馮全功

(浙江大學(xué) 外國語言文化與國際交流學(xué)院，浙江 杭州 310058)

Wayinto的動(dòng)詞搭配及其對翻譯的啟示——基于英語母語及漢英平行語料庫的分析

馮全功

(浙江大學(xué) 外國語言文化與國際交流學(xué)院，浙江 杭州 310058)

對“美國當(dāng)代英語語料庫”(小說子庫)中與way into搭配的動(dòng)詞的檢索發(fā)現(xiàn)，在1160條有效語料中，共有254個(gè)不同的動(dòng)詞與way into構(gòu)成搭配，呈現(xiàn)出多樣化的特征，其中概念認(rèn)知型搭配與修辭認(rèn)知型搭配的數(shù)量基本相當(dāng)。英語寫作或漢英翻譯時(shí)，根據(jù)具體的語境選擇合適的動(dòng)詞與way into進(jìn)行搭配，有助于提高原創(chuàng)(翻譯)英語文本的質(zhì)量。

way into；搭配；文學(xué)性；概念認(rèn)知；修辭認(rèn)知

一、引言

近讀葛浩文(Howard Goldblatt)英譯的幾部莫言小說，包括《檀香刑》《紅高粱》《豐乳肥臀》《生死疲勞》等，對譯者高超的英語應(yīng)用能力感觸頗深。譯本中的一個(gè)語言現(xiàn)象也引起了筆者的注意，即葛浩文用了很多動(dòng)詞與way into進(jìn)行搭配，以使文本生動(dòng)活潑，富有表現(xiàn)力。筆者在此聊舉“葛浩文英譯小說漢英平行語料庫”(A Parallel Corpus of the English Translations of Chinese Novels by Howard Goldblatt)①中的幾例：

(1)原文：……一個(gè)身穿綠色制服的小伙子……氣喘吁吁地進(jìn)了我們的院子。

譯文：... in a green uniform came puffing his way into our compound...

(2)原文：他們像兩個(gè)找不到爹娘的孩子一樣在車站廣場上擠著。

譯文：... they elbowed their way into the square...

(3)原文：毛驢高亢的叫聲，鉆進(jìn)高粱地里來……

譯文：The braying donkey threaded its way into the sorghum field...

(4)原文：余一尺從市府大院的陰溝里鉆進(jìn)了市府大院。

譯文：Yu Yichi tunneled his way into the City Hall compound...

(5)原文：蝗蟲嚙咬萬物的可怕聲音，滲透到人的骨髓里。

譯文：The sickening gnawing sound ate its way into the marrow of her bones.

(6)原文：這個(gè)富有特色的笑容，深刻在我們的腦海里。

譯文：That singular smile burned its way into our heads.

(7)原文：他感到一陣奇痛鉆進(jìn)了腦子……

譯文：A sharp pain drilled its way into his brain...

(8)原文：果然是學(xué)過戲的女人，知道用什么方子征服人心。

譯文：... she knew exactly how to worm her way into people’s hearts.

例(1)—(8)中的搭配都十分地道、形象，那么英語中還有哪些動(dòng)詞可以與way into進(jìn)行搭配？高頻使用的動(dòng)詞有哪些？這些與way into搭配的動(dòng)詞呈現(xiàn)出什么樣的特征，是否在隱喻層面進(jìn)行運(yùn)作？關(guān)于英語動(dòng)詞與way into搭配的研究對翻譯又有什么啟示？筆者檢索了“美國當(dāng)代英語語料庫”(Corpus of Contemporary American English)②，發(fā)現(xiàn)含有way into的語料共有5121條，數(shù)量比較多，因此只選擇小說子庫中的1416條語料加以分析。

