危薇 羅華 汪靜秋
瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院青年基金項(xiàng)目(2015-QS-034)
646000 四川瀘州西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科
頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞患者腦血管反應(yīng)性和認(rèn)知功能的相關(guān)性研究
危薇 羅華 汪靜秋
目的探討不同部位頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞患者的腦血管反應(yīng)性(cerebral vascular reactivity,CVR)和認(rèn)知功能改變的特點(diǎn)及兩者的相關(guān)性。方法選取頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞患者58例為病例組,按照狹窄部位分為左側(cè)狹窄組、右側(cè)狹窄組和雙側(cè)狹窄組,另選取正常人20例為對(duì)照組,采用經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(transcranial Doppler,TCD)結(jié)合屏氣試驗(yàn)分別檢測(cè)各組屏氣指數(shù)(breath-holding index,BHI),用蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)評(píng)估各組的認(rèn)知功能。結(jié)果病例組的BHI均低于對(duì)照組,雙側(cè)狹窄組低于左、右側(cè)狹窄組;右側(cè)狹窄組的MoCA視空間/執(zhí)行得分低于左側(cè)狹窄組和對(duì)照組,左側(cè)狹窄組的延遲記憶得分低于右側(cè)狹窄組和對(duì)照組,雙側(cè)狹窄組的視空間/執(zhí)行、延遲記憶和語言功能得分均低于對(duì)照組,且MoCA總分低于左、右側(cè)狹窄組;病例組內(nèi)的BHI與MoCA總分呈正相關(guān)(r=0.411,0.474,0.868,P<0.05)。結(jié)論(1)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞患者的BHI明顯降低,認(rèn)知功能也有不同程度損害;(2)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞患者的BHI和MoCA總分有明顯關(guān)系,將兩者結(jié)合可更全面地反映認(rèn)知功能。
頸動(dòng)脈狹窄 腦血管反應(yīng)性 認(rèn)知功能損害
頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞是引起缺血性腦血管疾病的重要因素之一,是導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能下降的原因。腦血管反應(yīng)性(cerebral vascular reactivity,CVR)是反映腦血管自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)功能的指標(biāo),可評(píng)價(jià)顱內(nèi)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)狀態(tài),常以屏氣指數(shù)(breath-holding index,BHI)表示。目前對(duì)于頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄與認(rèn)知功能已有較多研究[1],但有關(guān)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄部位及CVR與認(rèn)知功能關(guān)系的研究尚少。本研究將蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)與BHI檢測(cè)相結(jié)合,評(píng)估不同部位頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞患者的認(rèn)知功能和CVR,為臨床診療和預(yù)后提供依據(jù)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 收集本院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科2014年1月~2015年12月住院的患者,年齡55~78歲,按北美癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)試驗(yàn)(North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trail,NASCET)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2],狹窄率=[1-(最狹窄處直徑-狹窄遠(yuǎn)端正常直徑)]×100%。狹窄率70%~99%為重度狹窄,100%為閉塞,經(jīng)數(shù)字減影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)證實(shí)單側(cè)或雙側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞58例為病例組,均為右利手。排除短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作、腦梗死、腦出血、顱內(nèi)腫瘤、腦動(dòng)脈瘤、動(dòng)靜脈畸形等、有頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈以外的動(dòng)脈狹窄和有引起認(rèn)知功能障礙的其它病史。按照狹窄部位分為左側(cè)狹窄組25例、右側(cè)狹窄組18例和雙側(cè)狹窄組15例。對(duì)照組:選擇本院健康體檢正常的老年人20例為對(duì)照組,年齡、性別、受教育年限與病例組相匹配(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 屏氣試驗(yàn) 經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(transcranial Doppler,TCD)由兩名有豐富操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)師完成,用德力凱公司的EMS-9A型經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲診斷儀,患者取仰臥位,用1.6 MHz探頭,探測(cè)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈血流情況。按照Molinari F等的方法[3]從雙側(cè)顳窗記錄每位受試者自然吸氣末屏氣30 s前后大腦中動(dòng)脈(middle cerebral artery,MCA)的平均血流速度,分別計(jì)算兩側(cè)的BHI;BHI=(Vm’-Vm)/Vm×100÷屏息秒數(shù)30 s;Vm’為屏氣后MCA的平均流速,Vm為屏氣前MCA的平均流速。
1.2.2 認(rèn)知功能評(píng)定 選用MoCA中文版測(cè)試評(píng)分。檢測(cè)視空間/執(zhí)行功能、命名、延遲記憶、注意力、語言、抽象能力和定向力,總分為30分。正常值≥26分,如果受教育年限≤12年則加1分,以校正文化偏倚。
2.1 BHI測(cè)定 左、右側(cè)和雙側(cè)狹窄組BHI均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。與左、右狹窄組比較,雙側(cè)狹窄組BHI降低(P<0.05);左側(cè)狹窄組和右側(cè)狹窄組BHI無明顯差異(P>0.05)(表1)。
表1 不同部位狹窄組及對(duì)照組的血流速度和BHI的比較
注:與對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.05;與左側(cè)狹窄組左側(cè)比較,△P<0.05;與右側(cè)狹窄組右側(cè)比較,▲P<0.05
2.2 MoCA測(cè)試比較 右側(cè)狹窄組的視空間/執(zhí)行功能得分低于左側(cè)狹窄組和對(duì)照組;左側(cè)狹窄組的延遲記憶得分低于右側(cè)狹窄組和對(duì)照組;雙側(cè)狹窄組的視空間/執(zhí)行、延遲記憶和語言功能得分均低于對(duì)照組;病例組的MoCA總分均低于對(duì)照組,而雙側(cè)狹窄組較左、右側(cè)狹窄組總分更低(P<0.05)(表2)。
表2 不同部位狹窄組及對(duì)照組MoCA量表評(píng)分比較
注:與左側(cè)狹窄組比較,*P<0.05;與對(duì)照組比較,△P<0.05;與右側(cè)狹窄組比較,▲P<0.05
