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農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)

2017-12-15 02:17黃培奎張智剛羅錫文劉兆朋林志健高維煒
關(guān)鍵詞:農(nóng)機(jī)具陀螺儀加速度計(jì)

黃培奎,張智剛,羅錫文,劉兆朋,王 輝,林志健,高維煒

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農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)

黃培奎,張智剛※,羅錫文,劉兆朋,王 輝,林志健,高維煒

(1. 華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)南方農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械與裝備關(guān)鍵技術(shù)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 510642;2. 華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)工程學(xué)院,廣州 510642)

農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量技術(shù)是實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)機(jī)裝備精準(zhǔn)作業(yè)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一。為進(jìn)一步提高農(nóng)機(jī)裝備作業(yè)質(zhì)量,以ADIS16445微慣性MEMS傳感器和STM32F446核心處理器搭建硬件平臺(tái),以歐拉角法解算姿態(tài),建立卡爾曼濾波模型融合加速度計(jì)與陀螺儀信息,實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角的精準(zhǔn)測(cè)量。融合算法模型考慮陀螺儀零偏特性,并根據(jù)MEMS微傳感器運(yùn)動(dòng)特性,自適應(yīng)模型誤差協(xié)方差矩陣與,適應(yīng)不同工況下農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量。采用SGT320E三軸多功能轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)與BD982雙天線定位測(cè)姿模塊對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行測(cè)試與驗(yàn)證。三軸多功能轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,ADIS16445內(nèi)置陀螺儀與加速度計(jì)性能合格,滿足系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)硬件要求;卡爾曼濾波融合模型精準(zhǔn)有效,傾角靜態(tài)測(cè)量誤差精度為0.15°,動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)量精度典型值為0.3°,最大測(cè)量誤差為0.5°。田間作業(yè)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,自適應(yīng)模型能保證農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)在不同工況下的測(cè)量精度,更穩(wěn)定可靠,測(cè)量平均誤差為0.55°。該文研究的農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)可滿足農(nóng)機(jī)裝備精準(zhǔn)作業(yè)要求。

機(jī)械化;算法;設(shè)計(jì);農(nóng)機(jī)具;傾角測(cè)量;多傳感器融合;自適應(yīng)卡爾曼濾波;歐拉角法

0 引 言

中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)將向規(guī)模化與精細(xì)化方向發(fā)展[1-5],規(guī)?;r(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展必將帶動(dòng)寬幅農(nóng)機(jī)裝備更加廣泛的應(yīng)用,寬幅農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的精準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)航行走控制與寬幅機(jī)具的調(diào)平控制均依賴于農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角的準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量[6-8]。姿態(tài)傾角也是農(nóng)機(jī)具運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)建模與農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械安全預(yù)警研究的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)之一[9-15]。

農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量多采用慣性傳感器、衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)和圖像處理等方法獲取,也有部分學(xué)者研究基于多傳感器融合技術(shù)進(jìn)行姿態(tài)傾角監(jiān)測(cè)[16-20]。其中基于慣性傳感器的農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量是目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的方法,其經(jīng)濟(jì)性、穩(wěn)定性和適應(yīng)性指標(biāo)相比其他測(cè)量方法都具有突出優(yōu)勢(shì)[21-22]。