二、英語動(dòng)詞與way into的搭配分析

進(jìn)一步研究后發(fā)現(xiàn)，1416條語料中，并非所有的way into都直接與相關(guān)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行搭配，如“There’d only been one other car on the road the whole way into town...”“... he will come clumping through the main hall and our bright kitchen on his way into the back hallway...”等，因此必須對之進(jìn)行人工整理。經(jīng)整理，共得到有效語料1160條。個(gè)別語料存在兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)與way into搭配的情況，如“All four of them tumbled and pushed their way into the battered van...”遇到此種情況時(shí)，筆者只選擇與way into臨近的動(dòng)詞(如上例中的push)，較遠(yuǎn)的則不再計(jì)入統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)(如上例中的tumble)。在這1160條有效語料中，共有254個(gè)不同的動(dòng)詞與way into形成搭配，平均4.6條語料出現(xiàn)一個(gè)不同的動(dòng)詞(不計(jì)形態(tài)變化)，這說明與way into構(gòu)成搭配的動(dòng)詞具有多樣化特征。其中，出現(xiàn)10次及以上的高頻搭配詞有make、 find、work、lead、push、force、worm、talk、shoulder、feel、come、fight,占總數(shù)的4.7%；出現(xiàn)5次及以上10次以下的有buy、ease、eat、go、see、shove、bully、burrow、walk、wind、edge、back、bribe、drive、grope、inch、nose、wriggle，占總數(shù)的7.1%。所選語料中，與way into搭配出現(xiàn)頻次3次及以上的高頻動(dòng)詞如表1所示：

表1 高頻動(dòng)詞及其出現(xiàn)頻次

此外，254個(gè)動(dòng)詞中，出現(xiàn)頻次為2次的動(dòng)詞有44個(gè)，而如swindle、whistle、trudge等150個(gè)動(dòng)詞僅出現(xiàn)了1次，這些動(dòng)詞與way into的搭配也都很生動(dòng)、形象，例如：

(9)... during the first four months of each pregnancy,she would have vomited her way into the hospital with every child,and the nausea never really went away until...

(10)After a remarkably colorful Saturday,I have somehow zombied my way into Sunday.

例(9)中的way用的是概念意義，即語義上指涉的是真實(shí)的道路，例(10)中的way用的是隱喻意義，即未涉及真實(shí)的道路，只是把消磨時(shí)間比喻成了(像僵尸般)走路。我們把諸如例(9)中的搭配稱為概念認(rèn)知型搭配，把諸如例(10)中的搭配稱為修辭認(rèn)知型搭配。概念認(rèn)知是一種把握世界的普遍方式，指向事物的共性，概念組合體現(xiàn)了事物的邏輯關(guān)系與世界的現(xiàn)成秩序，支持概念認(rèn)知的是邏輯語境；修辭認(rèn)知是一種主體化的認(rèn)知行為，進(jìn)入修辭認(rèn)知的概念往往偏離了事物的語義規(guī)定，能激起具體生動(dòng)的感性經(jīng)驗(yàn)，支持修辭認(rèn)知的是審美語境[1]23。在文學(xué)世界里，修辭認(rèn)知的審美潛力往往大于概念認(rèn)知，更為作家所青睞。隱喻是最典型的修辭認(rèn)知家族成員之一，也可視為修辭認(rèn)知的原型。針對way into的動(dòng)詞搭配，區(qū)分其到底屬于概念認(rèn)知型搭配還是修辭認(rèn)知型搭配首先是判斷way是否指涉真實(shí)的道路，而這并不完全取決于與way into搭配的動(dòng)詞，還要看構(gòu)式整體，尤其是into后面的詞匯：如果屬于概念認(rèn)知的范疇，way into后面的名詞往往是具體的地點(diǎn)；而如果屬于修辭認(rèn)知的范疇，way into后面的名詞往往是抽象的地點(diǎn)，或者根本與地點(diǎn)無關(guān)。其次是看動(dòng)詞本身的運(yùn)用在上下文語境中是否偏離了其通常的語義規(guī)定。如例(10)中的搭配既沒有涉及真實(shí)的道路，zombie的使用也偏離了其語義規(guī)定，所以屬于典型的修辭認(rèn)知型搭配。1160條有效語料中，概念認(rèn)知型搭配與修辭認(rèn)知型搭配各占半壁江山(前者為587例，后者為573例)，并且動(dòng)詞搭配都比較多樣化，相比而言，后者更具表現(xiàn)力，也更能體現(xiàn)作者的個(gè)性化語言特征，尤其是那些新鮮的搭配。

(一)概念認(rèn)知型搭配

概念認(rèn)知型搭配中的way基本上都指涉真實(shí)的道路，或者整體上與走或移動(dòng)的語義相關(guān)。通過語料分析，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)與way into構(gòu)成概念認(rèn)知型搭配的動(dòng)詞具有一些典型的特征，比如通常與人的肢體或肢體動(dòng)作相關(guān)，能給人一種較強(qiáng)的畫面感，例如：

(11)Golanth had shouldered his way into the thick forest...

