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中國僵尸企業(yè)的識別及預(yù)警研究

2017-11-04 04:59:19
關(guān)鍵詞:僵尸預(yù)警能力

孫 瑩 崔 靜

(中國海洋大學(xué)管理學(xué)院,山東青島 266100)

10.3876/j.issn.1671-4970.2017.05.014

2017-04-11

國家社會科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目(17CJY004、16CJY007);山東省社會科學(xué)規(guī)劃研究項(xiàng)目青年項(xiàng)目(15DGLJ06)

孫瑩(1983—),女,山東萊蕪人,講師,博士,從事營運(yùn)資金管理研究。

中國僵尸企業(yè)的識別及預(yù)警研究

孫 瑩 崔 靜

(中國海洋大學(xué)管理學(xué)院,山東青島 266100)

僵尸企業(yè)近年來成為各界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)于僵尸企業(yè)的認(rèn)定并無共識。識別出僵尸企業(yè)是處理僵尸企業(yè)問題的第一步,提早預(yù)警、防止僵尸企業(yè)出現(xiàn)是解決這一問題的根本之策。結(jié)合中國國情,將銀行補(bǔ)貼和政府補(bǔ)助同時考慮在內(nèi),并基于僵尸企業(yè)長時間逐步演化的特點(diǎn),提出符合中國現(xiàn)實(shí)的僵尸企業(yè)識別方法,在此基礎(chǔ)上從財(cái)務(wù)視角建立了僵尸企業(yè)的預(yù)警模型。通過3年的預(yù)警模型可以看出,現(xiàn)金負(fù)債總額比、現(xiàn)金流動負(fù)債比、總資產(chǎn)凈利潤率、流動資產(chǎn)凈利潤率、扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的每股凈利潤指標(biāo)具有穩(wěn)定的預(yù)測效果,能夠有效實(shí)現(xiàn)僵尸企業(yè)的預(yù)警,為企業(yè)提前發(fā)現(xiàn)危機(jī),及時采取措施提供了理論依據(jù)。

僵尸企業(yè);識別方法;財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警

一、引 言

當(dāng)前,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)步入新常態(tài),傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制遺留的問題在轉(zhuǎn)軌時期凸顯出來,僵尸企業(yè)大量涌現(xiàn)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2012—2015年,A股所有上市公司中有265家上市公司連續(xù)3年扣除非經(jīng)常損益后歸屬母公司的凈利潤為負(fù)。需要關(guān)注的是,2014年末,上述265家上市公司僅利息凈支出達(dá)446.79億元,較去年同期427.01億元繼續(xù)增長。這些企業(yè)只有依賴銀行貸款和政府補(bǔ)助才能繼續(xù)存活。僵尸企業(yè)拉低了資源配置效率、擠占了正常企業(yè)的發(fā)展機(jī)會,容易引發(fā)系統(tǒng)性金融風(fēng)險,已成為影響經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的痼疾,中央多次召開會議鄭重提出要清理僵尸企業(yè),清理僵尸企業(yè)成為供給側(cè)改革的首要任務(wù)。

僵尸企業(yè)最早由Kane提出,他借用了恐怖電影中行尸走肉、處于瀕死狀態(tài)且傳染性強(qiáng)的僵尸形象用于解析日本20世紀(jì)80年代和90年代金融危機(jī)[1]。Ridzak給出的定義是:如果企業(yè)沒有獲得銀行的繼續(xù)貸款就會違約,這種企業(yè)就是僵尸企業(yè)[2]。近幾年,國內(nèi)對僵尸企業(yè)的研究日益增多,但就其界定并不存在統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識。朱鶴等認(rèn)為僵尸企業(yè)是指那些負(fù)債累累、生產(chǎn)效率低下、利潤率低,但由于獲得銀行或政府的補(bǔ)貼而沒有破產(chǎn)的企業(yè)[3];朱舜楠認(rèn)為,僵尸企業(yè)是那些喪失競爭能力和盈利能力,只能依靠政府補(bǔ)助和銀行貸款存活,持續(xù)虧損3年以上且不符合結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整的企業(yè)[4];鄒蘊(yùn)涵認(rèn)為,僵尸企業(yè)是指那些由于效率低下而依賴金融機(jī)構(gòu)或政府資助而存活的企業(yè),其最突出的特點(diǎn)是企業(yè)形式還存在,卻不能產(chǎn)生效益[5];張棟等認(rèn)為,僵尸企業(yè)是指那些無望恢復(fù)生氣[6],但由于獲得放貸者或政府的支持而免于倒閉的負(fù)債企業(yè)[7]。僵尸企業(yè)的識別方法主要是定性識別,量化識別方法仍處于研究階段。常用的CHK量化識別方法未考慮政府因素,存在很多局限,因此,建立一個適用我國僵尸企業(yè)識別方法是擺在當(dāng)前的迫切任務(wù)。雖然僵尸企業(yè)問題成為學(xué)術(shù)界的熱門話題,但當(dāng)前關(guān)于僵尸企業(yè)的研究僅限于僵尸企業(yè)的界定、成因、影響與對策。如劉奎甫等對“僵尸企業(yè)”內(nèi)涵界定、識別方法、形成原因、影響效應(yīng)等相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行了梳理,發(fā)現(xiàn)對“僵尸企業(yè)”的界定需要滿足“陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)”和“債權(quán)人繼續(xù)提供借貸”兩個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8];欒甫貴等認(rèn)為僵尸企業(yè)浪費(fèi)了社會資源,加劇了產(chǎn)能過剩,阻礙了產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,惡化了信用環(huán)境,誘發(fā)了系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險[9];熊兵認(rèn)為“僵尸企業(yè)”的形成主要有3方面的原因[10];程虹等從微觀角度出發(fā),對僵尸企業(yè)形成的自身微觀因素進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究,認(rèn)為要從根本上清理僵尸企業(yè)還要激發(fā)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量創(chuàng)新的內(nèi)生動力,加大技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,利用市場機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)家精神的優(yōu)勝劣汰[11];孫麗借鑒了日本僵尸企業(yè)的處置經(jīng)驗(yàn),并提出了適應(yīng)于我國的僵尸企業(yè)處置方法[12]。而僵尸企業(yè)的識別只是第一步,如何從事后處理僵尸企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)為事前預(yù)防僵尸企業(yè)的出現(xiàn)及惡化是解決這一問題的根本。最早開始研究財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警模型的是吳世農(nóng)等,其運(yùn)用判定分析方法建立企業(yè)破產(chǎn)預(yù)測模型[13]。吳世農(nóng)等選取了70家ST公司和70家非ST公司,利用3種不同方法,分別建立了Fisher線性判定模型、多元線性回歸模型和Logit模型[14]。在識別僵尸企業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)上,分析僵尸企業(yè)的特征、研究其預(yù)警體系才是解決這一問題的根源與重點(diǎn)。筆者沿著“識別僵尸企業(yè)--分析僵尸企業(yè)的特征--建立僵尸企業(yè)預(yù)警體系”這一思路展開研究。

