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秸稈還田深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機設(shè)計與試驗

2017-12-15 02:18張居敏祝英豪張春嶺Tahir夏俊芳
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學報 2017年22期
關(guān)鍵詞:機具拖拉機阻力

周 華,張居敏,祝英豪,張春嶺,H.M.Tahir,夏俊芳

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秸稈還田深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機設(shè)計與試驗

周 華,張居敏,祝英豪,張春嶺,H.M.Tahir,夏俊芳※

(華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學工學院,武漢 430070)

深松作業(yè)能有效打破犁底層,提高土壤蓄水保墑能力。秸稈還田是秸稈資源利用最為直接有效的方式,將2種保護性耕作方式結(jié)合在一起可大大提高作業(yè)效率。為了滿足深松和秸稈還田同時作業(yè)的需求,設(shè)計了集土壤深松、破茬碎土、秸稈旋埋、平地等多功能于一體的深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機。該機主要由自激振動深松裝置和秸稈還田旋埋刀輥組成,自激振動深松裝置可調(diào)節(jié)預緊力,不僅可以在一定程度上減少深松耕作阻力,還可以在遇到障礙物時有效保護深松鏟,深松鏟柄的設(shè)計利用了滑切原理,可有效切斷秸稈和雜草,防止纏繞和堵塞深松鏟,對旋埋刀輥進行了重新布置和優(yōu)化,提高了工作穩(wěn)定性和破土能力。田間試驗表明深松作業(yè)可有效減小旋埋刀輥功率;在拖拉機1擋和2擋速度下深松旋埋組合作業(yè)總功率分別為單獨深松和單獨旋埋2項作業(yè)之和的85.0%和82.2%;深松旋埋組合作業(yè)下深松和旋埋的平均耕深分別為28.9和17.5 cm,耕深穩(wěn)定性分別為93.5%和87.4%,秸稈埋覆率為92.0%,耕后地表平整度為1.0 cm,深松旋埋聯(lián)合作業(yè)后的各項性能參數(shù)均超過質(zhì)量評定指標,滿足農(nóng)藝要求。

農(nóng)業(yè)機械;設(shè)計;土壤;深松;秸稈還田;滑切;旋埋;組合作業(yè)

0 引 言

傳統(tǒng)的旋耕方式作業(yè)多年后對土壤壓實嚴重,形成堅硬的犁底層,導致耕層變淺,作物根系發(fā)展空間受限[1-3]。深松作業(yè)可有效改善土壤耕層結(jié)構(gòu),提高蓄水保墑能力,利于作物根系發(fā)展,是作物增產(chǎn)的一項重要技術(shù)[4-7]。秸稈還田作為對秸稈資源最直接有效的利用方式,一方面減少了秸稈焚燒帶來的環(huán)境污染問題[8-12],另一方面提高了土壤的有機質(zhì)含量,是作物增產(chǎn)增收的另一技術(shù)措施[13]。深松作業(yè)與秸稈還田作業(yè)通常是2個單獨的作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié),增加了拖拉機的下地次數(shù),不但不利于搶農(nóng)時還對土壤進行了二次碾壓,因此設(shè)計一種將深松與秸稈還田2種保護性耕作的方式結(jié)合在一起的機具非常必要。

為了實現(xiàn)保護性耕作的目的,國內(nèi)外學者對深松和秸稈還田方式及相應(yīng)機具進行了研究。Celik等[14]研究了不同作業(yè)情況下深松的功耗對比和對土壤的擾動情況。Amardeep等[15]針對不同材質(zhì)的旋耕刀片工作后的磨損情況進行了試驗分析,為節(jié)省刀片更換時間提供了參考。張麗等[16]研究了深松和秸稈還田對農(nóng)田土壤物理特性的影響,確定了深松結(jié)合秸稈還田對土壤耕層的改善優(yōu)于單獨深松作業(yè)。趙偉等[17-18]設(shè)計了深松旋耕組合作業(yè)機,并對其進行了功率消耗和動力學分析。王瑞麗等[19]設(shè)計了秸稈深埋還田開溝滅茬機,并通過試驗證明其具有較好的開溝、滅茬、碎土效果。韋麗嬌等[20]通過甘蔗地深松旋耕和犁鏵旋耕作業(yè)對比,證明深松旋耕可提高作業(yè)效率40%左右,且旋耕質(zhì)量能達到作業(yè)要求。孫東霞等[21]設(shè)計了深松旋耕施肥聯(lián)合整地機,可一次作業(yè)完成深松、旋耕、施肥、鎮(zhèn)壓作業(yè),還可分解重組,達到較好的試驗效果。田慎重等[22]研究了深松旋耕數(shù)年后土壤有機碳含量變化情況,證明其效果優(yōu)于常規(guī)旋耕處理。國內(nèi)外學者主要針對無秸稈田進行了深松和旋耕研究,或?qū)斩拞为氝€田作業(yè)進行了研究,但對深松和秸稈還田組合作業(yè)機具研究不多,尤其對有秸稈田深松作業(yè)研究更少。