(12)Henry was trying to nose his way into a desk...

(13)He glanced to his right,where Kevin had muscled his way into the front row.

(14)... as they nudge their way into the crowd of men at the base of the footpath.

(15)I was shrugging my way into the arms of my insulated overall...

(16)We elbowed our way into groups.

(17)... kicking his way into a burning building of trapped people...

(18)... the squirrels gnawing their way into the attic...

(19)A woman being turned inside out,a baby pushing,clawing its way into the world...

(20)... like he’s trying to chew his way into the Humvee.

例(11)—(20)中與way into構(gòu)成概念認(rèn)知型搭配的動(dòng)詞的出現(xiàn)頻次都不低于2次。1160條有效語料中，有些與way into構(gòu)成概念認(rèn)知型搭配的動(dòng)詞雖然不直接與人的肢體或肢體動(dòng)作相關(guān)，但是是由人的動(dòng)作或行為引起，例如：

(21)It’s noon,and people are pushing their way into the cafe.

(22)The crowd was thick in front of him,men still forcing their way into the warehouse.

(23)They’re looking up as I feel my way into Maude’s bedroom...

(24)The first unit will fight their way into the cave and kill the child...

(25)Ruthie eased her way into the living room.

(26)He shoves his way into a corner,pissing off everyone on the way...

(27)He burrows his way into the crowd.

(28)The following day,he was going to try to edge his way into the operating room...

(29)The woman would think he’d groped his way into the bathroom.

(30)Annoyed,he inched his way into a crevasse...

(31)She pushed and wriggled her way into her own yard,crawling on her...

(32)After dinner,they wended their way into the living room...

(33)As I fumbled my way into bed later that night...

(34)... a lone gunman... trying to shoot his way into the U. S. Capitol...

(35)... people sneaking their way into this country through a side door...

(36)... the bigger,fatter one fought and squeezed his way into the narrow culvert.

(37)... I hear him splashing his way into the stream.

(38)Sir,the wild dogs have dug their way into the food...

(39)Maggie snapped as she sloshed her way into Bert’s house.

例(21)—(39)中與way into構(gòu)成概念認(rèn)知型搭配的動(dòng)詞的出現(xiàn)頻次也都不低于2次，它們雖不是由身體的某一具體部位發(fā)出，但仍具有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作性，它們的使用為譯本增色不少。此外，與say相關(guān)的動(dòng)詞也常與way into搭配，例如：

(40)... he’s at heart a friendly sort,the type who could talk his way into homes.

(41)... mansion in all of Serenity that Mother had never dared try to wheedle her way into...

(42)Two men dragging a third... screamed their way into the emergency room.

(43)A few days later,when I begged my way into the conference as a science writer...

(44)I saw Jack Nicholson grouse his way into her bed.

(45)... We’re laughin’ and jokin’ our way into prison.

(46)He groaned his way into the open air...

(47)Ms. Oglethorpe grunted her ponderous way into the office.

例(40)—(47)中的動(dòng)詞scream、grouse等都與say相關(guān)，與其屬于同一語義場(semantic field)。

(二)修辭認(rèn)知型搭配

修辭認(rèn)知型搭配中的way并不指涉真實(shí)的道路，脫離了其表層的語義規(guī)定，搭配往往具有很強(qiáng)的陌生化效果，體現(xiàn)了文學(xué)語言的藝術(shù)性，例如：

(48)I would have to force my way into the conversation...

(49)... the phrase nudges its way into my head...

(50)She only likes the songs that chew their way into her brain like a worm.

(51)Frankie and Lucia had to fight their way into the New York City dance world.

(52)... she and Weeds had shouldered their way into a domestic disaster.

(53)... what was obvious burrowed its way into his consciousness.

筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，部分與way into構(gòu)成修辭認(rèn)知型搭配的動(dòng)詞與say相關(guān)，例如：

(54)... she’d managed to talk her way into a job atPeopleLikeUs...

(55)Spelding,who had been trying to wheedle his way into a date for weeks...

(56)... she spoke her way into Amay’s heart.

(57)Clyde schmoozes his way into easy sales,gets the clients...

