□呂吉爾

（寧波市北侖中學(xué)，浙江寧波315800）

劃分段落：英語概要寫作中找齊要點(diǎn)的秘訣

□呂吉爾

（寧波市北侖中學(xué)，浙江寧波315800）

內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)齊全是英語概要寫作評(píng)分中最重要的一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。考生在概要寫作中可以根據(jù)文章的體裁對(duì)短文進(jìn)行段落劃分，按段落確定要點(diǎn)，這樣就能確保內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)齊全了。

概要寫作；要點(diǎn)；段落

概要寫作是浙江省英語新高考寫作部分的新增題型之一，與同樣是新增的寫作題型讀后續(xù)寫在不同考次不定期交替使用。概要寫作提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要，從評(píng)分細(xì)則可以看出，概要寫作要求內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)齊全、語言準(zhǔn)確簡(jiǎn)練、文句連貫緊湊、語言獨(dú)立表達(dá)[1]。其中最重要的無疑是內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)齊全。但在概要寫作教學(xué)中，學(xué)生碰到的最大難題就是找不齊要點(diǎn)。

經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的摸索，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)了找齊要點(diǎn)的秘訣——給短文劃分段落。根據(jù)文章的體裁對(duì)短文進(jìn)行段落劃分，然后按段落確定要點(diǎn)，那么短文有幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)也就一目了然了。概要寫作的短文體裁一般是說明文或議論文，也有可能是記敘文。下面筆者針對(duì)不同體裁的短文就如何劃分段落、如何確定要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行探討。

一、說明文的段落劃分

說明文因其內(nèi)容不同可分為若干類型，而各類說明文又有其特定的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)，我們可以根據(jù)其內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)來給不同類型說明文劃分段落。比如：（1）描述某事物的性質(zhì)功用等的說明文可以按照“事物—性質(zhì)/定義—功用/功能—應(yīng)用/利好”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行劃分；（2）針對(duì)某個(gè)問題提出解決辦法或措施的說明文可以按照“問題—成因—解決方法/措施”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行劃分；（3）介紹某種現(xiàn)象及其原因結(jié)果的說明文可以按照“現(xiàn)象—原因—結(jié)果”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行劃分。請(qǐng)看下面的例題。

短文及劃分后的段落要點(diǎn)These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint.Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses,factories,and offices.Green building means“reducing the impact of the building on the land”,Taryn Holowka of the U.S.Green Building Council in Washington,D.C.said.According to Holowka,buildings account for 65 percent of total U.S.electricity use.But green buildings can reduce energy and water use.Also,the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways,so that people can drive their cars less.That could be good for the environment,because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution.Green buildings are often built on developed land,so that the buildings don’t destroy forests.1.事物（綠色建筑）的定義2.事物（綠色建筑）的功用

（續(xù)表）

【概要】Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings.（要點(diǎn)1）They can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage,thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well.（要點(diǎn) 2）For example,the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water.（要點(diǎn) 3）Although not all people like green building yet,it is expected to be popular in the near future.（要點(diǎn)4）

【簡(jiǎn)析】該短文是描述綠色建筑功用的說明文，由8個(gè)自然段組成，按照“定義—功用—應(yīng)用—展望”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)可劃分為四個(gè)段落，也即有四個(gè)要點(diǎn)。要點(diǎn)1是綠色建筑的定義，即第1自然段；要點(diǎn)2是綠色建筑的功用，即第2、3、4自然段；要點(diǎn)3是綠色建筑的應(yīng)用實(shí)例the Solaire及其功能，即第5、6、7自然段；要點(diǎn)4是對(duì)綠色建筑的展望，即第8自然段。

二、議論文的段落劃分

議論文通常由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論三要素構(gòu)成，這就為我們給議論文劃分段落提供了依據(jù)。我們可按“論點(diǎn)—論據(jù)1……論據(jù)n—結(jié)論”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)來劃分短文的段落。請(qǐng)看下面的例題。

短文及劃分后的段落要點(diǎn)We live in a technological society wheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilled labor.Because of this,most people think that craft no longer exists.One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid,and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability.“Homes in those days were well-built,”they say.No doubtthesehomeswerewell-built,butwhat these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.1.提出論點(diǎn)2.一方論據(jù)及其支撐細(xì)節(jié)Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price.For example,more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways,although they were once fairly common in older homes.Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway.Yet if someone can pay the high cost,there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways.And not only would these carpenters know how to build them,they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools.Such tools as laser beams and powerplanes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts on the wood.Also,it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics,which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.3.另一方論據(jù)及其支撐細(xì)節(jié)

（續(xù)表）

【概要】Nowadays a majority of people think that craft is dead,because they see century-old homes soundly stand.（要點(diǎn) 1）They believe that it is the craftsmanship that contributes to the durability of the buildings,but they mistake the quality of material for that of the craftsmanship.（要 點(diǎn) 2）Actually,good carpenters,who are more learned and equipped with advanced tools,still exist.（要點(diǎn)3）So the problem of modern buildings lies in the quality of the material.（要點(diǎn)4）