趙祚喜等[7-8,16]通過(guò)MEMS陀螺儀與加速度計(jì)信息進(jìn)行了農(nóng)機(jī)具的姿態(tài)傾角融合。其中趙祚喜等[7]將姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)用于測(cè)定水田激光平地機(jī)平地鏟實(shí)時(shí)傾角,融合算法測(cè)量誤差一般不超過(guò)1°,能準(zhǔn)確地檢測(cè)平地鏟傾角。但存在融合算法對(duì)加速度計(jì)與陀螺儀進(jìn)行姿態(tài)傾角的切換不夠精確、未能消除慣性傳感器本身固有的偏移量影響等一些不足。馬超等[16]將姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)用于測(cè)定農(nóng)田環(huán)境信息采集平臺(tái)傾角并通過(guò)控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償修正,在田間顛簸路況也能保持最大誤差在3.0°以內(nèi)。但其使用互補(bǔ)濾波的融合算法過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,僅靠一個(gè)權(quán)重系數(shù)的調(diào)節(jié)難以滿足實(shí)際作業(yè)測(cè)量需要,測(cè)量精度有限。胡煉等[8]將姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)用于測(cè)定水田插秧機(jī)底盤橫滾傾角并進(jìn)行平地鏟的調(diào)平控制,提升了激光平地機(jī)的控制精度。但融合算法中的誤差協(xié)方差矩陣均為經(jīng)驗(yàn)值,難以保證高速行走與轉(zhuǎn)彎等工況下的測(cè)量精度、且其融合傾角為單軸,適應(yīng)性有限。

為進(jìn)一步提高農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角的測(cè)量精度及適應(yīng)性,提升農(nóng)機(jī)具作業(yè)質(zhì)量,本文采用MEMS慣性傳感器ADIS16445與STM32F446 ARM處理器設(shè)計(jì)農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)硬件平臺(tái),以歐拉角算法進(jìn)行姿態(tài)解算,考慮陀螺儀零偏與漂移特性,建立卡爾曼濾波模型,自適應(yīng)誤差協(xié)方差矩陣與,實(shí)現(xiàn)各種工況下農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角的精準(zhǔn)融合解算。并通過(guò)三軸多功能轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)試驗(yàn)與田間試驗(yàn)對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析驗(yàn)證。

1 基本原理

1.1 歐拉角空間姿態(tài)解算算法

MEMS慣性陀螺儀經(jīng)數(shù)值積分運(yùn)算可獲得傳感器坐標(biāo)系下敏感軸的姿態(tài)角,常用的姿態(tài)解算算法有歐拉角法、方向余弦法和四元數(shù)法[14,23]。四元素法解算需要進(jìn)行泰勒展開(kāi),通常忽略其高階項(xiàng)將非線性轉(zhuǎn)化成線性進(jìn)行姿態(tài)估算,存在誤差。方向余弦法共有9個(gè)參數(shù),計(jì)算量大,不適宜工程應(yīng)用。歐拉角法是載體姿態(tài)信息解算最為直接的方式,通過(guò)3個(gè)微分方程直接解算,適用于地面作業(yè)農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角解算(不存在俯仰角奇異點(diǎn)情況)[24]。

剛體在三維空間的姿態(tài)變化可理解為從一個(gè)坐標(biāo)系到另一個(gè)坐標(biāo)系的變化,通過(guò)繞不同坐標(biāo)系3次連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn),即歐拉角法原理[25-26]。如圖1所示,姿態(tài)測(cè)量系統(tǒng)原始坐標(biāo)系為,當(dāng)繞X軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生橫滾傾角Roll,傳感器坐標(biāo)系變?yōu)?1;當(dāng)繞Y軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生俯仰傾角Pitch,傳感器坐標(biāo)系變?yōu)?2。

圖1 歐拉角法姿態(tài)解算原理圖

根據(jù)歐拉角法的坐標(biāo)旋轉(zhuǎn)原理,歐拉角隨時(shí)間的傳遞關(guān)系可利用MEMS陀螺儀測(cè)得的角速率表示。

式中ωωω分別為、、軸旋轉(zhuǎn)角速率,rad/s;分別為橫滾角、俯仰角與偏航角,rad。整理式(1)可推導(dǎo)出歐拉角算法的微分方程為

故根據(jù)歐拉角算法,只需求解相應(yīng)的微分方程便可得到相應(yīng)的姿態(tài)角。本文研究的農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角具體指的是橫滾角與俯仰角,不包含偏航角。

1.2 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)條件下加速度計(jì)測(cè)量?jī)A角算法

