鐘培瑞
【摘 要】目的:觀察去卵巢對(duì)大鼠膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及軟骨下骨的影響。方法:將48只3月齡雌性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和去卵巢組(OVX組),每組24只。對(duì)照組不做任何處理,OVX組行雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)。術(shù)后4,8,12周每組隨機(jī)處死8只,檢測(cè)血液雌二醇及尿Ⅰ、Ⅱ型膠原C末端肽(CTX-Ⅰ、CTX-Ⅱ)水平,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨行Mankin評(píng)分及軟骨下骨行Micro-CT檢查。結(jié)果:與對(duì)照組比較,術(shù)后4,8,12周OVX組雌二醇水平明顯降低,CTX-Ⅰ水平明顯增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01);術(shù)后4周2組CTX-Ⅱ水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);術(shù)后8,12周OVX組CTX-Ⅱ水平明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。術(shù)后4,8周2組Mankin評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);術(shù)后12周OVX組Mankin評(píng)分較對(duì)照組增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。術(shù)后4,8,12周OVX組骨體積分?jǐn)?shù)、骨小梁厚度較對(duì)照組降低,骨小梁分離度較對(duì)照組增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01或P < 0.05);術(shù)后4周2組間骨小梁數(shù)量比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);術(shù)后8,12周OVX組骨小梁數(shù)量較對(duì)照組降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。結(jié)論:去卵巢使血清雌激素水平減少,從而導(dǎo)致大鼠膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變及軟骨下骨骨質(zhì)疏松。軟骨下骨骨質(zhì)疏松早于關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的退變,其可能是關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變的始發(fā)因素。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 骨關(guān)節(jié)炎;骨質(zhì)疏松;去卵巢;關(guān)節(jié)軟骨;軟骨下骨;大鼠
【ABSTRACT】Objective:To observe the effect of ovariectomy on cartilage and subchondral bone of knee joint of rats.Methods:Forty eight three-month-old SD female rats were randomly divided into a control group and an ovariectomized group(OVX group),with 24 rats in each group.No treatment was done to the control group ,while the OVX group underwent bilateral ovariectomy.Four,eight and twelve weeks after operation,8 rats of each group were randomly killed to test the levels of blood estradiol,CTX-Ⅰ and CTX-Ⅱ.Mankin score was done to their articular cartilage and microscopic CT was done to their subchondral bone.Results:Compared with the control group,after four,eight and twelve weeks,the levels of estradiol obviously decreased and the levels of significantly increased in the OVX group,and the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.01).Four weeks after operation,the differences of CTX-Ⅱ levels of the two groups were not statistically significant(P > 0.05).Eight and twelve weeks after operation,the level of CTX-Ⅱ in the OVX group was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.01).Four and eight weeks after operation,the difference of Mankin score in the two groups was not statistically significant(P > 0.05).Twelve weeks after operation,the Mankin score of the OVX group was higher than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.01).Four,eight and twelve weeks after operation,the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness of the OVX group decreased compared with