【簡(jiǎn)析】該議論文由5個(gè)自然段組成，按照“提出論點(diǎn)—論據(jù)1—論據(jù)2—得出結(jié)論”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)可劃分為四個(gè)段落，即有四個(gè)要點(diǎn)。要點(diǎn)1是提出論點(diǎn)：很多人認(rèn)為，當(dāng)今社會(huì)手藝已不復(fù)存在，即第1自然段；要點(diǎn)2是支持上述論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)與作者對(duì)此論據(jù)的看法，即第2自然段；要點(diǎn)3是不贊同上述論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)并列舉了支持性依據(jù)，即第3、4自然段；要點(diǎn)4得出結(jié)論，點(diǎn)明問題的癥結(jié)所在，即第5自然段。

三、記敘文的段落劃分

單純的敘事記敘文往往是故事性的，因此，其中都會(huì)含有人物和情節(jié)。而考題短文因受篇幅的限制，不可能記敘多個(gè)主要人物，故事的發(fā)展一般由不同情節(jié)構(gòu)成。若短文是夾敘夾議的哲理性小品文，則在文末會(huì)有作者的觀點(diǎn)或可從中得出哲理性的推論。因此，在給記敘文劃分段落時(shí)可按“情節(jié)1—情節(jié)2……情節(jié)n—啟示”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)來進(jìn)行。請(qǐng)看下面的例題。

3.情節(jié)3：好心 人拾 金不昧、錢 包完 璧歸趙要點(diǎn)1.情節(jié)1：厭煩 城市 生活，想要 放棄2.情節(jié)2：回家 路上 丟失 錢包短文及劃分后的段落That cold January night,I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco.There I was,walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre.With opening night only a week away,I was still learning my lines.I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time.As I walked,I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco.City life had become too much for me.As I walked down empty streets under tall buildings,I felt very small and cold.I began running,both to keep warm and to keep away from any possible robbers.Very few people were still out except a few sad-looking homeless people under blankets.About a block from my apartment,I heard a sound behind me.I turned quickly,half expecting to see someone with a knife or a gun.The street was empty.All I saw was a shining streetlight.Still,the noise had made me nervous,so I started to run faster.Not until I reached my apartment building and unlocked the door did I realize what the noise had been.It had been my wallet falling to the sidewalk.Suddenly I wasn’t cold or tired anymore.I ran out of the door and back to where I’d heard the noise.Although I searched the sidewalk anxiously for fifteen minutes,my wallet was nowhere to be found.Just as I was about to give up the search,I heard the garbage truck pull up to the sidewalk next to me.When a voice called from the inside,“Alisa Camacho?”I thought I was dreaming.How could this man know my name?The door opened,and out jumped a small red-haired man with an amused look in his eyes.“Is this what you’re looking for?”he asked,holding up a small square shape.It was nearly 3 am by the time I got into bed.I wouldn’t get much sleep that night,but I had gotten my wallet back.I also had gotten back some enjoyment of city life.I realized that the city couldn’t be a bad place as long as people were willing to help each other.4.打消放 棄城 市生 活的 念頭

【概要】Dismayed by doing two jobs at a time,the author thought of quitting city life.（要點(diǎn)1）One early morning in January,she ran her way home after work to keep warm and to avoid possible robbery.She lost her wallet on the way and failed to find it anyway.（要 點(diǎn) 2）Unexpectedly,a driver had picked it up and returned it to her.（要點(diǎn)3）Moved by this,she regained some faith in city life and would probably stay on in San Francisco.（要點(diǎn)4）

【簡(jiǎn)析】該記敘文由6個(gè)自然段組成，按照“情節(jié)1—情節(jié)2—情節(jié)3—感悟”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)可劃分為四個(gè)段落，即有四個(gè)要點(diǎn)。要點(diǎn)1是故事情節(jié)1：“我”因不堪同時(shí)做兩份工作的重負(fù)而厭倦城市生活，想要放棄，即第1自然段；要點(diǎn)2是故事情節(jié)2：為暖身和免遭搶劫跑步回家，途中不慎丟失錢包，即第2、3、4自然段；要點(diǎn)3是故事情節(jié)3：一位拾金不昧的司機(jī)把錢包還給了“我”，即第5自然段；要點(diǎn)4是“我”的感悟：因錢包失而復(fù)得而重拾對(duì)城市生活的樂趣，打消放棄的念頭，即第6自然段。

找齊要點(diǎn)是寫好概要的關(guān)鍵，而找齊要點(diǎn)的秘訣就在于給短文劃分段落。按照短文的體裁結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)短文進(jìn)行段落劃分，劃分好段落后，短文有幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)就一目了然了。劃分段落的過程既是為寫概要做準(zhǔn)備的過程，同時(shí)又是深入理解短文結(jié)構(gòu)和語義的過程，因此，給短文劃分段落既是寫作的一種手段，也是閱讀的一種方法。以上三篇例文，體裁不同，自然段數(shù)亦不同，但都被劃分成四個(gè)段落，這純屬巧合，既非必然，亦非筆者刻意為之，考生在答題時(shí)務(wù)必視短文實(shí)際情況而定，切勿機(jī)械照搬。

［1］中華人民共和國教育部考試中心.普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明（高考綜合改革試驗(yàn)省份試用）（第一版）［M］.北京：人民教育出版社，2015：30-31.