MEMS加速度計(jì)處于準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)(靜止或無(wú)外部加速度時(shí))條件下時(shí),只感應(yīng)到重力加速度[27-29]。對(duì)于單軸加速度計(jì),如圖2a所示。

式中為測(cè)量?jī)A角,(°);與分別為單軸加速度測(cè)量值與重力加速度值,m/s2。故準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)時(shí),由單軸加速度計(jì)可測(cè)量平面傾角。同理,通過(guò)三軸加速度計(jì)可對(duì)剛體在準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)條件下的空間姿態(tài)傾角變化進(jìn)行測(cè)量。如圖2b所示,假設(shè)三軸加速度計(jì)輸出值分別為a、a、a,則準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)時(shí)有

式中a為三軸合加速度,m/s2;準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)時(shí)值為1 g,即本地重力加速度。

注:θ為測(cè)量?jī)A角,(°);a與g分別為單軸加速度測(cè)量值與重力加速度值,m·s-2;aX、aY、aZ、ag分別為三軸加速度計(jì)輸出值與三軸合加速度,m·s-2。

結(jié)合歐拉角姿態(tài)解算算法對(duì)剛體空間姿態(tài)傾角的定義,對(duì)應(yīng)圖2b三軸加速度計(jì)模型有

1.3 卡爾曼濾波融合算法

卡爾曼濾波算法是一種最優(yōu)化自回歸的數(shù)據(jù)處理方法,能簡(jiǎn)單、高效地處理離散數(shù)據(jù)線性濾波的問(wèn)題[30-33]。1960年由卡爾曼首次提出后不斷改進(jìn),現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于控制、圖像處理、傳感器信息融合等領(lǐng)域??柭鼮V波算法由系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)方程與系統(tǒng)觀測(cè)方程組成

式中x、uz分別代表系統(tǒng)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)向量、輸入向量與測(cè)量向量;分別為系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)矩陣、輸入矩陣與輸出矩陣;wv分別代表系統(tǒng)在(-1)時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)噪聲與時(shí)刻的測(cè)量噪聲。系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)噪聲和測(cè)量噪聲彼此獨(dú)立且定義為零均值且符合正態(tài)分布的高斯白噪聲,其協(xié)方差矩陣QR分別定義為

卡爾曼濾波算法執(zhí)行主要由時(shí)間更新和測(cè)量更新兩部分組成,因此也被稱作“預(yù)估—更正”法。具體執(zhí)行流程如下:

2)時(shí)間更新,即“預(yù)估”法;

①計(jì)算先驗(yàn)狀態(tài)估計(jì)

②計(jì)算先驗(yàn)誤差協(xié)方差

3)測(cè)量更新,即“更正”法;

①計(jì)算卡爾曼增益

式中K為卡爾曼時(shí)刻增益,為狀態(tài)輸出矩陣。

②用測(cè)量值更新?tīng)顟B(tài)估計(jì)

③更新誤差協(xié)方差

重復(fù)“預(yù)估—更正”過(guò)程,直到算法結(jié)束。

2 系統(tǒng)硬件和軟件設(shè)計(jì)

2.1 系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)

農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)由硬件平臺(tái)與軟件算法兩部分組成,如圖3所示。MEMS慣性傳感器輸出的三軸加速度計(jì)、三軸陀螺儀與溫度等測(cè)量信息輸入至核心處理器STM32F446RC中,進(jìn)行軟件算法的計(jì)算,包括初始化、卡爾曼濾波與傾角估計(jì)三部分,最后輸出融合橫滾角與俯仰角。

圖3 系統(tǒng)總計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)

2.2 硬件平臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)

系統(tǒng)的硬件部分主要包括AMR核心處理器與MEMS微慣性傳感器穩(wěn)壓電路,工作電路和串口通訊電路等。

2.2.1 ARM核心處理器

根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求,選用ST公司STM32F446RC 作為系統(tǒng)的核心處理器。該ARM核心芯片為32位處理器,具有180 MHz的最高處理頻率可滿足姿態(tài)傾角數(shù)據(jù)處理要求;具有512 kB閃存和雙模四SPI接口、16位DMA與低功耗等特點(diǎn)[34]。