為了實現(xiàn)深松和秸稈還田2種保護性耕作模式相結(jié)合,緩解保護性耕作條件下作物秸稈和雜草對深松鏟的纏繞和堵塞現(xiàn)象,增加秸稈和土壤混埋程度,本文結(jié)合課題組已研發(fā)的秸稈還田旋埋刀輥[23-27]設(shè)計了深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機,并對刀輥的刀具進行重新排布優(yōu)化,該機能夠一次完成土壤深松、破茬碎土、秸稈旋埋、平地等作業(yè),可進行組合作業(yè),也可拆分進行單項作業(yè)。對各作業(yè)工況的工作阻力、功率消耗以及耕前耕后土壤狀況進行了田間對比試驗研究,以期為研究保護性耕作模式提供參考。

1 整機結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計

根據(jù)耕整地農(nóng)藝要求,所設(shè)計的機具作業(yè)工序為深松→秸稈還田旋埋→平地。機具整體結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示,主要包括自激振動深松裝置1、旋埋刀輥2、平土拖板3、中間變速箱4、側(cè)邊傳動箱5、機架6和限深輪7等。

1.自激振動深松裝置 2.旋埋刀輥 3.平土拖板 4.中間變速箱 5.側(cè)邊傳動箱 6.機架 7.限深輪

1.1 工作原理

工作時,深松旋埋機懸掛于拖拉機后方,隨拖拉機的前行,深松裝置先入土進行深松作業(yè),疏松土壤,為旋埋刀輥減輕作業(yè)阻力,并由限深輪控制其深松深度,然后旋埋刀輥入土,進一步破碎上層土壤,并對秸稈和雜草進行埋覆,最后由平土拖板將耕后地表拖壓平整。

1.2 整機性能和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)設(shè)計

由于機具作業(yè)地為旱地,偏黏性土壤,因此土壤堅實度普遍較高,深松作業(yè)時牽引阻力較大,秸稈旋埋作業(yè)時旋埋刀輥功率消耗較大。深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機結(jié)合了土壤深松和秸稈旋埋2項作業(yè),與2項單獨作業(yè)相比,其整機綜合性能有助于改善以上問題。首先,深松作業(yè)使土壤松動,土壤堅實度大大降低,越靠近上層土壤擾動量越大,這種上松下實的土壤狀況為旋埋刀輥改善了作業(yè)條件,可有效減小旋埋刀輥的旋埋功率,其次,旋埋刀輥旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中受到土壤的反作用力,尤其是旋埋刀輥上的螺旋橫刀橫向切土使該力更為明顯,該反作用力相當于給深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機施加了一個主動推力,該主動推力可抵消部分深松作業(yè)的牽引阻力,減輕拖拉機的作業(yè)負荷。

深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機的設(shè)計有效工作幅寬為2 m,而深松深度不應(yīng)低于25 cm,由于深松作業(yè)的土壤擾動寬度約為深松深度的2倍,因此取兩深松鏟的橫向安裝距離為50 cm,配置4個深松鏟,深松鏟居中對稱布置,兩邊各留25 cm,以完全覆蓋后面的旋埋區(qū)間。秸稈和雜草埋覆在8~10 cm以下的比例越大越好,設(shè)計以10 cm為基準,增加40%為最小耕深,因此旋埋刀輥的耕深需在14 cm以上,旋埋刀輥的切土長度即為整機的有效工作幅寬2 m。深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機的前后兩部分下面由8個M18的U型螺栓連接固定,上面由一根長度可調(diào)的帶螺紋的鋼管連接,深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機的主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)如表1所示。