those in the control group,and the degree of trabecular separation increased,the difference being statistically significant(P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).Four weeks after operation,the difference of the number of trabecular bone in the two groups was not statistically significant(P > 0.05).Eight and twelve weeks after operation,the number of trabecular bone in the OVX group decreased compared with that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.05).Conclusion:Ovariectomy reduces the level of serum estrogen,resulting in cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone osteoporosis in rats.Subchondral bone osteoporosis is earlier than articular cartilage degeneration,which may be the starting factor of articular cartilage degeneration.endprint
【Keywords】 osteoarthritis;osteoporosis;ovariectomy;articular cartilage;subchondral bone;rats
骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)為一種慢性退行性病變,系由于雌激素下降、年齡、肥胖、局部生物力學(xué)異常等生物學(xué)及力學(xué)因素共同作用引起關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退化損傷、軟骨下骨重塑、骨贅形成等,又稱(chēng)為骨關(guān)節(jié)病、老年性關(guān)節(jié)炎、退行性關(guān)節(jié)炎等,多見(jiàn)于中老年人,臨床主要表現(xiàn)為關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、腫脹、僵硬、畸形、活動(dòng)受限等。隨著人口老齡化,發(fā)病率逐漸增高,全球發(fā)病率約為4%~13%[1],且女性發(fā)病率高于男性,其形成原因眾多,機(jī)制極其復(fù)雜。其中雌激素及雌激素受體與OA高度相關(guān)[2-3],通過(guò)增加雌激素水平可以減輕關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變[4]。以往觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解是OA重要病理變化,其實(shí)OA發(fā)生、進(jìn)展過(guò)程可能是由于軟骨下骨、軟骨細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)所組成的復(fù)合單元結(jié)構(gòu)和功能失衡的結(jié)果。軟骨下骨骨小梁的改變情況可以用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)OA進(jìn)展[5],軟骨下骨重塑會(huì)使關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的應(yīng)力分布異常,過(guò)分的應(yīng)力傳導(dǎo)至關(guān)節(jié)軟骨,加速關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷[6-7]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)抑制軟骨下骨的丟失,能夠有效緩解關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變,其可能為OA治療的重要靶點(diǎn)[8],所以軟骨下骨在OA發(fā)病及進(jìn)展過(guò)程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[9-10]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)探討去卵巢對(duì)SD大鼠關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及軟骨下骨的影響。
1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 3月齡雌性SD大鼠48只,體質(zhì)量為360~370 g,購(gòu)于湖南省斯萊克景達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SCXK(湘)2016-0002。實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)于南華大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室,使用許可證號(hào):SYXK(湘)2010-0006。12 h間隔照明,自由攝食及飲水,環(huán)境溫度為22~26 ℃,濕度為50%~60%。嚴(yán)格按照中華人民共和國(guó)《實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物管理?xiàng)l例》進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物相關(guān)工作。
1.2 主要試劑與儀器設(shè)備 血清雌二醇ELISA試劑盒(廣州皓躍生物科技有限公司);尿液Ⅰ型膠原C末端肽(CTX-Ⅰ)、尿液Ⅱ型膠原C末端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)等ELISA試劑盒(北京生物科技有限公司);奧林巴斯光學(xué)顯微鏡(日本奧林巴斯株式會(huì)社);MSE Micro-Centaur Centrifuge微型臺(tái)式離心機(jī)(日本Sanyo公司);顯微CT(Micro-CT)(廣州中科愷盛醫(yī)療科技有限公司)。