2.2.2 MEMS微慣性傳感器

姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的測(cè)量精度首先取決于所選取的慣性傳感器精度,然后才是傾角融合的處理。本文選取具有6自由度的ADIS公司16445作為慣性測(cè)量模塊,內(nèi)置一個(gè)三軸陀螺儀和一個(gè)三軸加速度計(jì),均具備動(dòng)態(tài)補(bǔ)償功能;集成溫度傳感器和SPI通訊[35]。其中陀螺儀的最大測(cè)量范圍為±250°/s,相應(yīng)分辨率為0.01°/s/LSB;加速度計(jì)測(cè)量范圍為±5 g,分辨率為0.25 mg/LSB;溫度計(jì)分辨率為0.073 86℃/LSB。程序設(shè)置傳感器的采樣頻率為100 Hz,能保證田間地形高低起伏;農(nóng)機(jī)具振動(dòng)、晃動(dòng)、高速作業(yè)等復(fù)雜工況下橫滾與俯仰傾角的準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量。姿態(tài)傾角硬件平臺(tái)實(shí)物圖如圖4所示。

圖4 硬件平臺(tái)實(shí)物圖

2.3 軟件算法設(shè)計(jì)

農(nóng)機(jī)具作業(yè)時(shí)帶動(dòng)姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)在三維空間運(yùn)動(dòng),可利用陀螺儀與加速度計(jì)解算農(nóng)機(jī)具實(shí)時(shí)姿態(tài)傾角。由MEMS微慣性傳感器原理所限,如前文1.2所述,準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)情況下,通過(guò)三軸加速度計(jì)可以準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角。但農(nóng)機(jī)具實(shí)際作業(yè)時(shí)難以保證勻速運(yùn)動(dòng),向心加速度等外部加速度會(huì)影響姿態(tài)傾角解算。對(duì)于MEMS陀螺儀,除了固有零偏外還存在漂移特性,在動(dòng)態(tài)、頻率較高情況下通過(guò)角速度積分可獲得較準(zhǔn)確的傾角,但陀螺儀漂移的積分會(huì)隨時(shí)間累積產(chǎn)生積分誤差。因此實(shí)際應(yīng)用常將2種傳感器組合使用,通過(guò)濾波融合算法實(shí)現(xiàn)傾角的準(zhǔn)確估計(jì)。常用的融合算法有互補(bǔ)濾波、梯度下降法與卡爾曼濾波算法[19,21],其中基于卡爾曼濾波器的姿態(tài)融合算法應(yīng)用最為廣泛。

式中Δ為系統(tǒng)采樣間隔0.01 s。

農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)具有動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)變特性,系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)噪聲與測(cè)量噪聲均跟隨系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化。為了提高姿態(tài)傾角融合精度,需根據(jù)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)特性自適應(yīng)調(diào)整系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)噪聲協(xié)方差矩陣與測(cè)量噪聲協(xié)方差矩陣。定義如下

MEMS微慣性傳感器的帶寬有限,系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)噪聲可隨系統(tǒng)旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)大小(式(17))變化,故動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程可將系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)噪聲與旋轉(zhuǎn)大小做近似線性處理如下[34]

式中為軸陀螺儀輸出,代表當(dāng)前時(shí)刻。

對(duì)于本文系統(tǒng),根據(jù)ADIS16445傳感器特性,有max=433°/s;2high=0.05;2low=0.01。

系統(tǒng)的測(cè)量噪聲具有時(shí)變特性,取決于系統(tǒng)的測(cè)量狀態(tài),系統(tǒng)實(shí)際作業(yè)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的外部加速度會(huì)造成測(cè)量噪聲的增加。對(duì)于卡爾曼濾波模型,系統(tǒng)的初始化會(huì)對(duì)傾角融合精度產(chǎn)生影響。由于實(shí)際農(nóng)機(jī)具田間作業(yè)前均需經(jīng)過(guò)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)或啟動(dòng)預(yù)熱階段(此時(shí)為準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)),故可保證由三軸加速度計(jì)解算得到準(zhǔn)確的姿態(tài)傾角初始值,模型初始化有效。此后可將系統(tǒng)測(cè)量噪聲與外部干擾加速度做近似線性處理如下[31,36]