表1 深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù) Table1 Main structural parameters of combined tillage machine for subsoiling and rotary burying

1.3 動力傳遞方式

深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機工作過程中,深松裝置的驅(qū)動力由拖拉機牽引力提供,旋埋刀輥的驅(qū)動力由拖拉機動力輸出軸提供,動力傳遞路線為拖拉機動力輸出軸→萬向節(jié)→中間變速箱→萬向節(jié)→側(cè)邊傳動箱→旋埋刀輥,如圖2所示。

1.動力輸出軸 2.萬向節(jié) 3.中間變速箱 4.側(cè)邊傳動箱 5.旋埋刀輥

1.4 機具受力分析

深松旋埋機在作業(yè)過程中受到來自于土壤的作用力,受力情況較為復雜,主要受力部件有拖板、旋埋刀輥、深松裝置和限深輪等。以其前進方向地面為軸,以深松鏟柄連接段方向為軸,建立坐標系,其各部件受力如圖3所示。

作業(yè)過程中,在水平方向,除土壤對旋埋刀輥切土過程的反作用力F與前進方向相同外,其余的水平分力方向均與前進方向相反,而在垂直方向,除土壤對深松鏟運動過程中產(chǎn)生的垂直分力F和機具自身重力為垂直地面向下,其余的垂直分力方向均向上,由此建立拖拉機牽引力方程

式中為機具質(zhì)量,kg。

注:為拖拉機的瞬時牽引點,F為拖拉機的水平牽引合力,N;F為拖拉機的垂直牽引合力,N;F為拖拉機的牽引阻力,N;F為土壤對拖板的摩擦阻力,N;F為土壤對拖板的支持力,N;F為土壤對旋埋機的摩擦阻力,N;F為土壤對旋埋機的支持力,N;F為土壤對刀具切土過程反力的水平分力,N;F為土壤對刀具切土過程反力的垂直分力,N;F為土壤對深松鏟的水平阻力,N;F為土壤對深松鏟的垂直阻力,N;F為土壤對鏟底的摩擦阻力,N;F為土壤對鏟底的支持力,N;F為限深輪的滾動阻力,N;F為土壤對限深輪的支持力,N;為機具沿前進方向的加速度,m·s-2;為機具的重力,N。

Note:is instantaneous towing point of tractor,Fis horizontal traction force of tractor, N;Fis vertical traction force of tractor, N;Fis traction resistance of tractor, N;Fis frictional resistance of soil to the planker, N;Fis the supporting force of soil to the planker, N;Fis friction resistance of soil to rotary burying machine, N;Fis the supporting force of soil to rotary burying machine, N;Fis horizontal component force of soil reaction force during cutting soil, N;Fis vertical component force of soil reaction force during cutting soil, N;Fis horizontal resistance of soil to the subsoiling, N;Fis vertical resistance of soil to the subsoiling, N;Fis frictional resistance of soil to subsoiler bottom, N;Fis the supporting force of soil to subsoiler bottom, N;Fis rolling resistance of depth wheel, N;Fis the supporting force of soil to depth wheel, N;is the acceleration of the machine along the advancing direction, m·s-2;is gravity of machine, N.

圖3 深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機受力簡圖

Fig.3 Force diagram of combined tillage machine for subsoiling and rotary burying

由于機具正常工作時視為勻速運動,故為0,限深輪和拖板受土壤作用力相對于深松鏟和旋埋機較小,可忽略不計,由此可得拖拉機牽引合力為

拖拉機牽引功率P

由此可得機具所消耗總功率為

式中P為拖拉機牽引功率,kW;v為機具前進速度,m/s;為機具所消耗總功率,kW;P為旋埋刀輥所消耗驅(qū)動功率(即拖拉機動力輸出軸功率),kW。

2 關(guān)鍵部件設(shè)計

2.1 自激振動深松裝置設(shè)計

由于深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機作業(yè)對象為秸稈殘茬覆蓋地,地表情況復雜,秸稈和雜草對深松作業(yè)影響較大,深松鏟易產(chǎn)生秸稈纏繞和堵塞現(xiàn)象[28-29],傳統(tǒng)的深松裝置難以滿足要求,增加切草裝置又會增大機具空間,因此需要設(shè)計合理的深松裝置。