2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組與造模 采用隨機(jī)生成數(shù)字表將48只大鼠分為對(duì)照組和去卵巢組(OVX組),每組24只。參照文獻(xiàn)[11]對(duì)OVX組進(jìn)行雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)構(gòu)建動(dòng)物模型。術(shù)后3 d每組實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物予以肌肉注射青霉素4萬(wàn)U,每日1次預(yù)防感染,術(shù)后任其自由活動(dòng),不固定大鼠。對(duì)照組不做特殊處理。
2.2 標(biāo)本采集及處理 每組實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物于術(shù)后4,8,12周處死前收集24 h尿液樣本,離心后儲(chǔ)存于-20 ℃環(huán)境中。隨后使用脊髓脫臼法每組隨機(jī)處死8只,眼眶取血約3 mL,于低溫離心機(jī)以3000 r·min-1離心20 min,每份分3次用移液槍取上層血清共約600 μL,置于5 mL EP管中,于-80 ℃冰箱中保存。取左側(cè)脛骨近端,輕柔分離軟組織,生理鹽水沖洗,切片后行番紅固綠染色。取右側(cè)脛骨近端置于40 g·L-1多聚甲醛中固定。
2.3 血清雌二醇及尿CTX-Ⅰ、CTX-Ⅱ檢測(cè) 使用ELISA測(cè)定血清雌二醇及尿CTX-Ⅰ、CTX-Ⅱ等指標(biāo)。
2.4 組織形態(tài)學(xué)觀察及Mankin評(píng)分 對(duì)左側(cè)脛骨近端切片后行番紅固綠染色,觀察2組SD大鼠膝關(guān)節(jié)組織形態(tài)學(xué)改變。按照改良Mankin評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[12],分別從軟骨外觀改變、軟骨細(xì)胞數(shù)、著色情況、潮線(xiàn)形態(tài)改變等方面評(píng)價(jià)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷程度。其中0~1分為正常,2~5分為早期OA,6~9分為中期OA,10~14分為晚期OA。記分由3個(gè)獨(dú)立觀察者進(jìn)行。
2.5 Micro-CT技術(shù)觀察軟骨下骨 將固定于40 g·L-1多聚甲醛大鼠右側(cè)脛骨近端取出后置于Micro-CT設(shè)備中進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。分別從骨體積分?jǐn)?shù)(BV/TV)、骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)、骨小梁數(shù)量(Tb.N)、骨小梁分離度(Tb.Sp)等方面對(duì)軟骨下骨行定量分析。Micro-CT的掃描相關(guān)參數(shù):微焦斑X光源13~20 μm,電壓10~90 KVp,最大功率80 W,空間分辨率50 μm,每層間距為15 μm,橫截面視野90 mm,單次掃描長(zhǎng)度120 mm。
2.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以表示,組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
3 結(jié) 果
3.1 2組血清雌二醇及尿CTX-Ⅰ、CTX-Ⅱ水平比較 術(shù)后4,8,12周OVX組血清雌二醇水平明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。
術(shù)后4,8,12周,OVX組CTX-Ⅰ水平明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01);術(shù)后4周2組CTX-Ⅱ水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);術(shù)后8,12周,OVX組CTX-Ⅱ水平明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)圖1、表1。
3.2 關(guān)節(jié)軟骨形態(tài)學(xué)及Mankin評(píng)分比較 OVX組4周時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨變化不明顯;8周時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面粗糙,軟骨細(xì)胞過(guò)多,潮線(xiàn)模糊;12周時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表層破壞,裂隙增大、加深,軟骨組織結(jié)構(gòu)排列不規(guī)則,番紅固綠染色加深,軟骨細(xì)胞增多,潮線(xiàn)不完整;對(duì)照組關(guān)節(jié)軟骨無(wú)明顯變化。術(shù)后4,8周2組Mankin評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);術(shù)后12周OVX組Mankin評(píng)分較對(duì)照組增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)圖2、表2。
3.3 2組軟骨下骨定量分析及Micro-CT圖像比較endprint
術(shù)后4,8,12周OVX組較對(duì)照組BV/TV、Tb.Th降低,Tb.Sp增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01或P < 0.05)。術(shù)后4周2組Tb.N比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);術(shù)后8,12周OVX組Tb.N較對(duì)照組降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖3、圖4。
4 討 論