3 試驗(yàn)與結(jié)果分析

3.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)備及方法

為驗(yàn)證農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的精確性與適用性,本文采用SGT320E三軸多功能轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)、BD982雙天線定位測(cè)姿模塊與雷沃ZP9500型高地隙噴霧機(jī)等設(shè)備進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)是測(cè)試角運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備, 通過(guò)設(shè)置三軸運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)模擬多種運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)慣性傳感器標(biāo)定與姿態(tài)測(cè)量系統(tǒng)模型驗(yàn)證。BD982雙天線定位測(cè)姿模塊是由美國(guó)天寶公司生產(chǎn)的高精度定位測(cè)姿系統(tǒng),姿態(tài)測(cè)量穩(wěn)定性與測(cè)量精度高,廣泛運(yùn)用于各種工程測(cè)量領(lǐng)域,本文將其作為田間試驗(yàn)姿態(tài)測(cè)量對(duì)照。雷沃ZP9500型是一種高地隙寬幅噴桿噴霧機(jī),噴桿長(zhǎng)11.5 m,田間作業(yè)時(shí)噴桿姿態(tài)傾角變化大,適宜作為農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)田間試驗(yàn)平臺(tái)。

3.2 三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)試驗(yàn)與結(jié)果

SGT320E型三軸多功能轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)由機(jī)械臺(tái)體、電控系統(tǒng)及連接電纜組成。轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)臺(tái)體結(jié)構(gòu)采用U-O-O結(jié)構(gòu),三軸均可連續(xù)無(wú)限旋轉(zhuǎn),其速率分辨率為0.000 1°/s[37]。SGT320E型具有位置模式、速率模式和搖擺模式等3種轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)模式,支持外同步觸發(fā)串口輸出,可實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)數(shù)據(jù)與傳感器數(shù)據(jù)的同步記錄。試驗(yàn)中分別采用三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)位置模式對(duì)ADIS16445三軸加速度計(jì)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定校驗(yàn);采用速率模式對(duì)ADIS16445三軸陀螺儀進(jìn)行標(biāo)定校驗(yàn);采用搖擺模式對(duì)農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的融合算法模型進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證并對(duì)其融合橫滾角與俯仰角的測(cè)量精度進(jìn)行測(cè)試。如圖5所示,將農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量模塊安裝在內(nèi)軸中心,保證ADIS16445的3個(gè)敏感軸分別與三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的3個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸平行。

圖5 三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)試驗(yàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)圖

3.2.1 ADIS16445標(biāo)定

參考文獻(xiàn)[37]所列舉的6位置加速度計(jì)標(biāo)定方法,采用三軸多功能轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)位置模式對(duì)ADIS16445的三軸加速度計(jì)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定。傳感器預(yù)熱完成后采集試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),每個(gè)位置采集5 min,分別統(tǒng)計(jì)在6個(gè)不同位置下三軸加速度計(jì)輸出的均值,結(jié)果如表1所示。

表1 加速度計(jì)各敏感軸取向與加速度輸出

采用最小二乘法求解出ADIS16445三軸加速度計(jì)的標(biāo)定系數(shù)矩陣為

由標(biāo)定結(jié)果可知ADIS16445三軸加速度計(jì)的零偏值均在參考值0.075 mg(系數(shù)矩陣第4行為三軸加速度計(jì)零偏值)以內(nèi),加速度計(jì)性能符合試驗(yàn)要求。