本文的創(chuàng)新之處在于:第一,立足于中國國情,從財(cái)務(wù)管理的視角出發(fā),提出利用財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)來定量識別僵尸企業(yè)的方法;第二,嘗試將財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警模型運(yùn)用于僵尸企業(yè),將僵尸企業(yè)與財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警相結(jié)合,建立了Logistic僵尸企業(yè)預(yù)警模型,從根源防治僵尸企業(yè)的形成。

二、僵尸企業(yè)的界定與識別

1.僵尸企業(yè)界定

學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)于僵尸企業(yè)的界定并未達(dá)成統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識,各位學(xué)者從不同角度表達(dá)對僵尸企業(yè)的認(rèn)識。陳靜將經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的僵尸企業(yè)定義為資不抵債、到期無法償還債務(wù),靠金融機(jī)構(gòu)的貸款存活的企業(yè)[15];Peek等認(rèn)為僵尸企業(yè)是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)效率低下,無盈利能力,債臺高筑、喪失活力、利潤率小于零的企業(yè)[16];何帆等將僵尸企業(yè)定義為那些負(fù)債累累、生產(chǎn)效率低下、利潤率低,但由于獲得銀行或政府補(bǔ)貼而沒有破產(chǎn)的企業(yè)[17]。

綜觀可知,僵尸企業(yè)的界定緊緊圍繞兩個特征:一是生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營困難,企業(yè)資不抵債或即將資不抵債、無法償還到期債務(wù),以致陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī);二是盡管生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營困難、陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī),但由于獲得銀行或政府的資金支持并沒有破產(chǎn),而得以繼續(xù)存活、僵而不死,這兩個特征缺一不可。第一,陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)。僵尸企業(yè)與一般財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)企業(yè)有根本不同,兩者雖然都出現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī),但是僵尸企業(yè)能夠獲得利益相關(guān)者的補(bǔ)給、從外部獲得持續(xù)資金支持維持經(jīng)營,而且僵尸企業(yè)具有明顯的長期性和依賴性,而一般出現(xiàn)經(jīng)營困難的企業(yè)會通過調(diào)整實(shí)現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)狀況的好轉(zhuǎn),或在經(jīng)歷虧損之后直接破產(chǎn)退出市場。第二,持續(xù)獲得外部資金支持。外部資金來源是指銀行貸款和政府補(bǔ)助,掩蓋不良資產(chǎn)是銀行心甘情愿向僵尸企業(yè)持續(xù)放款的動機(jī)。僵尸企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營無法產(chǎn)生足夠的現(xiàn)金流來償還本息,存在破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險,銀行的不良貸款勢必會增加,導(dǎo)致銀行核心資本充足率無法滿足《巴塞爾協(xié)議》規(guī)定的4%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),銀行只能繼續(xù)放款,不讓僵尸企業(yè)破產(chǎn),由此陷入惡性循環(huán)。在經(jīng)濟(jì)下行的壓力下,政府面臨就業(yè)率、GDP等壓力,不允許僵尸企業(yè)破產(chǎn),反而會激勵銀行給企業(yè)貸款,甚至直接給予企業(yè)政府補(bǔ)助、稅收返還,源源不斷地給企業(yè)輸血。

基于上述分析,筆者將僵尸企業(yè)定義為因生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營困難,導(dǎo)致資不抵債、陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī),依靠自身能力難以扭虧為盈,但能夠持續(xù)獲得外部資金來源而免于破產(chǎn)的企業(yè)。

2.僵尸企業(yè)識別

國內(nèi)外關(guān)于僵尸企業(yè)的識別方法有顯著差異。國外以日本為代表,秉持CHK方法為代表的“利息觀”,此后又有學(xué)者在CHK方法基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改進(jìn),加入盈利標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但都是圍繞銀行給企業(yè)的優(yōu)惠,并沒有涉及政府因素。而我國國情與國外有很大差異,政府的干預(yù)是一個重要影響因素,僵尸企業(yè)可能只獲得政府補(bǔ)助或銀行補(bǔ)貼,也可能兩者兼有,但同時滿足兩個條件的僵尸企業(yè)容易遺漏?!俺掷m(xù)虧損觀”也僅僅考慮了政府補(bǔ)助因素,未考慮銀行補(bǔ)貼。

基于僵尸企業(yè)兩個典型特征,對其的識別也緊緊圍繞這兩個特征。獲得外部資金支持有兩種途徑:政府補(bǔ)助、持續(xù)獲得銀行借款。因此,僵尸企業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀就存在3種模式:陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)+獲得政府補(bǔ)助、陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)+持續(xù)獲得銀行借款、政府補(bǔ)助和銀行借款同時獲得。

其一,“陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)+獲得政府補(bǔ)助”。衡量“陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)”用到的指標(biāo)是扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的凈利潤,即扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的凈利潤小于0認(rèn)為陷入了財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)。為了從一個較長時間跨度上來審視僵尸企業(yè),運(yùn)用連續(xù)3年扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的凈利潤即連續(xù)3年扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的凈利潤小于0,就認(rèn)定為其是僵尸企業(yè)。非經(jīng)常性損益包括政府補(bǔ)助,因此不需單獨(dú)界定。其二,“陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)+持續(xù)獲得銀行借款”。衡量銀行補(bǔ)助用“當(dāng)年借款余額大于去年”;來自銀行借款則表現(xiàn)為負(fù)債的增加,采取“當(dāng)年的借款余額大于去年”。但是僅僅用這一個條件容易將正處于發(fā)展上升期、需要大量融資的優(yōu)秀企業(yè)包括在內(nèi),因此“陷入財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)”這一條件就顯得尤為重要,僵尸企業(yè)還必須滿足“當(dāng)年扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的凈利潤小于0”,這樣可以將處于發(fā)展期、需要大量借款的優(yōu)秀企業(yè)排除在外。