2.1.1 滑切型深松鏟設(shè)計

深松鏟柄的設(shè)計是深松鏟設(shè)計的關(guān)鍵,合理的鏟型不但可以緩解工作過程中秸稈和雜草的纏繞,還可有效降低其工作阻力,為此設(shè)計了滑切型深松鏟柄(圖4)。深松鏟柄由連接段、切土段和鏟尖連接段三部分組成。

注:A為連接段,B為切土段,C為鏟尖連接段,E為雙翼深松鏟,α為入土角,(°);β為鏟尖連接段與水平面夾角,(°);τ為滑切角,(°);h為深松鏟長度,mm。

切土段利用滑切原理設(shè)計而成,滑切角越小,滑切阻力越大;滑切角越大,滑切阻力越小,滑切角的選擇可根據(jù)以下公式[30]進行取值

式中F為滑切刃的正壓力,N;為滑切角,(°);為滑切刃與土壤摩擦角,(°);0為被切割質(zhì)點質(zhì)量,kg;a為質(zhì)點沿滑切刃切向加速度,m/s2。

由式(5)可知,在滑切刃正壓力F>0時,要使被切割土壤與滑切刃產(chǎn)生滑切作用,必須令a>0,即>,由于滑切刃與土壤的摩擦系數(shù)范圍大約在0.2~0.6之間,取最大摩擦系數(shù)0.6計算得約為31°,因此必須大于31°才能產(chǎn)生滑切作用。研究表明[31-33],當滑切角為35°~55°時滑切阻力較小,若滑切角取值過小,則滑切減阻和秸稈切斷效果不明顯,若滑切角取值過大,則鏟柄長度過大,鏟柄強度和穩(wěn)定性降低,因此切土段設(shè)計滑切角取中間值為45°。切土刃口角也是影響切削性能的重要因素,切土刃口角取值過大會導致切削能力降低,工作阻力增大,過小會導致刃口偏薄,容易損壞,據(jù)文獻[34]的設(shè)計要求設(shè)計切土刃口角為60°。

為防止切土段和鏟尖連接段相交處土壤夾塞等問題,其角度變化不宜過大,即鏟尖連接段與水平面的夾角不宜過小,因此設(shè)計其角度為45°,而深松鏟的入土角對其牽引阻力和碎土效果有著重要影響,當入土角達到或超過40°時,牽引阻力會顯著增加,一般入土角不超過25°,因此鏟尖入土角度取為19°。深松裝置后面的旋埋刀輥存在旱耕旋埋秸稈埋覆深度不足的現(xiàn)象,為擴大底層土壤擾動量而提高其作業(yè)質(zhì)量,鏟尖整體采用雙翼型深松鏟。深松鏟其余尺寸設(shè)計要求按照文獻[34]進行設(shè)計。

2.1.2 深松鏟受力分析

深松鏟在作業(yè)過程中受土壤作用力情況較為復雜,可將其劃分為幾個區(qū)域,受力情況如圖5所示。

注:B1為鏟柄切土區(qū),B2為過渡區(qū),E1為深松鏟連接區(qū),E2為鏟面區(qū),E3為鏟底接觸區(qū),F(xiàn)N1,F(xiàn)N2,F(xiàn)N3,F(xiàn)N4為法向阻力,N;Ff1,F(xiàn)f3,F(xiàn)f4為切向阻力,N;FN5為土壤對鏟底的支持力,N;Ff5為土壤對鏟底的摩擦力,N。