2.3 BHI與MoCA得分的相關(guān)性分析 左、右側(cè)狹窄組的患側(cè)BHI和MoCA評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(r=0.411,P<0.05;r=0.474,P<0.05),雙側(cè)狹窄組的BHI和MoCA評(píng)分呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.868,P<0.01),對(duì)照組的BHI分和MoCA得分無關(guān)。
頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞常引起缺血性腦血管病的反復(fù)發(fā)作,當(dāng)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄≥70%或閉塞時(shí),患側(cè)大腦半球的灌流量可能明顯減少。胡玲美等[4]的研究提出由于腦血管重度狹窄或閉塞,顱內(nèi)血流出現(xiàn)低灌注,因而認(rèn)知功能受損。CVR是指腦血管在舒張或收縮因素作用下的收縮能力。采用TCD屏氣試驗(yàn)測(cè)定CVR,具有快速方便、耐受性良好,可重復(fù)和有效的特點(diǎn)。正常情況下腦組織的灌注壓下降后腦動(dòng)脈可代償性舒張,以保證腦組織的血流灌注,但當(dāng)灌注壓下降到一定程度,腦血管不能對(duì)外界刺激發(fā)生反應(yīng),此時(shí)腦血管調(diào)節(jié)潛能縮減。慢性長(zhǎng)期腦血管低灌注可導(dǎo)致能量代謝異常、興奮性氨基酸釋放、細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子超載、自由基增多、腦組織缺血缺氧,可引起腦白質(zhì)疏松和頸動(dòng)脈脫落栓子造成腔隙性腦梗死,患者出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知功能障礙,因此CVR與認(rèn)知功能密切相關(guān)。目前有研究證實(shí),CVR與認(rèn)知和執(zhí)行功能相關(guān)[5]。在國(guó)際上由于MoCA是被推薦的簡(jiǎn)便、快速地檢測(cè)輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙的工具,靈敏度較高,因此本研究選用MoCA量表評(píng)估患者的認(rèn)知功能。本研究病例組患側(cè)BHI和MoCA總分較正常組降低,說明頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄或閉塞患者的CVR和認(rèn)知功能受低灌注的影響較為明顯。由于單側(cè)腦和神經(jīng)元損傷程度較輕,且腦組織可有一定程度的修復(fù)和代償,因此左側(cè)或右側(cè)狹窄組患側(cè)的BHI和MoCA得分優(yōu)于雙側(cè)狹窄組。雙側(cè)狹窄組的視空間/執(zhí)行、延遲記憶和語言功能較對(duì)照組明顯減退,可能是由于頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄導(dǎo)致上述功能區(qū)域和相應(yīng)功能傳導(dǎo)通路的血供減少,代償明顯不足,在臨床上表現(xiàn)為相應(yīng)的認(rèn)知功能障礙。彭瓊等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血性腦卒中患者急性期的BHI下降,認(rèn)知功能受損,且兩者的改善程度相關(guān)。與此不同的是,本研究病例組患側(cè)的BHI與MoCA總分呈正相關(guān),也說明BHI反映了頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞患者的認(rèn)知功能。左、右側(cè)狹窄組的健側(cè)和正常組的BHI與MoCA得分無關(guān),推測(cè)在血管調(diào)節(jié)功能正常的情況下血和氧能滿足腦組織的供應(yīng),認(rèn)知功能與CVR無明顯相關(guān)性。
因此,頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈不同部位重度狹窄或閉塞可導(dǎo)致不同的認(rèn)知功能障礙,臨床上對(duì)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄的患者進(jìn)行早期干預(yù)可延緩或阻止認(rèn)知功能障礙的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,對(duì)改善其預(yù)后有重要意義。
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Thestudyonrelationshipbetweencerebralvascularreactivityandcognitivefunctioninpatientswithseverestenosisorocclusionofinternalcarotidartery
WeiWei,LuoHua,WangJingqiu.
DepartmentofNeurology,theAffiliatedHospitalofSouthwestMedicalUniversity,Luzhou646000
ObjectiveTo analyze the change of characteristics of cerebral vascular reactivity(CVR),cognitive function and their relativity.Methods58 patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery were selected as case group,and were divided into left stenosis group,right stenosis group and bilateral stenosis group,while 20 controls of them were enrolled.Using transcranial Doppler(TCD) and breath-holding technique to observe breath-holding index(BHI) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA) to assess cognitive function of each group.ResultsThe BHI in the case group was lower than that in controls,and the BHI in bilateral stenosis group was lower than left and right stenosis group.The scores of visual space and executive of MoCA in right stenosis group were lower than left stenosis group and control group,and the delayed recall scores in left stenosis group were lower than right stenosis group and control group.The scores of visual space and executive,delayed recall,and language in bilateral stenosis group were all lower than the control group,while the total scores of MoCA in bilateral stenosis group were lower than left and right stenosis group.The BHI in the case group was positively correlated with the total scores of MoCA(r=0.411,0.474,0.868,P<0.05).Conclusion(1)The BHI in patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery was significantly lower,and the cognitive function impaired to different degrees.(2)The BHI in patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery was apparently correlated with the total scores of MoCA,and the combination of the two could reflect the cognitive function more comprehensively.
Carotid Stenosis Cerebral vascular reactivity Cognitive impairment
R543.5
A
1007-0478(2017)05-0407-04
10.3969/j.issn.1007-0478.2017.05.006
(2016-11-25收稿)