表1 僵尸企業(yè)識別方法

表2 僵尸企業(yè)結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)表

詳細(xì)計(jì)算方法見表1。筆者提出的識別僵尸企業(yè)的方法(簡稱綜合法)滿足連續(xù)3年扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后凈利潤小于0,或者滿足“當(dāng)年借款余額大于去年,且當(dāng)年扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的凈利潤小于0”的企業(yè)都被認(rèn)定為僵尸企業(yè)。與現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)相比,綜合法有兩個優(yōu)勢:第一,從一個長時間跨度來審視僵尸企業(yè),將“一次性僵尸企業(yè)”排除在外;第二,國外學(xué)術(shù)界在研究僵尸企業(yè)時并沒有考慮政府這一因素,而反觀中國,政府在僵尸企業(yè)的形成中產(chǎn)生深刻影響,直接政府補(bǔ)助、稅收返還等都是企業(yè)外部資金來源,基于中國國情應(yīng)將政府因素考慮在內(nèi)。

(1)數(shù)量分析

選取2007—2015年間非金融行業(yè)上市公司,全部數(shù)據(jù)來源于國泰安數(shù)據(jù)庫。經(jīng)處理后,2007—2015年上市公司樣本數(shù)量(家)分別為1 617、1 671、1 817、2 167、2 398、2 525、2 683、2 868。

結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),2009—2015年運(yùn)用綜合法①綜合法采用連續(xù)3年數(shù)據(jù),因此綜合法下僵尸企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)從2009年開始。識別出來的僵尸企業(yè)數(shù)量分別為448家、339家、349家、254家、260家、236家和268家,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)用連續(xù)3年虧損方法識別出來的僵尸企業(yè)和有持續(xù)借貸方法識別出來的僵尸企業(yè)有近50%是重合的。為了對比結(jié)果,將3年連續(xù)虧損和持續(xù)借貸法的結(jié)果占比也列出,具體情況如表2和圖1所示。

圖1 僵尸企業(yè)數(shù)量趨勢圖

由表2和圖1可以看出,無論是用虧損1年、連續(xù)3年虧損還是綜合方法,識別出來的僵尸企業(yè)數(shù)量總體呈上升趨勢,并且與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)走勢相吻合。筆者采用綜合方法識別僵尸企業(yè),2009年占比為14.75%、2010年減少為10.89%,隨后又開始上漲,到2015年達(dá)到15.62%。可能原因是2008年金融危機(jī)爆發(fā),僵尸企業(yè)數(shù)量增加,而2009年國家采取了一攬子刺激政策之后經(jīng)濟(jì)開始好轉(zhuǎn)。但是,由于政策效果有延遲效應(yīng),在2012年呈現(xiàn)一個小低潮,僵尸企業(yè)數(shù)量占比最低為10.06%。2012年之后,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)步入新常態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長放緩、國內(nèi)需求不足,出口又受到2013年歐債危機(jī)等國際環(huán)境的影響而外需不振,僵尸企業(yè)數(shù)量又呈現(xiàn)增加趨勢。

(2)行業(yè)分析

根據(jù)證監(jiān)會2012年行業(yè)分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對2015年非金融類上市公司中僵尸企業(yè)的數(shù)量按行業(yè)進(jìn)行分類排序。為了對比分析結(jié)果,同時呈現(xiàn)出運(yùn)用連續(xù)3年虧損法的行業(yè)排序結(jié)果(表3)。

由表3可知,僵尸企業(yè)行業(yè)分布有3點(diǎn)特征:第一,鋼鐵、有色金屬大型設(shè)備制造業(yè)等產(chǎn)能過剩行業(yè)是僵尸企業(yè)的重災(zāi)區(qū)。綜合法和連續(xù)3年虧損識別出的僵尸企業(yè)中,排名前4位的都是化學(xué)原料及化學(xué)制品制造業(yè)、計(jì)算機(jī)、通信和其他電子設(shè)備制造業(yè)、通用設(shè)備制造業(yè)、專用設(shè)備制造業(yè)。綜合法識別出來的僵尸企業(yè)中有色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)、是金屬礦物制品、黑色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)、煤炭開采和洗選業(yè)等產(chǎn)能過剩行業(yè)合計(jì)占比14.82%,超過排名第1位的化學(xué)原料及化學(xué)制品制造業(yè)。第二,傳統(tǒng)的勞動密集型行業(yè),如紡織、造紙、大型制造業(yè)等僵尸企業(yè)數(shù)量也很多,這些勞動密集型企業(yè)提供了大量的就業(yè)機(jī)會、承擔(dān)著緩解就業(yè)矛盾的壓力,但這也從側(cè)面佐證了政府保就業(yè)是造成僵尸企業(yè)的重要原因。第三,僵尸企業(yè)涉及行業(yè)范圍廣、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,不僅傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)出現(xiàn)僵尸企業(yè),有些朝陽行業(yè)如計(jì)算機(jī)、通信和其他電子設(shè)備制造業(yè)、房地產(chǎn)業(yè)等也出現(xiàn)不少僵尸企業(yè)。

表3 2015年僵尸企業(yè)排名前16的行業(yè)

表4 變量定義表

三、僵尸企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警模型研究

1.研究樣本選取

通過識別發(fā)現(xiàn),2015年共448家僵尸企業(yè),由于僵尸企業(yè)形成有一個過程,因此基于僵尸企業(yè)t-1年、t-2年、t-3年的財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)建立3個財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警模型。在僵尸企業(yè)配對樣本的選擇上,采用隨機(jī)選取法。非僵尸企業(yè)是既不滿足連續(xù)3年虧損,也不滿足當(dāng)年外部融資跟去年比有所增加且當(dāng)年扣除非經(jīng)常性損益之后的凈利潤小于零的企業(yè)。結(jié)果表明,共669家企業(yè)符合上述條件,作為配對組的候選樣本。

剔除缺失值和財(cái)務(wù)異常值后,共選取324對共648家企業(yè),并把324對僵尸企業(yè)和配對的非僵尸企業(yè)分為兩組,274對共548家用于模型的建立,另外50對共100家用作檢驗(yàn)樣本,檢驗(yàn)?zāi)P偷念A(yù)測效果。

2.預(yù)警變量選取與檢驗(yàn)

僵尸企業(yè)出現(xiàn)的根本原因在于其自身不能產(chǎn)生足夠的現(xiàn)金流,因此筆者從現(xiàn)金流視角選取全面反映償債能力、盈利能力、營運(yùn)能力、發(fā)展能力4個方面的財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)。但與財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)企業(yè)選取的現(xiàn)金流量指標(biāo)稍有不同,考慮到政府補(bǔ)助和扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的凈利潤,因此在財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)計(jì)算時要扣除這兩個因素。按照上述方法,為全面反映僵尸企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)特征,從償債能力、盈利能力、獲現(xiàn)能力、營運(yùn)能力、發(fā)展能力5個方面選取了14個指標(biāo)(表4)。