由于深松鏟柄及雙翼深松鏟材質(zhì)均為65Mn鋼,土壤視為均勻體,故其具有相同的摩擦系數(shù),由此可得式(7)。

式中為深松鏟與土壤間的摩擦系數(shù)。將式(7)代入(6)可得

故深松裝置所受水平合力與垂直合力分別為

2.1.3 自激振動和連接調(diào)節(jié)裝置設(shè)計

傳統(tǒng)的深松鏟連接方式為通過鏟座固連在機架橫梁上,當作業(yè)過程中遇到障礙物(如石塊等)時,會在瞬間產(chǎn)生較大的阻力,而深松鏟只能強行通過,這也是深松鏟容易損壞變形的主要原因之一。針對上述問題,設(shè)計了深松鏟自激振動保護裝置和與其相匹配的連接調(diào)節(jié)裝置,如圖6a所示。自激振動裝置不但可以有效保護深松鏟,還可在一定范圍內(nèi)降低深松鏟的耕作阻力[35-37]。自激振動裝置內(nèi)部主要包括彈簧和滑塊,外部主要包括彈簧套筒和預緊螺栓等,深松鏟的頂端與其鉸接在一起,通過調(diào)節(jié)預緊螺栓控制彈簧的預緊力,以便深松鏟適應(yīng)不同條件的土壤。連接調(diào)節(jié)裝置主要包括前連接板和后連接板,前后連接板上均開有L型槽,L型槽對置裝配,前連接板和深松鏟柄夾在兩塊后連接板中間。當彈簧的預緊力調(diào)節(jié)完畢,對置的L型槽可以實現(xiàn)深松鏟柄前后和上下的二維移動,使深松鏟柄連接段在正常狀態(tài)下始終垂直于水平面,而對置的L型槽間始終有2個交點,由螺栓連接。

1.自激振動裝置 2.連接調(diào)節(jié)裝置 3.深松鏟柄

1.Self-excited vibration device 2.Connection adjustment device 3.Subsoiler handle

注:為鉸接點,為鏟尖位置,為轉(zhuǎn)角,為地面,為障礙物。

Note:,arehinge points;,aresubsoiler tip position;is the angle of rotation;is ground;is obstacle.

圖6 深松鏟保護裝置示意圖

Fig.6 Diagram of subsoiler protection device

當深松裝置在前進過程中遇到障礙物時,如圖6b,彈簧在深松鏟柄的杠桿作用下繼續(xù)壓縮,深松裝置的3個鉸接點發(fā)生相對位移,深松鏟整體會沿鉸接點產(chǎn)生一定的角度(即)轉(zhuǎn)動,鉸接點移動到′,而鏟尖位置由移動到′,深松鏟整體向上和向后移動,機具繼續(xù)前行,由此跨過障礙物,保護深松鏟,當鏟尖完全跨過障礙物,其阻力又恢復至正常耕作狀態(tài),彈簧所受額外壓力釋放,深松鏟自動恢復原有耕深,以保證其耕深穩(wěn)定性。

2.2 旋埋刀輥設(shè)計

秸稈埋覆還田主要由旋埋刀輥完成,旋埋刀輥包括六段區(qū)間,每段區(qū)間均由彎刀、螺旋橫刀、刀盤和IIT 245旋耕刀組成。主要參數(shù)包括:7個刀盤、36把彎刀、18把螺旋橫刀和36把旋耕刀。螺旋橫刀焊接在左右彎刀上,彎刀通過螺栓緊固在刀盤上,六段區(qū)間的刀具排布分為2種,1、3、5節(jié)相同,2、4、6節(jié)相同,第1、2節(jié)刀具排布如圖7a所示,每節(jié)刀具螺旋橫刀成3條螺旋線排布,旋耕刀均勻排布在螺旋橫刀中間,成兩邊對稱的3條螺旋線。旋埋作業(yè)時,螺旋橫刀和旋耕刀對土壤均有軸向側(cè)推效應(yīng),對應(yīng)的螺旋橫刀與旋耕刀的推土方向相反,使這2種效應(yīng)相互抵消,保證作業(yè)后地表平整和秸稈均勻揉合于耕層土壤中。

螺旋橫刀的結(jié)構(gòu)由一個直角梯形沿一定螺旋線掃描而成,如圖7b所示,主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)有水平長度,軸向轉(zhuǎn)角,最大切土半徑,工作過程中,旋埋刀輥正轉(zhuǎn),旋轉(zhuǎn)半徑大于的旋耕刀先入土,進行切土和破茬作業(yè),再由螺旋橫刀進一步碎土并埋覆秸稈,這樣既能發(fā)揮傳統(tǒng)旋耕刀切土破茬的優(yōu)勢,又能發(fā)揮螺旋橫刀秸稈埋覆的優(yōu)勢[12]。

注:圖7a中,為左右彎刀;為螺旋橫刀;為左右旋耕刀;為刀盤。圖7b中,l為螺旋橫刀水平長度,mm;r為螺旋橫刀最大切土半徑,mm;φ為螺旋橫刀的軸向轉(zhuǎn)角,(°);OO'為旋埋刀輥軸線。