參考文獻(xiàn)[24], MEMS陀螺儀誤差模型可表示為

式中為標(biāo)度因素誤差;B為與重力加速度無(wú)關(guān)的零偏;為陀螺儀零平均值隨機(jī)零偏;為陀螺儀實(shí)際輸出值。采用三軸多功能轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)速率模式對(duì)進(jìn)行ADIS16445的三軸陀螺儀標(biāo)定。傳感器預(yù)熱完成后采集試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),設(shè)置轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)以速率方式轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),每次運(yùn)行5 min,每個(gè)敏感軸分別采集在速率為?200至200°/s(三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的外框最高轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)速率)。間隔為20°/s的ADIS16445陀螺儀數(shù)據(jù),共計(jì)63組。采用數(shù)據(jù)擬合方法進(jìn)行求解,如式(23)所示。

ADIS16445的三軸陀螺儀靜態(tài)偏移(B)均在參考值0.15 °/s范圍內(nèi),陀螺儀性能符合試驗(yàn)要求。

3.2.2 融合算法驗(yàn)證

采用信號(hào)發(fā)生器產(chǎn)生幅值為5 V,頻率為10 Hz的方波同時(shí)觸發(fā)三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)與農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量模塊,并分別設(shè)置轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)內(nèi)軸與中軸以搖擺幅度為4°、搖擺頻率為1 Hz擺動(dòng),模塊預(yù)熱完成后由靜態(tài)零位置到搖擺運(yùn)動(dòng)模式模擬農(nóng)機(jī)具實(shí)際作業(yè)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的橫滾角與俯仰角,每組測(cè)試時(shí)長(zhǎng)5 min,驗(yàn)證融合算法動(dòng)靜態(tài)測(cè)量精度,同時(shí)與普通陀螺積分方法進(jìn)行對(duì)比。圖6a為內(nèi)軸搖擺產(chǎn)生橫滾角,準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)測(cè)量誤差的情況;圖6b為中軸搖擺產(chǎn)生俯仰角,動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)量誤差情況。

注:搖擺幅度為4°,搖擺頻率為1 Hz。

由圖6可知,在農(nóng)機(jī)具實(shí)際作業(yè)時(shí)的傾角典型值(搖擺幅度為4°,頻率1 Hz)的三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)搖擺測(cè)試中,利用普通的積分方法計(jì)算傾角在準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)時(shí)存在明顯累計(jì)誤差,陀螺儀漂移引起的誤差隨時(shí)間增長(zhǎng);動(dòng)態(tài)誤差普遍大于1°。如表2所示,基于卡爾曼濾波的融合算法能有效抑制有陀螺儀零偏與漂移引起的累計(jì)誤差,傾角測(cè)量穩(wěn)定精準(zhǔn)。靜態(tài)最大測(cè)量偏差為0.15°,動(dòng)態(tài)最大測(cè)量偏差為0.5°。三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果即驗(yàn)證本文提出算法的優(yōu)越性與有效性。

表2 基于卡爾曼濾波的融合算法的三軸轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)傾角測(cè)試結(jié)果

注:典型值為多次試驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)最大偏差的平均值,下同。

Note: Typical value is the average value of multiple trial statistics max error,same as below.

3.3 田間試驗(yàn)與結(jié)果

雷沃ZP9500型自走式高地隙噴桿噴霧機(jī)(簡(jiǎn)稱高地隙噴霧機(jī))是雷沃重工股份有限公司2016年推向市場(chǎng)的一款植保機(jī)械,四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)、最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑3.2 m,最高離地間隙1.1 m,噴幅11.5 m,廣泛運(yùn)用于水稻、小麥等種植全過(guò)程田間植保管理。

美國(guó)天寶公司生產(chǎn)的定位測(cè)姿模塊BD982支持高精度定位、姿態(tài)和航向輸出,穩(wěn)定性高,動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)快,當(dāng)主從天線基線長(zhǎng)度為10 m時(shí)其橫滾/俯仰角動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)量精度可達(dá)0.05°。本文試驗(yàn)基線長(zhǎng)度為1.4 m測(cè)量精度可達(dá)0.1°。廣泛運(yùn)用于工程機(jī)械,汽車,農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械等領(lǐng)域。