對自變量的正態(tài)分布檢驗(yàn)采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn)(以下簡稱為K-S 檢驗(yàn)),來驗(yàn)證變量是否符合正態(tài)分布。僵尸企業(yè)前3年樣本數(shù)據(jù)正態(tài)分布檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,2014年、2013年和2012年14個解釋變量的P值均小于0.05,拒絕原假設(shè),即14個財(cái)務(wù)分析指標(biāo)均不服從正態(tài)分布,這與大多數(shù)學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果一致。因此,使用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)的方法。選取獨(dú)立樣本的Mann-Whitney U(曼-惠特尼U檢驗(yàn)),僵尸企業(yè)前3年的U檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,2014年14個解釋變量概率P值均小于0.05,拒絕原假設(shè),兩組指標(biāo)存在顯著性差異,通過檢驗(yàn);2013年14個解釋變量概率P值均小于0.05,拒絕原假設(shè),兩組指標(biāo)存在顯著性差異,通過檢驗(yàn);2012年解釋變量X1現(xiàn)金流利息保障倍數(shù)和X12營運(yùn)指數(shù)的概率P值分別為0.143和0.238,大于0.05,接受原假設(shè),說明X1(現(xiàn)金流利息保障倍數(shù))和X12(營運(yùn)指數(shù))兩個指標(biāo)不存在顯著性差異,在回歸分析時剔除,其他解釋變量概率P值均小于0.05,拒絕原假設(shè),兩組指標(biāo)存在顯著性差異,通過檢驗(yàn)。

表5 均值比較表

3.僵尸企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)特征分析

根據(jù)僵尸企業(yè)樣本和非僵尸企業(yè)樣本,分別計(jì)算構(gòu)建預(yù)警模型中14個財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)的均值和衡量均值顯著性差異的U檢驗(yàn),來研究僵尸企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)特征。對僵尸企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)特征進(jìn)行分析能深入剖析僵尸企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)現(xiàn)狀。詳細(xì)財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)均值比較見表5。

(1)償債能力特征

由表5可知,現(xiàn)金流利息保障倍數(shù)和營運(yùn)能力指標(biāo)在2012年未通過顯著性檢驗(yàn),均值比較結(jié)果也沒有規(guī)律性,因此這兩個指標(biāo)不具有代表性。從償債能力看,除了現(xiàn)金流利息保障倍數(shù)外,其他反映償債能力的3個指標(biāo)均值均顯著低于非僵尸企業(yè)。具體來看,2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流利息到期債務(wù)保障倍數(shù)分別為5.62、-1.05、-11.77,非僵尸企業(yè)分別為9.21、15.45、23.54,3年均明顯低于非僵尸企業(yè);2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)現(xiàn)金負(fù)債總額比分別為0.03、0.01、-0.02,非僵尸企業(yè)現(xiàn)金負(fù)債總額比分別為0.13、0.11、0.19,3年均明顯低于非僵尸企業(yè);2012—2014僵尸企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流動負(fù)債比分別為0.04、-0.01、-0.04,非僵尸企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流動負(fù)債比分別為0.18、0.16、0.25,3年均明顯低于非僵尸企業(yè)。由此可知,僵尸企業(yè)的償債能力比非僵尸企業(yè)的償債能力差。

(2)盈利能力特征

從盈利能力來看,2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)反映盈利能力的3個指標(biāo)均值均為負(fù)數(shù),非僵尸企業(yè)均值均為正數(shù),僵尸企業(yè)處于虧損狀態(tài)。具體來看,2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)總資產(chǎn)凈利潤率分別為-0.02、-0.04、-0.05,非僵尸企業(yè)總資產(chǎn)凈利潤率分別為0.03、0.04、0.04,均明顯小于非僵尸企業(yè);2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)流動資產(chǎn)凈利潤率分別為-0.05、-0.10、-0.16,非僵尸企業(yè)流動資產(chǎn)凈利潤率分別為0.06、0.08、0.09,均明顯小于非僵尸企業(yè);2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的每股凈利潤分別為-0.14、-0.24、-0.37,非僵尸企業(yè)扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的每股凈利潤分別為0.32、0.37、0.38,均明顯小于非僵尸企業(yè)。僵尸企業(yè)盈利能力明顯比非僵尸企業(yè)差,僵尸企業(yè)處于虧損狀態(tài)。

(3)獲現(xiàn)能力特征

從獲現(xiàn)能力來看,2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)銷售現(xiàn)金比分別為0.00、-0.06、-0.01,非僵尸企業(yè)分別為0.07、0.08、0.13,均小于非僵尸企業(yè);2014僵尸企業(yè)現(xiàn)金與利潤總額比為4.09,大于非僵尸企業(yè)2.73,但是2013和2012年僵尸企業(yè)現(xiàn)金與利潤總額比均小于非僵尸企業(yè);2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)的每股經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流量凈額和全部現(xiàn)金回收率指標(biāo)也均小于非僵尸企業(yè)。僵尸企業(yè)的獲現(xiàn)能力比較差,總體來看不如非僵尸企業(yè)。

(4)發(fā)展能力特征

從發(fā)展能力來看,僵尸企業(yè)的凈利潤增長率小于非僵尸企業(yè),具體來看,2012—2014年僵尸企業(yè)利潤增長率分別為-1.91、-3.93、-64.93,非僵尸企業(yè)利潤增長率分別為-1.59、0.13、0.40,均小于非僵尸企業(yè);2013年僵尸企業(yè)經(jīng)營活動產(chǎn)生的凈流量增長率為-1.15,小于非僵尸企業(yè)的0.91,但2012年和2014年僵尸企業(yè)經(jīng)營活動產(chǎn)生的凈流量增長率大于非僵尸企業(yè)經(jīng)營活動產(chǎn)生的凈流量增長率,這可能是由于行業(yè)差異??傮w來看,僵尸企業(yè)的發(fā)展能力還是要比非僵尸企業(yè)差。

通過以上分析發(fā)現(xiàn),僵尸企業(yè)在盈利能力和償債能力指標(biāo)方面明顯比非僵尸企業(yè)差,僵尸企業(yè)處于虧損境地、無法償還到期債務(wù),為此財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警中應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注盈利能力和償債能力方面指標(biāo);其他方面,雖有個別指標(biāo)在個別年份出現(xiàn)反向趨勢,但總體上看僵尸企業(yè)的獲現(xiàn)能力和發(fā)展能力較差。