3 田間試驗

3.1 試驗?zāi)康暮驮囼灄l件

3.1.1 試驗?zāi)康?/p>

試驗主要檢測深松旋埋聯(lián)合作業(yè)機配置的合理性,探究整機工作的穩(wěn)定性和適應(yīng)性,測試整機的牽引阻力、功率消耗、耕作狀況及秸稈埋覆情況,以及探討不同作業(yè)方式下的功率消耗情況。

3.1.2 試驗條件

2017年4月14至15日在華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科技試驗基地選取了大豆收獲后的閑置田進行試驗,該田塊為旱作區(qū),土壤為偏黏性土,試驗前田塊長有雜草和秸稈殘茬,土壤狀況適耕,田塊各處試驗條件基本相同,試驗田塊面積滿足測試要求。試驗儀器主要包括東方紅LX954拖拉機(中國一拖集團)、深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機、CKY-810扭矩傳感器(北京中航科儀測控技術(shù)有限公司,量程:0~3 000 N·m,精度為0.5%)、BK-5型牽引力負荷傳感器(中國航天空氣動力技術(shù)研究院,精度等級:0.3)、數(shù)據(jù)采集箱、帶有動力學參數(shù)遙測軟件的接收電腦、TJSD-750型土壤緊實度測定儀(浙江托普云農(nóng)科技股份有限公司,精度:±0.5‰FS)、環(huán)刀、烘箱、電子秤、卷尺、直尺等,試驗前田塊各項參數(shù)狀況如表2所示。

表2 試驗前田塊各項參數(shù) Table 2 Field parameters before experiment

3.2 試驗方法

本設(shè)計的深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機為可拆卸式,可分別進行深松作業(yè)和旋埋作業(yè)。因此,分別對深松機單機作業(yè)、深松后旋埋作業(yè)、單獨旋埋作業(yè)和深松旋埋組合作業(yè)4種情況進行性能試驗,對機具的牽引阻力和功率消耗進行分析,其他性能參數(shù)有深松耕深、旋埋耕深、耕深穩(wěn)定性、耕后地表平整度、耕后土壤堅實度、秸稈埋覆率等。

試驗分8個工況進行:1)深松機單獨作業(yè),深松深度25~30 cm,分拖拉機1擋、2擋2個作業(yè)速度;2)在深松地上進行單獨旋埋作業(yè),旋埋刀輥轉(zhuǎn)速300 r/min,旋埋深度14~18 cm,分拖拉機1擋、2擋2個作業(yè)速度;3)未耕地單獨旋埋作業(yè),旋埋刀輥轉(zhuǎn)速300 r/min,旋埋深度14~18 cm,分拖拉機1擋、2擋2個作業(yè)速度;4)深松旋埋組合作業(yè),旋埋刀輥轉(zhuǎn)速300 r/min,深松深度25~30 cm,旋埋深度14~18 cm,分拖拉機1擋、2擋2個作業(yè)速度。試驗田塊長度為50 m,取中間20 m為拖拉機穩(wěn)定工作區(qū)間,2頭各留15 m作為拖拉機起步和掉頭距離,每個工況重復3次,取其平均值作為該工況試驗結(jié)果,田間試驗情況如圖8所示。

機具的牽引阻力和旋埋刀輥的功率測試分別采用牽引力負荷傳感器和扭矩傳感器。牽引力負荷傳感器包括3個懸掛銷,分別安裝在拖拉機的三點懸掛處,每個傳感器的輸出為電信號4~20 mA,該電信號通過接收電腦進行實時采集,并經(jīng)內(nèi)部的處理軟件將電信號轉(zhuǎn)換為可直接讀取的阻力數(shù)值,對應(yīng)測量范圍為0~30 kN,3個傳感器可測量上拉桿和左右懸掛處機具的6個參數(shù),即三點的水平受力和垂直受力。扭矩傳感器將測得的拖拉機動力輸出軸的扭矩和轉(zhuǎn)速同樣傳遞到電腦軟件,并自動通過式(11)進行計算旋埋刀輥所消耗功率:

式中為拖拉機動力輸出軸扭矩,N·m;為拖拉機動力輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)速,r/min。

3.3 試驗結(jié)果和分析

各工況下三點懸掛所測水平和垂直分力以及其合力如表3所示,表4為各工況作業(yè)后試驗數(shù)據(jù)。

表3 各工況下拖拉機牽引力

注:“-”代表受力方向與原規(guī)定受力正方向相反。

Note: “-” represents the force direction is opposite to the original force direction.