隨著人口老齡化,OA發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),我國(guó)女性發(fā)病率為10.3%,男性發(fā)病率為5.7%[13]。OA不但給患者帶來(lái)生理上的疼痛、功能障礙,還導(dǎo)致焦慮、抑郁、社交障礙等,對(duì)人類(lèi)健康造成嚴(yán)重影響,最終給家庭和社會(huì)醫(yī)療帶來(lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)和壓力。本病發(fā)生及進(jìn)展機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,因此對(duì)其機(jī)制進(jìn)行探索具有重要的意義。
目前醫(yī)學(xué)界普遍認(rèn)為,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解為OA的重要病理變化[14],關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的退變受雌激素及雌激素受體影響。雌激素為一種類(lèi)固醇激素,主要分為雌激素與孕激素兩大類(lèi)。女性除生殖系統(tǒng)外,體內(nèi)許多組織器官都受雌激素影響,例如骨骼、泌尿系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等。絕經(jīng)后女性人群中OA發(fā)病率明顯增高,一項(xiàng)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,50歲以上女性O(shè)A發(fā)病率顯著高于男性[15]。
Andersson等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),選擇性雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑能夠抑制關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變及減輕OA關(guān)節(jié)炎癥;Riancho等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),雌激素相關(guān)受體基因的表達(dá)情況與OA的嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān);既往研究也證實(shí),對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行去勢(shì)能夠復(fù)制OA模型[18]。以上研究均提示,雌激素受體及雌激素水平與OA高度相關(guān)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),大鼠去勢(shì)4周后雌二醇水平下降明顯,此時(shí)作為關(guān)節(jié)軟骨降解產(chǎn)物的尿CTX-Ⅱ水平開(kāi)始增高,但OVX組關(guān)節(jié)軟骨組織Mankin評(píng)分增高并不明顯,翻紅固綠染色也可見(jiàn)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨變化不明顯,提示SD大鼠在去卵巢4周時(shí),關(guān)節(jié)軟骨尚未發(fā)生明顯的退變。8周時(shí)翻紅固綠染色可見(jiàn)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)輕度粗糙、軟骨細(xì)胞增生、潮線(xiàn)模糊等方面變化,此時(shí)Mankin評(píng)分雖進(jìn)一步增高,但與對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。12周時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)較為明顯的OA病理表現(xiàn),OVX組Mankin評(píng)分較對(duì)照組明顯增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P ﹤ 0.01),說(shuō)明通過(guò)對(duì)大鼠行去卵巢術(shù),大約12周就能建立出成功的膝OA動(dòng)物模型。本研究結(jié)果提示,對(duì)大鼠去卵巢后,血清雌激素水平明顯下降,雌激素的缺乏可導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變。這與目前的研究一致[19]。
OA發(fā)生及進(jìn)展機(jī)制復(fù)雜,單純從關(guān)節(jié)軟骨解釋其機(jī)制欠妥當(dāng)。隨著國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)OA研究的不斷深入,軟骨下骨開(kāi)始逐漸受到關(guān)注。軟骨下骨為薄層皮質(zhì)骨,位于鈣化軟骨深部。軟骨下骨作用在于維持關(guān)節(jié)的形態(tài)、吸收應(yīng)力、緩沖震蕩、為關(guān)節(jié)軟骨提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)、影響關(guān)節(jié)軟骨新陳代謝等[20]。Muraoka等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),在關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變之前軟骨下骨已發(fā)生異常改變,因此軟骨下骨可能是OA重要治療靶點(diǎn)。
大致可通過(guò)生物力學(xué)和生物學(xué)兩方面對(duì)軟骨下骨影響OA的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展進(jìn)行解釋。OA中軟骨下骨重塑極度活躍,軟骨下骨的骨重塑包括骨吸收及耦聯(lián)骨形成兩方面,其中OA軟骨下骨的骨重塑早期以骨吸收為主[22],且OA早期軟骨下骨極易發(fā)生微損傷[23],反復(fù)微損傷啟動(dòng)骨重塑過(guò)程,引起過(guò)量的骨形成,最終導(dǎo)致OA晚期軟骨下骨骨密度增加[24]。軟骨下骨重塑失衡使其吸收應(yīng)力能力降低,關(guān)節(jié)應(yīng)力分布異常,從而導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變。RANKL/RANK/OPG信號(hào)通路為調(diào)節(jié)骨吸收的最后通路[25],參與調(diào)控OA患者軟骨下骨的骨重塑過(guò)程[26]。雌激素能上調(diào)OPG表達(dá)[27],抑制前破骨細(xì)胞分化為成熟的破骨細(xì)胞,減輕軟骨下骨吸收。