4.僵尸企業(yè)的Logistic預(yù)警模型的構(gòu)建

僵尸企業(yè)的形成不是一蹴而就的,有著較長的形成過程,因此選取僵尸企業(yè)前3年的數(shù)據(jù)分別建立僵尸企業(yè)形成前3年的Logistic預(yù)警模型,以從較長時間跨度來研究僵尸企業(yè)預(yù)警。選取0.5作為判別僵尸企業(yè)的臨界點(diǎn),概率P大于0.5是僵尸企業(yè),小于0.5是健康企業(yè)。

(1)因子分析

通過顯著性檢驗(yàn),2012年12個解釋變量通過了顯著性檢驗(yàn),2013年和2014年14個指標(biāo)均通過顯著性檢驗(yàn)。通過相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)可知,14個變量之間存在很高線性相關(guān)性,由于Logistic回歸模型假設(shè)變量之間不能存在共線性,因此采用因子分析法。因子分析不僅能夠解決變量之間的線性相關(guān)性,并且能夠降維,將原來的14個解釋變量抽象出其共同特征,綜合成少數(shù)幾個因子,代替原有變量參與模型的建立,大幅度減少運(yùn)算分析過程。KMO 檢驗(yàn)和 Bartlett 球形檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果得出:KMO 值為 0.713,Bartlett 球形檢驗(yàn)顯著性為0.000,非常顯著。通過主成分分析提取了7個因子,累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率為83.867%。

因子載荷矩陣結(jié)果顯示:因子1在全部現(xiàn)金回收率、現(xiàn)金負(fù)債總額比、現(xiàn)金流動負(fù)債比和每股經(jīng)營活動產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量凈額的載荷遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于其他指標(biāo),現(xiàn)金負(fù)債總額比、現(xiàn)金流動負(fù)債比代表了企業(yè)的償債能力,全部現(xiàn)金回收率、每股經(jīng)營活動產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量凈額代表企業(yè)的獲現(xiàn)能力。因子2在總資產(chǎn)凈利潤率、流動資產(chǎn)凈利潤率、扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的每股凈利潤3個指標(biāo)載荷最高,因子2代表企業(yè)的盈利能力。因子3在現(xiàn)金流利息保障倍數(shù)、現(xiàn)金流利息到期債務(wù)保障倍數(shù)上載荷遠(yuǎn)高于其他指標(biāo),因子3也代表企業(yè)的償債能力。因子4在凈利潤增長率指標(biāo)高達(dá).957,因子4代表企業(yè)的發(fā)展能力。因子5在營運(yùn)指數(shù)上的載荷高達(dá).951,因子5代表企業(yè)營運(yùn)能力。因子6在現(xiàn)金與利潤總額比載荷達(dá)0.999,與因子1中全部現(xiàn)金回收率、每股經(jīng)營活動產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量凈額指標(biāo)一樣代表企業(yè)的獲現(xiàn)能力。因子7在經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金凈流量增長率指標(biāo)上的載荷高達(dá)0.998,代表企業(yè)發(fā)展能力。

根據(jù)因子得分系數(shù)矩陣(表6)可以得到主成分(用F表示)的線性表達(dá)式。

表6 t-1年因子得分系數(shù)矩

F1=0.06X1-0.037X2+0.278X3+0.283X4-0.072X5-0.091X6+0.184X8-0.007X9+0.236X10-0.035X7+0.301X11+0.039X12-0.49X13+0.000X14;

F2=-0.004X1+0.012X2-0.04X3-0.047X4+0.419X5+0.418X6-0.093X8+0.008X9-0.031X10+0.32X7-0.055X11-0.03X12-0.052X13+0.007X14

F3=-0.543X1+0.532X2+0.041X3-0.004X4+0.011X5+0.006X6-0.045X8-0.004X9-0.095X10-0.005X7-0.05X11-0.026X12+0.032X13-0.001X14

F4=-0.034X1+0.013X2-0.095X3-0.112X4-0.091X5-0.158X6-0.079X8-0.005X9+0.023X10+0.221X7+0.003X11-0.047X12+0.87X13-0.003X14

F5=0.012X1-0.025X2=0.04X3-0.016X4-0.014X5-0.032X6-0.31X8+0.003X9+0.107X10+0.009X7+0.064X11+0.925X12-0.039X13-0.005X14

F6=-0.002X1-0.01X2-0.017X3-0.018X4+0.007X5+0.019X6-0.03X8+0.0998X9+0.034X10-0.015X7+0.009X11-0.004X12-0.007X13-0.003X14

F7=0.009X1+0.007X2+0.02X3-0.003X4+0.013X5-0.004X6-0.047X8-0.003X9+0.05X10+0.006X7+0.009X11-0.017X12-0.005X13+0.998X14

(2)t-1年Logistic回歸模型及效果檢驗(yàn)

通過前文因子分析確定的7個因子作為自變量,采用Enter方法強(qiáng)制所有因子進(jìn)入回歸方程,回歸結(jié)果如表7所示。

表7 t-1年Logistic 回歸系數(shù)估計(jì)值及顯著性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果

從表7可知,因子1、因子2、因子7在0.01的顯著性水平下通過檢驗(yàn),因子3在0.05的顯著水平下通過檢驗(yàn)。由此可見,僵尸企業(yè)和非僵尸企業(yè)在償債能力、盈利能力、獲現(xiàn)能力和發(fā)展能力上與僵尸企業(yè)有明顯區(qū)別,可通過這幾個指標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)僵尸企業(yè)的預(yù)警。得到2014年的Logistic 回歸方程:

0.452F3+2.732F7

(1)

推出:

(2)

表8中Hosmer 和 Lemeshow 是擬合統(tǒng)計(jì)量,原假設(shè)方程對數(shù)據(jù)擬合良好。本次擬合優(yōu)度測試結(jié)果P指為0.999,顯著大于0.05,接受原假設(shè),表明Logistic 回歸方程是合適的。

表8 H-L擬合優(yōu)度檢驗(yàn)

將之前挑選出的50對檢驗(yàn)樣本帶入2014年Logistic 回歸方程,得到回判結(jié)果如表9所示。

表9 Logistic 回歸模型在僵尸企業(yè)t-1年的判定結(jié)果

通過表9看出,50對檢驗(yàn)樣本中,50家非僵尸企業(yè)有3家被判錯為僵尸企業(yè),正確率為94%;50家僵尸企業(yè)中有4家被判錯為非僵尸企業(yè),正確率為92%??傮w正確率為93%,因此模型檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果正確率較高,模型是適合的。