(58)... and now I have lied my way into having to leave the house altogether...

例(54)—(58)中，a job、a date、Amay’s heart、easy sales、having to leave the house altogether指涉的都不是具體的地點(diǎn)。值得一提的是，一些動(dòng)詞既可與way into構(gòu)成概念認(rèn)知型搭配，也可以與之構(gòu)成修辭認(rèn)知型搭配，如例(11)與(52)中的shoulder，例(14)與(49)中的nudge，例(20)與(50)中的chew，例(22)與(48)中的force，例(24)與(51)中的fight，例(27)與例(53)中的burrow，例(40)與(54)中的talk，例(41)與(55)中的wheedle等。

在一些典型的修辭認(rèn)知型搭配中，一些動(dòng)詞與way into構(gòu)成了“反?！贝钆洌鼈儾⒉簧婕罢鎸?shí)的道路，例如:

(59)I could use it to buy my way into the good graces of the bloody pirate Morbruzzo...

(60)While the seagulls eat fish,water slowly eats its way into the flesh of the stone.

(61)Sonja was always bullying her way into the center of things...

(62)They bribed their way into positions of power.

(63)... dimpled darling who could charm her way into your heart...

(64)... the Columbia grad quickly earned her way into his good graces.

(65)Cynthia had finagled her way into being the escort for a visiting artist...

(66)Having fucked my way into this job...

(67)I’m now going to write my way into history.

(68)Lissy browsed through or just read part of the way into most books...

(69)I’d make an effort to imagine my way into her life...

(70)Would-be authors seeking to gain their way into our pages by means of such flattery...

在一般情況下，即使沒有上下文語境依托，“反?！贝钆涞念愋鸵脖容^容易識別。然而，如果into后面跟的是地點(diǎn)的話，有些看似“反?！钡拇钆湟灿锌赡軐儆诟拍钫J(rèn)識的范疇，如以下兩例：

(71)... the watch he used to deceive his way into the house.

(72)They are genetically engineered to think their way into an enemy’s lair...

在一些修辭認(rèn)知型搭配中，其隱喻義是從相關(guān)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的，如例(73)“像楔子一樣鉆入我的生活”，例(75)“像線一樣穿入森林”等。

(73)When she wedged her way into my life...

(74)This notion wormed its way into her head and stayed there.

(75)... on one of these forestry roads that thread their way into woods...

(76)The bird shit is snaking its way into the crack between the windshield...

(77)... my father was sifting his way into them on a walkthrough count of the lambs.

(78)Her cheek tingled as... poison-grub leaves filtered their way into her blood.

例(73)和(74)還具有雙重修辭認(rèn)知的性質(zhì)，首先是動(dòng)詞本身，其次是way的喻指，這使得話語表達(dá)更加生動(dòng)、形象。

筆者在此再舉幾例：

(79)... intoxication seeped its way into every insecure crack.

(80)... she golfed her way into the heart of every well-to-do male member...

(81)... and angling his way into the gentry with his artful real-estate ventures.

(82)This exchange took place as Janice downshifted her way into a small city...

那么，為何會(huì)有如此多的動(dòng)詞可以與way into形成搭配？筆者認(rèn)為，構(gòu)式語法可為其提供有效的解釋，尤其從歷時(shí)角度分析，way構(gòu)式的演變“由初期含有具體句且句數(shù)少，演變?yōu)楹写罅砍橄缶?，并對整個(gè)語言系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了微調(diào)和重組”[2]5。其中，概念認(rèn)知型搭配可視為way的初期構(gòu)式(搭配動(dòng)詞主要包括簡單位移動(dòng)詞、路徑創(chuàng)建/清障動(dòng)詞及擁有義動(dòng)詞)，修辭認(rèn)知型搭配則主要為演變后的構(gòu)式(構(gòu)式擴(kuò)容或語法化的識解方式主要為隱喻)。Way構(gòu)式的能產(chǎn)性很強(qiáng)，很多“新”動(dòng)詞能與之形成搭配或參與構(gòu)式，而隱喻識解(修辭認(rèn)知)則是這種多樣化的根本原因之一。