田間試驗(yàn)于2017年6月在華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)增城教學(xué)試驗(yàn)基地進(jìn)行,采用高地隙噴霧機(jī)平臺(tái)進(jìn)行田間試驗(yàn),并以BD982作為農(nóng)機(jī)具傾角測(cè)量參照。如圖7所示,將農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量模塊與BD982安裝于高地隙噴霧機(jī)頂部,農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量模塊位于兩天線中心。

1.ZP9500型高地隙噴霧機(jī) 2. 農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng) 3. BD982雙天線定位測(cè)姿模塊

先進(jìn)行橫滾角試驗(yàn),再將農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量模塊水平旋轉(zhuǎn)90°進(jìn)行俯仰角試驗(yàn)(BD982雙天線系統(tǒng)僅有1維傾角輸出)。采用同步觸發(fā)方式,在預(yù)熱完成后開(kāi)啟高地隙噴霧機(jī)采集試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果分別如圖8與圖9所示。

圖8 橫滾角融合算法田間對(duì)比驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)

圖9 俯仰角融合算法田間對(duì)比驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)

由圖8與圖9可知,帶自適應(yīng)的卡爾曼濾波算法能更好適應(yīng)田間復(fù)雜工況下的應(yīng)用,且具有更高的測(cè)量精度。田間試驗(yàn)以BD982作為農(nóng)機(jī)具傾角測(cè)量參照,具體結(jié)果如表3所示。

表3 自適應(yīng)卡爾曼濾波田間傾角測(cè)試結(jié)果

由表3可知,本文研制的農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量模塊動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)量平均誤差0.55°、最大誤差小于0.91°,可滿足農(nóng)機(jī)具精準(zhǔn)作業(yè)要求。

4 結(jié)論與討論

1)本文設(shè)計(jì)了一種農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng),采用歐拉角算法進(jìn)行姿態(tài)解算、自適應(yīng)卡爾曼濾波算法融合加速度計(jì)和陀螺儀數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量農(nóng)機(jī)具實(shí)時(shí)傾角。

2)在三軸多功能轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)上對(duì)MEMS加速度計(jì)與陀螺儀進(jìn)行了標(biāo)定驗(yàn)證,并測(cè)試傾角融合算法。測(cè)量靜態(tài)最大偏差為0.15°,動(dòng)態(tài)最大偏差為0.5°。

3)以雷沃ZP9500型高地隙噴霧機(jī)為平臺(tái)、以BD982雙天線定位測(cè)姿模塊為參照進(jìn)行田間試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:帶自適應(yīng)的卡爾曼濾波算法能更好適應(yīng)田間復(fù)雜工況下的應(yīng)用,且具有更高的測(cè)量精度。動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)量平均誤差0.55°、最大誤差為0.91°,可滿足農(nóng)機(jī)具精準(zhǔn)作業(yè)要求。

本文設(shè)計(jì)的農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量系統(tǒng)仍需進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行農(nóng)機(jī)具實(shí)際作業(yè)傾角測(cè)量驗(yàn)證,并根據(jù)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化融合算法。下一步研究還應(yīng)考慮加速度計(jì)與陀螺儀本身誤差模型,并嘗試與視覺(jué)、全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)、激光雷達(dá)等傳感器結(jié)合提高農(nóng)機(jī)具姿態(tài)傾角測(cè)量精度。

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Huang Peikui, Zhang Zhigang, Luo Xiwen, Liu Zhaopeng, Wang Hui, Lin Zhijian, Gao Weiwei. Design and test of tilt angle measurement system for agricultural implements[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(22): 9-16. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.22.002 http://www.tcsae.org

Design and test of tilt angle measurement system for agricultural implements

Huang Peikui, Zhang Zhigang※, Luo Xiwen, Liu Zhaopeng, Wang Hui, Lin Zhijian, Gao Weiwei