采用上述同樣的方法得到T-2年和T-3的Logistic預(yù)警模型。

t-2年的Logistic回歸方程為:

(3)

推出:

(4)

t-3年的Logistic回歸方程為:

(5)

(6)

t-2年、t-3模型檢驗(yàn)效果較好,且兩個模型的預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確率分別為91.4%和88.6%,低于t-1年的預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確率。

5.模型應(yīng)用

通過預(yù)警模型看出,反映償債能力的現(xiàn)金流指標(biāo)和反映盈利能力的現(xiàn)金流指標(biāo)在僵尸企業(yè)預(yù)警中發(fā)揮重要作用。僵尸企業(yè)是一個逐漸演化的過程,通過建立僵尸企業(yè)的預(yù)警模型,進(jìn)行財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警研究是防止僵尸企業(yè)形成的有效方法。

在具體應(yīng)用中,通過現(xiàn)金流指標(biāo)構(gòu)建的預(yù)警模型,可以計(jì)算出企業(yè)的預(yù)警值(0-1范圍內(nèi)),根據(jù)得到的預(yù)警值判斷企業(yè)所處的財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)階段和相應(yīng)的財(cái)務(wù)狀態(tài),進(jìn)而有針對性的采取措施。從企業(yè)自身角度,預(yù)警模型可以幫助企業(yè)發(fā)現(xiàn)自身存在的財(cái)務(wù)問題,及時轉(zhuǎn)變財(cái)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)營方針,如改變?nèi)谫Y結(jié)構(gòu)等,積極應(yīng)對問題;從政府角度來看,可以通過預(yù)警模型及時掌握企業(yè)經(jīng)營狀態(tài),為政府預(yù)算提供信息,也是政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的晴雨表;從投資者角度來看,可以通過預(yù)警模型及時發(fā)現(xiàn)被投資企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和盈利能力,及時調(diào)整投資方向,降低投資風(fēng)險,維護(hù)投資者的利益;從債權(quán)人來看,可以通過預(yù)警模型來準(zhǔn)確判斷企業(yè)的償債能力,以此判斷債權(quán)投資的風(fēng)險程度,為其是否提供融資提供決策依據(jù)。

四、結(jié)論與建議

基于僵尸企業(yè)文獻(xiàn)分析提出僵尸企業(yè)的定義,并深入結(jié)合國情提出僵尸企業(yè)的定量識別方法,為解決僵尸企業(yè)問題奠定基礎(chǔ)。在識別方法的設(shè)計(jì)上,將“政府補(bǔ)助”和“銀行補(bǔ)貼”兩個因素同時考慮在內(nèi),并基于僵尸企業(yè)的演變過程,擴(kuò)大時間跨度。同時,在2015年僵尸企業(yè)名單的基礎(chǔ)上詳細(xì)分析其行業(yè)分布和財(cái)務(wù)特征。筆者以識別出的僵尸企業(yè)和配對非僵尸企業(yè)為樣本,建立了僵尸企業(yè)形成前3年的預(yù)警模型,以實(shí)現(xiàn)僵尸企業(yè)預(yù)警,提早發(fā)現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)。具體而言,通過3年的預(yù)警模型可以看出:現(xiàn)金負(fù)債總額比、現(xiàn)金流動負(fù)債比、總資產(chǎn)凈利潤率、流動資產(chǎn)凈利潤率、扣除非經(jīng)常性損益后的每股凈利潤指標(biāo)具有穩(wěn)定的預(yù)測效果,能實(shí)現(xiàn)僵尸企業(yè)的預(yù)警,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注這幾個指標(biāo);反映獲現(xiàn)能力和發(fā)展能力的指標(biāo)預(yù)測效果并不是很穩(wěn)定;僵尸企業(yè)在償債能力、盈利能力方面與非僵尸企業(yè)存在很大差異。

基于此,企業(yè)應(yīng)從以下3個方面預(yù)防僵尸企業(yè)的形成:第一,企業(yè)建立自身的現(xiàn)金流指標(biāo)財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)警機(jī)制?,F(xiàn)金流指標(biāo)能更好地反映企業(yè)的償債能力、更為真實(shí)地反映企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況,通過預(yù)警模型可以發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)潛在的財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī),企業(yè)應(yīng)及時采取措施,走出困境。第二,提高企業(yè)自身創(chuàng)新能力,如轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)營策略,尋找其他的發(fā)展機(jī)會和商機(jī);轉(zhuǎn)型升級,而不是一味“等要靠”,依賴外部的援助等。企業(yè)必須提高創(chuàng)新能力,通過自身尋求轉(zhuǎn)變,才能獲得持續(xù)發(fā)展。第三,應(yīng)加快混合所有制改革。僵尸企業(yè)中國有企業(yè)占很大比例,其中鋼鐵煤炭行業(yè)尤為嚴(yán)重,國有企業(yè)效率低下、內(nèi)部管理體質(zhì)僵化,甚至存在多頭管理,應(yīng)考慮改變國企的管理體系,加快混合所有制改革步伐,借鑒民營企業(yè)的管理模式,優(yōu)化內(nèi)部管理,減少任人唯親的管理理念,采用市場化經(jīng)理人制度,改善內(nèi)部管理機(jī)制等,以加快推動中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長新動力機(jī)制的形成[18]。同時,積極探索新常態(tài)下的商業(yè)發(fā)展新模式,如網(wǎng)絡(luò)商業(yè)、平臺商業(yè)、服務(wù)商業(yè)、素質(zhì)商業(yè)、多元化商業(yè)等[19]。

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ResearchintoMultidimensionalPovertyGovernancefromthePerspectiveofTargetedPovertyAlleviationConcerning“FiveWaysofAlleviatingPoverty”

/HUANG Chengwei, et al

(The State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development, Beijing 100028,China)

The multidimensional property of poverty determines that the main body and means for poverty governance should be diverse. Based on the five ways of alleviating poverty, the idea of targeted poverty alleviation realizes the requirement of project arrangements and verifies the multidimensional poverty governance theory. Literature analysis demonstrates that the idea of “five ways of alleviating poverty” is on the basis of multidimensional poverty theory, environmental determinism, governance theory and endogenous development theory, which embodies the accuracy and targetable feature of public strategies. Such idea also has high theory value and conforms to the requirements of “Four-Comprehensiveness“ and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In terms of Lankao, the idea of “five ways of alleviating poverty” and micro situation variable are effectively combined with each other, which results in maximum output of public strategies. Finally, Lankao is alleviated from poverty.