三、Way into動(dòng)詞搭配對翻譯的啟示

對“葛浩文英譯小說漢英平行語料庫”的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與way into搭配的動(dòng)詞呈現(xiàn)多樣化的特征，那么其他中國文學(xué)作品的翻譯中是否也存在類似現(xiàn)象呢？筆者檢索了紹興文理學(xué)院創(chuàng)建的“中國漢英平行語料大世界”(Pool of Bilingual Parallel Corpora of Chinese Classics)③中的四大名著漢英平行語料庫，剔除個(gè)別不符合要求的語料，發(fā)現(xiàn)四大名著英譯本中(各自對應(yīng)一個(gè)英語譯本)共有有效語料46條，與way into搭配的動(dòng)詞共計(jì)15個(gè)，頻次從高到低依次為：make、force、worm、find、fight、lead、smash、booze、bribe、elbow、grope、know、work、sneak、wind。我們先看幾個(gè)屬于概念認(rèn)知型搭配的例子：

(83)原文：……曲徑接天臺之路。

譯文：The winding path made its way into a fairy hill.

(84)原文：……果然黑地里摸入榮府，趁掩門時(shí)鉆入穿堂。

譯文：... he groped his way into the Rong-guo mansion...

(85)原文：說著，便起身扶著寶玉的肩，帶領(lǐng)眾人齊往園中來。

譯文：She got up and,leaning on Bao-yu’s shoulder,led the way into the Garden.

(86)原文：只打到通明殿里，靈霄殿外。

譯文：He fought his way into the Hall of Universal Brightness...

(87)原文：……嬌聲問道：“是甚么人，擅入我寡婦之門？”

譯文：“Who has forced his way into this widow’s house of mine?”

(88)原文：那八戒與土地，依言攻破洞門不題。

譯文：... Pig and the local god smashing their way into the cave...

例(83)—(88)中動(dòng)詞與way into的搭配都十分地道，也非常切合具體的語境，一定程度上體現(xiàn)了譯者的語言功底。Way into的概念認(rèn)知型搭配涉及真實(shí)的位置移動(dòng)，從一個(gè)地方到另一個(gè)地方，到達(dá)的方式是譯者決定使用哪一個(gè)(類)動(dòng)詞的重要依據(jù)之一。換言之，具體的文本語境是譯者選取哪一個(gè)(類)動(dòng)詞與way into進(jìn)行搭配的決定性因素，同時(shí)也是衡量動(dòng)詞搭配是否精確的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

然后，我們再來看幾個(gè)屬于修辭認(rèn)知型搭配的例子：

(89)原文：……膏藥從不拿進(jìn)屋里來的。

譯文：Never has medicine of any kind found its way into this room.

(90)原文：那些小些的，都鉆進(jìn)戲房里瞧熱鬧兒去了。

譯文：The younger ones wormed their way into the green-room...

(91)原文：那些書吏衙役，都是花了錢買著糧道的衙門……

譯文：Those clerks and runners all bribed their way into this yamen.

(92)原文：不喝也好，強(qiáng)如象你哥哥喝出亂子來。

譯文：Better than your cousin,anyway,forever boozing his way into trouble.

(93)原文：汝乃織席編屨之夫，今輒占據(jù)大郡，與諸侯同列……

譯文：You have been smart enough to... elbow your way into the ranks of the nobles.

(94)原文：……輸貨權(quán)門，竊盜鼎司，傾覆重器。

譯文：... who contrived to sneak his way into considerable office...

例(89)—(94)譯文中的修辭認(rèn)知型搭配實(shí)現(xiàn)了從概念認(rèn)知(原文)到修辭認(rèn)知(譯文)的轉(zhuǎn)換，對原文的文學(xué)性(陌生化效果)具有強(qiáng)化作用。其中，之所以把例(89)列入修辭認(rèn)知的范疇，是因?yàn)椤癿edicine”本身是不會(huì)“found its way into this room”的，屬于無靈主語與有靈動(dòng)詞的搭配。這里譯者把“膏藥”擬人化了，或者說把原文的概念認(rèn)知轉(zhuǎn)換成了譯文的修辭認(rèn)知，從而強(qiáng)化了原文的文學(xué)性。例(90)中的“wormed”本身具有修辭認(rèn)知(隱喻)的意味，有點(diǎn)類似于死喻，但依然能引起讀者的意象化聯(lián)想。例(91)—(94)的共同點(diǎn)主要在于其“反?！贝钆?尤其是into后面的名詞)，類似于認(rèn)知語言學(xué)中的容器隱喻(如例(92)into trouble的搭配就是把trouble視為能夠進(jìn)出的容器)，因此同樣取得了很好的陌生化效果，同時(shí)，bribe、booze等動(dòng)詞的精準(zhǔn)使用對刻畫人物性格也有一定的助益。