(1,510642,;2.510642,)

Agricultural implements tilt angle measurement is one of the key technologies to achieve agricultural implements and equipment precision operations. For example, the precision navigation control and the leveling control of agricultural implements are all dependent on the accurate measurement of tilt angle. What’s more, agricultural implements of tilt angle are one of the key parameters of agricultural mechanics modeling and agricultural implements safety warning learning. In order to further improve the quality of agricultural implements operation, we developed a new agricultural implement tilt angle measurement system in this paper and verified by tests on triaxial turntable platform and field. Modern micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies provide the moderate-cost and miniaturized solutions for the development of attitude reference system. Using highly-integrated inertial measurement units (IMUs) ADIS16445 provided by ADI company and micro ARM processor STM32F446 provided by ST company, we built the hardware platform. ADIS16445 ISensor? includes tri-axial gyroscopes and tri-axial accelerometers, the raw sensors data was sampled by STM32F446RC processor through SPI interface. The attitude calculation was carried out based on the Euler angle algorithm. The Kalman filter model with four state vectors and two observations was established to fuse the accelerometer and gyroscope information to achieve the accurate measurement of the tilt angle of agricultural implements. Considering the zero bias and drift characteristics of the gyroscope and the motion characteristics of the MEMS micro sensor, adaptive error covariance matrix Q and R rules were established to achieve precise tilt angle measurement of agricultural implements under different working conditions. Tests were conducted on SGT320E triaxial turntable platform and ZP9500 high level sprayer provided by LOVOL company dual in the field with the assistance of antenna positioning and attitude module BD982 provided by Trimble company. The SGT320E triaxial turntable platform was the standard equipment for testing the angular motion parameters and inertial systems. By setting the triaxial motion parameters to simulate a variety of motion states, it had speed, position and sine swing modes on all triaxial with a rate resolution of 0.0001°/s. In this paper, we used six position accelerometer calibration method and gyroscope error model to verify the performance of accelerometers and gyroscopes. Three-axis multi-function turntable test results showed that ADIS16445 built-in gyroscopes’ and accelerometers’ zero bias were under 0.15°/s and 0.075 mg, qualified to meet the system design hardware requirements. Kalman fusion algorithm were more accuracy and effective compare to simple integral by gyroscope and can solve the problem of zero bias and drift characteristics of the gyroscope with tilt static measurement error accuracy was 0.15°, typical dynamic measurement accuracy was 0.3°, maximum measurement error was less than 0.5°. The BD982 supports high precision positioning, attitude and heading output with high stability and fast dynamic response, which is widely used in construction implements, automobiles, agricultural implements and other fields, making it to be the leader of the industry. In this paper, the baseline length was 1.4 m with the measurement accuracy of 0.1°. Test results from high level sprayer showed that the average error of the attitude inclination was less than 0.55°, maximum measurement error was less than 0.91°, which satisfied the precise operation requirement of the agricultural equipment. Test results also verified that self-adaptive Kalman filter algorithm was more accuracy and stable than normal Kalman filter algorithm, which made the system development by this paper have more applicability. The agricultural implements tilt angle measurement system developed in this paper not only can reducing costs but also can improving the quality of agricultural implements operations.

mechanization; algorithms; design; agricultural implements; tilt angle measurement; multisensory fusion; adaptive Kalman filter; euler angle method

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.22.002

S220.5; TP391

A

1002-6819(2017)-22-0009-08

2017-07-01

2017-10-25

國(guó)家國(guó)際科技合作專項(xiàng)(2015DFG12280);國(guó)家科技部863項(xiàng)目(2013AA10230703);廣東省省級(jí)科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2016B020205003)

黃培奎,博士生,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械姿態(tài)檢測(cè)與導(dǎo)航控制。 Email:peikuihuang@stu.scau.edu.cn.

張智剛,副教授,博士,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)、精細(xì)農(nóng)業(yè)。Email:zzg208@scau.edu.cn.

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