埃病診療指南”,2017年3月中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科學(xué)分會(huì)對(duì)梅尼埃病的診療指南進(jìn)行了更新[14-15]。根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外最新指南,確診梅尼埃病需滿足以下4條:①2次或2次以上發(fā)作性旋轉(zhuǎn)性眩暈,持續(xù)時(shí)間20 min~12 h;②聽(tīng)力損失符合低頻、中頻感音神經(jīng)性聾,有波動(dòng)性;③患耳有波動(dòng)性聽(tīng)力下降、耳鳴和耳脹滿感;④排除其他前庭疾病。新指南還將此病的檢查手段分為基本檢查和可選擇的檢查[15],但并未對(duì)兒童梅尼埃病做出特殊解釋或說(shuō)明。本例是在詢問(wèn)病史和行聽(tīng)力學(xué)檢查的基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影增強(qiáng)掃描而明確診斷。目前公認(rèn)的膜迷路積水判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:前庭池內(nèi)低信號(hào)的內(nèi)淋巴區(qū)域超過(guò)整個(gè)前庭截面的1/3。
3.4內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影的診斷意義 Gürkov等[16]認(rèn)為,內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影可直觀地評(píng)價(jià)膜迷路積水的情況,如果醫(yī)院MRI檢查室具備相應(yīng)的檢查條件,應(yīng)該對(duì)所有疑似梅尼埃病的患者行此項(xiàng)檢查。內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影將順磁性造影劑釓噴酸葡胺從鼓室經(jīng)圓窗膜和前庭窗環(huán)韌帶間隙擴(kuò)散進(jìn)入外淋巴,但不能進(jìn)入內(nèi)淋巴;24 h后患者外淋巴區(qū)域在MRI 3D-FLAIR序列下呈高信號(hào),而內(nèi)淋巴區(qū)域呈低信號(hào)[17-18]。這一檢查是半定量檢查,受檢查技術(shù)、主觀判定影響較大[18],特別是耳蝸內(nèi)積水主觀判定較為困難[19-20]。故本例內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影結(jié)果判定以前庭池內(nèi)淋巴積水作為內(nèi)耳內(nèi)淋巴積水的依據(jù),得到內(nèi)耳造影的圖像質(zhì)量較高,能夠客觀證明膜迷路積水,為明確患耳內(nèi)淋巴積水提供了相對(duì)客觀的依據(jù)。
3.5延誤診治原因 眩暈的臨床表現(xiàn)較為復(fù)雜,梅尼埃病的診斷又是“癥狀性診斷”,而且患兒可能受到年齡的限制對(duì)眩暈和聽(tīng)力下降的描述欠準(zhǔn)確,從而造成診斷困難,這可能是文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道兒童梅尼埃病“發(fā)病率較低”的原因之一[4-6]。本例年僅11歲,病程6年,多次就醫(yī)但未能明確診斷,可能與患兒提供的發(fā)病信息不足及眩暈相關(guān)檢查不夠全面有關(guān)[21]。
綜上,因兒童梅尼埃病患者內(nèi)耳積水處于病變初始階段,尚未引起癥狀,且患兒對(duì)癥狀的描述欠準(zhǔn)確,導(dǎo)致診斷困難。本例提示,對(duì)發(fā)作性眩暈伴耳鳴、聽(tīng)力下降的患兒采用內(nèi)耳釓劑MRI造影檢查,在前庭池內(nèi)檢測(cè)到內(nèi)耳積水可為梅尼埃病的診斷提供相對(duì)客觀的影像證據(jù)。
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MeniereDiseaseinChildren(CaseReportandLiteratureReview)
LIU Ya, ZHAO Dan-heng, LIN Yong-sheng, LIU Yang
(Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China)
ObjectiveTo improve the understanding of Meniere's disease in children and to achieve early diagnosis and treatment of Ménière's disease in children.MethodsThe clinical data of a child diagnosed as Ménière's disease depended on medical history, hearing results and inner ear MRI with Gadolinium enhancement were studied. Literatures about Ménière's disease in children were also reviewed.ResultsAn 11 year old boy presented to our clinic due to episode of vertigo and tinnitus of the left ear for 6 years. Vertigo The vertigo occurred 4-5 times a year and the hearing of the left ear was decreased gradually. The child was treated in other hospital for many times and got no efficacy result. Ménière's disease was confirmed depended on detailed medical history, hearing results and inner ear MRI with Gadolinium enhancement. The inner ear MRI examination demonstrated an enlarged endolymphatic space in vestibule, which was consistent with the pathology of endolymphatic hydrops of Ménière's disease. Endolymphatic sac decompression was performed on this child. During more than 3 months' follow up, there was no recurrence of dizziness and hearing was preserved after surgery.ConclusionEndolymphatic hydrops exists in the early stage in children with Ménière's disease. Children may give inadequate information of the clinical characters of dizziness, which may mislead to the difficult to diagnosis. Inner ear MRI examination with Gadolinium enhancement can detect endolymphatic hydrops, and provide objective evidence for the diagnosis of Ménière's disease.
Meniere disease; Child; Vertigo; Magnetic resonance imaging; Misdiagnosis
軍隊(duì)后勤科研基金資助項(xiàng)目(BWS14J***)
100048 北京,海軍總醫(yī)院全軍耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科中心
劉陽(yáng),E-mail:liuyangdoc@sina.com
R764.33
A
1002-3429(2017)10-0013-04
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.10.005
2017-05-24 修回時(shí)間:2017-08-03)