綜上可知，在進(jìn)行文學(xué)翻譯(漢譯英)時(shí)，不管是概念認(rèn)知型搭配還是修辭認(rèn)知型搭配，譯者選擇與way into搭配的動(dòng)詞時(shí)都要做到切合具體的語境，盡量使之精準(zhǔn)化。那么，與原創(chuàng)英語文學(xué)作品中way into的動(dòng)詞搭配相比，中國文學(xué)作品英譯本中的動(dòng)詞搭配是否同樣多樣化呢？是否可以假設(shè)，后者動(dòng)詞搭配多樣化程度不如前者呢？筆者認(rèn)為，要想解答這個(gè)問題，首先要選擇兩個(gè)庫容相似的語料庫(最好收錄相近數(shù)目的作品)，然后再對其中的有效語料進(jìn)行對比分析。由于條件所限，這個(gè)問題本研究未有涉及。

四、結(jié)語

筆者之所以研究動(dòng)詞與way into的搭配，主要在于閱讀與教學(xué)過程中本能地感知到其豐富的表現(xiàn)形式，以及強(qiáng)大的表現(xiàn)力，而本研究則在很大程度上印證了這種“直覺”?；谡Z料庫(尤其是“美國當(dāng)代英語語料庫”)關(guān)于動(dòng)詞與way into搭配的研究，剖析了概念認(rèn)知型搭配和修辭認(rèn)知型搭配的一些特征，對英語寫作、漢英翻譯以及翻譯教學(xué)等都有一定啟示。不管是英語寫作還是漢英翻譯，選擇與way into搭配的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，都要切合具體的語境，遵循“語義和諧律”[3]的原則，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)搭配的精準(zhǔn)化與形象化，以便更好地提升原創(chuàng)(翻譯)英語文本的質(zhì)量。當(dāng)然，本研究還存在一些局限，如并沒有對英語原創(chuàng)文學(xué)作品與中國文學(xué)作品英譯中way into的動(dòng)詞搭配進(jìn)行定量比較，再如僅研究了小說這一文體中way into的動(dòng)詞搭配等。這些問題需要未來作進(jìn)一步的探討。

注釋：

①該語料庫為燕山大學(xué)侯羽老師所建，文中使用的葛譯語料系筆者委托其代為檢索。

②網(wǎng)址為http://corpus. byu. edu/coca/，檢索日期為2016-10-22。

③網(wǎng)址為http://corpus. usx. edu. cn/index. asp，檢索日期為2016-10-26。

[1]譚學(xué)純，朱玲，肖莉. 修辭認(rèn)知和語用環(huán)境[M]. 福州：海峽文藝出版社，2006.

[2]張建理，徐銀. WAY構(gòu)式的語法化歷程探討[J]. 外語教學(xué)，2013(6)：1-6.

[3]陸儉明. 修辭的基礎(chǔ)——語義和諧律[J]. 當(dāng)代修辭學(xué)，2010(1):13-20.

ACorpus-basedStudyontheCollocationbetweenEnglishVerbsandWayintoandtheLightShedonChinese-EnglishTranslation

FENGQuangong

(SchoolofInternationalStudies,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310058,China)

This paper finds that among 1160 cases collected from the fiction section of Contemporary American English Corpus there are 254 different verbs used to collocate with way into. Moreover,cases belonging to the category of conceptual cognition are roughly equivalent to those belonging to rhetorical cognition,and members of each category are equally diversified. These findings can help the English author or Chinese-English translator make the best choice when using this knid of collocation so as to enhance the literariness and readability of their original or translated works.

way into;collocation;literariness;conceptual cognition;rhetorical cognition

H315.9

A

2095-2074(2017)05-0076-07

2017-07-11

國家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目(16CYY008)；教育部人文社會(huì)科學(xué)研究青年基金項(xiàng)目(15YJC740015)

馮全功(1984-)，男，河南泌陽人，浙江大學(xué)外國語言文化與國際交流學(xué)院講師，博士。