尿CTX-Ⅰ被認(rèn)為是使用最為廣泛的膠原降解標(biāo)志物之一,它屬于骨重塑中的重要骨代謝指標(biāo),其水平可反映破骨細(xì)胞活性及軟骨下骨骨吸收情況。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,OVX組尿CTX-Ⅰ水平較對(duì)照組增高,提示雌激素缺乏后,破骨細(xì)胞活性增強(qiáng),軟骨下骨骨吸收增加。通過(guò)Micro-CT也發(fā)現(xiàn),自4周開(kāi)始OVX組軟骨下骨骨小梁斷裂、分布稀疏、厚度變薄、結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,并隨時(shí)間推移呈現(xiàn)加重趨勢(shì)。定量分析發(fā)現(xiàn),4,8,12周的BV/TV、Tb.Th、Tb.N較對(duì)照組降低,Tb.Sp較對(duì)照組增高,提示通過(guò)去卵巢所導(dǎo)致的雌激素缺乏可使SD大鼠軟骨下骨Tb.N、Tb.Th、密度等下降,軟骨下骨發(fā)生質(zhì)與量的變化,呈現(xiàn)出骨質(zhì)疏松。結(jié)合目前國(guó)內(nèi)外研究,我們認(rèn)為雌激素缺乏可通過(guò)某種機(jī)制啟動(dòng)軟骨下骨重塑,激活破骨細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)軟骨下骨骨吸收,使軟骨下骨發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松。另外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后4周時(shí)OVX組大鼠軟骨下骨已經(jīng)開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)骨質(zhì)疏松,此時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨尚未發(fā)生退變,從軟骨下骨及關(guān)節(jié)軟骨兩者開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)病理變化的時(shí)間來(lái)看,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)軟骨下骨的骨質(zhì)疏松早于關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的退變。于是我們推測(cè)先于關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變的軟骨下骨骨質(zhì)疏松導(dǎo)致軟骨下骨硬度和強(qiáng)度改變,使關(guān)節(jié)軟骨應(yīng)力分布異常,最終通過(guò)異常的生物力學(xué)因素影響關(guān)節(jié)軟骨功能,促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示,軟骨下骨的骨質(zhì)疏松在OA的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展過(guò)程中扮演著重要角色。當(dāng)然,軟骨下骨還可通過(guò)復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)因素對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的退變產(chǎn)生影響。軟骨下骨與關(guān)節(jié)軟骨之間存在直接串聯(lián)[28],兩者之間物質(zhì)的運(yùn)輸可以通過(guò)這些串聯(lián)來(lái)完成。軟骨下骨中過(guò)量的血管侵入關(guān)節(jié)軟骨,會(huì)加速關(guān)節(jié)軟骨內(nèi)骨化。Wang等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤壞死因子-α能上調(diào)LRG1表達(dá),影響間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞遷移,促進(jìn)軟骨下骨血管生成及耦聯(lián)骨形成,加速關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷。Chen等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),OA患者軟骨下骨SDF-1呈現(xiàn)出高表達(dá),通過(guò)抑制SDF-1信號(hào)通路能夠減輕OA動(dòng)物模型軟骨下骨異常改變,緩解關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變。
綜上所述,盡管?chē)?guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者從不同角度解釋OA發(fā)生、發(fā)展,但其機(jī)制過(guò)于復(fù)雜,目前尚未完全明確。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)大鼠去勢(shì)后,其血清雌激素水平顯著下降,骨代謝指標(biāo)顯著上升,Mankin評(píng)分增高,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變及軟骨下骨吸收明顯,提示雌激素缺乏能夠影響關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及軟骨下骨代謝,加速關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變及軟骨下骨吸收,誘發(fā)OA。另外本實(shí)驗(yàn)還發(fā)現(xiàn),去卵巢后軟骨下骨的重塑得以啟動(dòng),骨吸收增加,表現(xiàn)為骨質(zhì)疏松,且軟骨下骨骨質(zhì)疏松早于關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的退變,其可能是關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變的始發(fā)因素。但雌激素具體如何影響關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及軟骨下骨尚需進(jìn)一步研究。endprint
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收稿日期:2017-06-29;修回日期:2017-08-23endprint