five ways of alleviating poverty; targeted poverty alleviation; multidimensional poverty governance; Lankao

InnovationDimensionsofAnti-PovertyGovernanceSysteminCurrentChina’sPovertyAlleviationCampaign

/ZUO Ting, et al

(College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, China)

Abstract: The innovation of anti-poverty governance system is not only for the livelihood improvement of the underprivileged, but also for the innovation of the national governance system. China’s anti-poverty governance changes from temporary, project-oriented governance to institutional governance. In order to improve the performance of anti-poverty, Chinese government has made numerous innovations in the governance of anti-poverty system. Four innovations are of great significance to the national governance system. The first one is the moving-down governance center. The second one is the formation of collaborative governance framework. The third one is the involvement of different stakeholders, including the underprivileged, community organizations, cooperatives, the third party organizations and business entities. The last one is the diversification of governance instruments, measures and tools. Diversified governance instruments are implemented and are combined with time and space. At the same time, there are still some potentials to be explored and improved, such as the improvement of autonomous ability of administrative village, the sustainability and replicability of the innovation system, the improvement of endogenous power,the balance between commercial interests and the effectiveness of poverty alleviation and the perfection of policy implement.

Keywords: anti-poverty governance system; downward governance; collaborative governance; participatory governance; diversification of governance instruments

“Fracture”and“Reconstruction”:AStudyofReservoirMigrants’WayofTargetedPovertyAlleviationfromthePerspectiveofCapitalTransfer

/LI Xiaoming

(School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: The paper takes the common SW village in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project’s external migrant resettlement area for example to explore the way of targeted poverty alleviation in reservoir region migrants, the results show that the key to poverty alleviation is the capital transfer. First, it is embodied in that the migrants’ secondary poverty and interventional poverty problems cannot be solved at the beginning of the movement because of coexistence of living exchange subsystem vulnerability and livelihood fracture caused by the blocked transfer way of capital. Second, the key to SW new village’s targeted poverty alleviation for eight years is the reconstruction of the capital transfer path due to efforts made by many sides. That is, breaking the traditional agricultural path dependence by natural exchange upgrading, providing market conversion conditions by the government to make human capital and natural capital transfer to material capital available, excavating the advantage culture capital of migrants’ traditional culture, breaking the segregation system by well-running capital transfer activity and forming a virtuous circle of micro and macro interaction.

Keywords: reservoir region migrants; targeted poverty alleviation; capital transfer; fracture and reconstruction

PovertyExit:PolicyImplication,MechanismDeconstructionandDevelopmentSupportPolicyContinuation

/ZHENG Ruiqiang

(Economy and Management College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China)

Abstract: The improvement of poverty exit mechanism may help reconstruct poverty alleviation and development business process, improve living capacity of poverty alleviation subjects and optimize poverty alleviation governance. The paper comprehensively studies the operation characteristics of poverty exit mechanism, such as focusing on poverty alleviation and development system to improve the efficiency of poverty alleviation resources, highlighting the diversity of the main subjetcs involved in poverty alleviation and the creation of governance mechanisms and emphasizing the use of modern information technology and new management model innovation in poverty exit mechanism. Then it analyzes the practical difficulties in poverty exit as follows: The standard of poverty exit is rigid and fails to measure in a scientific way; The understanding divergence makes the idea of “procedure legitimacy is reasonable” be available; The positive incentives in poverty alleviation is ineffective. Finally, it makes the following suggestions: taking strict targeted measures in poverty alleviation, improving index system of poverty exit, focusing on strict exit procedures of poor household and poor villages, paying attention to the appraisal of poverty exit work, enhancing publicity education on poverty exit, combing spiritual poverty alleviation with material poverty alleviation, relating positive stimulation with negative stimulation, providing support guarantee for poverty exit work, innovating support polity and developing sustainable ability of the living of the subjects.

Keywords: poverty exit; policy implication; operational characteristics; practical dilemma; improving strategy

TheRealityTranscendenceofMarx'sCommunityThought

/HUANG Ju, et al

(School of Marxism, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China)

Abstract: People have the dual attributes of nature and society. The extension and externalization of human social dimension is manifested in the form of community. The community has become the focal point of philosophy due to its close connection with people. Based on ethics, faith, a priori multi-dimensional degree of discussion, it is possible for Western philosophy to form the city community, the community of beliefs, the contract community, a priori rational community, the community of love and other major community thinking. The common feature of the traditional community is to understand the community in an abstract and intuitive way and the understanding of the community is introduced to the abstract field. Through criticizing the abstract limitations of the traditional community thought, Marx holds that social relations are the fundamental link to maintain the common life and the union of the free people is the development direction of the community. Thus, it is possible to bring about the revolutionary change on the core issues related with the premise of the community and the foundation, the relationship among internal members and the development direction.

Keywords: Marx;community thought;practice;abstract

TheRevolutionaryChangeofMarxismPhilosophyandItsContemporaryInspiration

/SHAN Lianchun, et al

(School of Marxism, Hohai Universtity, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The revolutionary change of Marxism philosophy is developed in the practice of constant struggle. The issue of “material interests” is the harassing problem to Marx because his early idealism thought keeps conflict with objective reality. It is the period of 1844 Economic Philosophy Manuscript (called Manuscript) that Marx’ philosophical thought undergoes a revolutionary change on the basis of the study of economics. In the Manuscript, Marx introduces human practice to philosophical criticism and realizes the transformation of philosophy from conceptual ontology to practical ontology. Marx holds that material production plays decisive role in and thus makes revolutionary transformation on historical idealism by means of historical materialism. Based on the new interpretation of alienated labor, Marx scientifically predicts the inevitability of the realization of the proletariat’s communism ideals. Therefore, in the new era, to keep on developing Marxism, it is necessary to understand the internal logic of the transformation of Marx’s philosophical thought.

Keywords: Marxism philosophy; revolutionary change; material interests

ThreeCognitiveElementsof“ChinaExperience”

/YU Dahuai, et al

(Research Base of Socialism Theoretical System with Chinese Characteristics, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: Based on the follow-up studies of “China experience”, the paper discusses three important cognitive elements, namely, decisive elements, descriptive elements and evaluative elements. In general, the follow-up studies of “Chinese experience” should find the decisive factors in economic and social development, realize the descriptive elements in humanistic concern and complete the evaluation factors in the history of social development. At the same time, the interaction and impact of the three elements determine the research aspect and research quality of the “Chinese experience”.

Keywords: China experience; values; capital; happiness

OntheIdeaofSharedDevelopmentandItsHistoricalImplication

/PAN Gege, et al

(School of Marxism, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: The idea of shared development is an important part of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is the latest theoretical achievements arising from the exploration of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The idea of shared development fits into the demands of the times of social development, scientifically interprets the purpose, the subjects and the benefits of the development achievements. The idea of shared development is people-oriented and further stresses the people-oriented nature of shared development. Such idea is of great theoretical significance to build a well-off society. It helps to improve the social equity mechanism, provides system for building a well-off society and makes the ultimate realization of the free and comprehensive development of human beings available.

Keywords: sharing;development idea; historical implication

TheHarmoniousAllocationFrameworkofInitialCarbonDioxideEmissionsBasedonThreePairsofEquilibrium

/WANG Jigan, et al

(Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The confirmation and allocation of initial carbon dioxide emissions are the preconditions of carbon emissions trading market. Based on the harmony theory,three pairs of equilibriums namely supply-demand equilibrium, regional-industry equilibrium and equity-efficiency equilibrium are considered. The connotation and thinking of harmonious allocation for initial carbon dioxide emissions are analyzed. The harmonious allocation methods and theoretical frame of initial carbon dioxide are put forward. Firstly,Based on carbon emissions control target, scenario analysis theory and interval mathematics theory, the pre-allocation model of initial carbon dioxide emissions is set up to get preconfigured plan. Secondly, to evaluate the harmonious degree of the preconfigured plan, the harmonious evaluation model is established. Thirdly, on the basis of improving preconfigured plan failed to pass the harmonious evaluation, the harmonious evolution model is obtained.

Keywords: initial carbon dioxide emissions; supply-demand;regional-industry; equity-efficiency;harmonious allocation

ResearchintoSynergyStrategyofInnovativeDevelopmentofIndustriesthroughFinanceintheYangtzeEconomicZone

/LIU Liang

(Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai 200433, China)

Abstract: Finance is the core of modern economy and promoting the industry innovation through finance is one of the important contents of the strategy of China’s“developing the country through science and education”. This paper discusses the theory and mechanism of promoting industry innovation development through finance from the perspective of cross-regional capital investment effect, resource allocation discrimination effect, growth span effect and industrial innovation development effect. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the present situation of the Yangtze economic zone including cross-regional industry development through finance, hierarchical development of regional financial center construction and cross-regional industry coordination development, this paper puts forward the strategic idea of promoting the coordination development of industrial innovation in the Yangtze economic zone on the basis of coordination development of financial center construction.

Keywords: the Yangtze Economic Zone; finance; industry; coordination development

ResearchintotheInfluentialFactorsofAirPollutioninChina:AnAnalysisofDynamicSpatialPanelModelofChineseCities

/LIU Jun, et al

(China Institute of Manufacturing Development, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China)

Abstract: Identifying the key factors that have impact on air pollution can provide a scientific basis for the rational formulation and effective implementation of air pollution policies in China. This paper uses panel data of 119 prefecture-level cities from 2012-2015 to study the influential factors of air pollution with the spatial dynamic panel data model. The results show that there are significant spatial spillovers and dynamic effects in the spatial dimension and time dimension of urban air pollution in China. There is a significant inverted “U” relationship between air pollution and economic development, which verifies the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve. The industrial structure measured by the second industry of GDP and the increasing density of the population significantly aggravates the urban air pollution. Technological advances and urban greening may improve the pollution, while the investment of governing air pollution in urban environment is not significant. According to the above findings, this paper makes the corresponding policy suggestions for improving urban air pollution at last.

Keywords: air pollution; influential factors; AQI

AnAnalysisofCustomerCommunity-BasedInnovationModel:ACaseStudyofCspace

/TANG Zhen,et al

(Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: Based on the value co-creation theory, the paper makes intensive study of using customer community to co-innovate between firms and customers. On the basis of value chain model and value co-creation theory, this paper firstly constructs conceptual framework for innovative customer community. Then, it proposes theoretical propositions of developing innovative customer community by analyzing existing literatures. Thirdly, it verifies the propositions by taking Cspaces and its customer community as research subjects. Finally, it reconstructs value chain model for innovative pattern of customer community.

Keywords: customer community; value co-creation theory; value chain model; innovation mode

TheRuralCommunityCapacityandtheWell-BeingofRuralResidents

/QI Xiaoming, et al

(College of Humanities and Social Development, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)

Abstract: The traditional rural community is mainly dominated by government, adopting top-down and exogenous development, and often ignores the community's internal capacity construction. In fact, community capacity construction may have an impact on community development and the well-being of rural residents. The paper takes the southwest of Anhui rural areas for example and analyzes the relationship between rural community and rural residents’ well-being on the basis of factor analysis and ordinal regression model. It is found that at the present stage in Southwest Anhui the well-being of rural residents in general is at the middle level. Rural community ability factors include rural community organization ability, rural community autonomy ability and the ability of rural community to cultivate internal social capital and external social capital. Rural community autonomy has the most positive impact on the well-being of rural residents, the ability of the community to cultivate internal social capital follows and the impact of community organizational capacity is the minimal. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to vigorously promote the villagers’ autonomy, cultivate the social capital of rural communities, especially good interpersonal trust and neighborhood mutual assistance and further improve the organization and management capabilities of existing organizations in rural communities.

Keywords: community capacity; rural area; well-being; rural residents; community

ResearchintotheRecognitionandEarlyWarningofChineseZombieCompany

/SUN Ying,et al

(School of Management,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100, China)

F279.2;F426

A

1671-4970(2017)05-0081-08

(責(zé)任編輯:高 虹)

Abstract: Zombie company problem has become a hot topic in recent years,but there is no consensus on the identification of zombies in academic circles. Identify zombie company is the first step to solve zombie company problems and early warning is the fundamental solution to avoiding the emergence of zombie company. Based on the long-term evolution characteristics of zombie enterprises, the paper proposes zombie enterprises’ identification method that conforms to China’s reality, combining with China’s national conditions and taking bank subsidies and government subsidies into consideration. Then it establishes early warning model of zombie enterprises from the perspective of finance. Built on the analysis of three-year early warning model, it is found that the ratio of total cash liabilities, cash flow liabilities, net profit margin of total assets, net profit margin of current assets, net profit per share after deducting non-recurring gains and losses have stable forecasting effect, which can realize the warning of zombie enterprises. It provides theoretical basis for enterprises to detect crises in advance and take measures on time.

Keywords: zombie company;recognition methods;financial warning

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