表4 作業(yè)后試驗數(shù)據(jù)

由表3可知,單獨深松時隨前進速度的增加,拖拉機水平牽引合力F明顯增加;而旋埋作業(yè)時其水平牽引合力F均很小,甚至為負值,說明旋埋刀輥正向旋轉(zhuǎn)時產(chǎn)生的水平推力抵消了其水平阻力;深松旋埋組合作業(yè)時其水平牽引合力F與單獨深松作業(yè)相比,在1擋時,分別為11 886和11 448 N,增加了3.8%,而在2擋時,分別為12 064和13 580 N,減小了11.2%,再次證明旋埋刀輥的水平推力抵消了機具部分水平阻力。

由表4可得,單獨深松時當速度從0.52增加到0.84 m/s時,速度增加61.5%,總功率從5.95 增加到11.41 kW,總功率增加91.8%,說明速度對深松功率影響明顯。深松后旋埋作業(yè)和單獨旋埋作業(yè)牽引功率消耗均較小,僅為0.07~1.29 kW,主要消耗為旋埋功率,深松后旋埋作業(yè)相比于單獨旋埋作業(yè),在1擋速度下的旋埋功率分別為24.36和32.28 kW,減小24.5%,總功率分別為24.62和32.55 kW,減小24.4%;在2擋速度下的旋埋功率分別為30.74和38.23 kW,減小19.6%,總功率分別為30.81和39.52 kW,減小22.0%,因此,先進行深松作業(yè)可有效降低旋埋作業(yè)時的功率消耗。深松旋埋組合作業(yè)在1擋和2擋下的總功率分別為32.72和41.88 kW,略大于單獨旋埋作業(yè),但小于單獨深松和單獨旋埋作業(yè)功率消耗之和,在1擋和2擋速度下其總功率分別占2項作業(yè)之和的85.0%和82.2%。與傳統(tǒng)的深松旋耕組合作業(yè)機相比,通過參閱文獻[17,38],對比相近的作業(yè)參數(shù),通過比例關(guān)系換算成相同的作業(yè)幅寬,得出其在2個擋位速度下的功率消耗分別為34.2~38.4和45.5~48.7 kW,功率減小范圍分別在4.4%~14.8%和7.9%~14.0%,說明本文設(shè)計的深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機比傳統(tǒng)的深松旋耕組合作業(yè)機具有更好的功率利用率。

由于目前沒有與深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機相配套的作業(yè)性能評價指標,因此深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機的作業(yè)性能按文獻[39]來評定,結(jié)果如表5所示。從表5可知,進行深松旋埋聯(lián)合作業(yè)后的深松和旋埋的平均耕深分別為28.9和17.5 cm,耕深穩(wěn)定性分別為93.5%和87.4%,秸稈埋覆率為92.0%,耕后地表平整度為1.0 cm,均大于質(zhì)量評定指標,說明深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機一次作業(yè)可達到較好的作業(yè)深度、秸稈埋覆以及平整地表的目的,滿足耕整地農(nóng)藝要求。并且0~15 cm和15~30 cm的耕后土壤堅實度分別為437.6和951.8 kPa,分別比耕前減小了78.4%和67.4%;0~10和10~20 cm的耕后土壤容重分別為1.40和1.41 g/cm3,分別比耕前減小了6.7%和8.4%,達到了較好的疏松土壤效果。

表5 深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機的作業(yè)性能

4 結(jié)論與討論

1)深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機能一次下田完成土壤深松、破茬碎土、秸稈旋埋、平地等作業(yè),實現(xiàn)一機多用,減少了拖拉機的下田次數(shù),減輕了拖拉機對土壤的壓實,節(jié)約農(nóng)時。

2)對深松和旋埋等關(guān)鍵部件進行了設(shè)計和優(yōu)化,采用滑切原理設(shè)計的深松鏟柄可有效切斷秸稈和雜草,防止深松鏟柄發(fā)生堵塞;設(shè)計的自激振動連接裝置可有效保護深松鏟,防止因耕作阻力過大導致的深松鏟變形,還可在一定范圍內(nèi)減小耕作阻力;合理優(yōu)化旋埋刀輥的排布方式,提高了耕作后的地表平整度。

3)通過田間試驗表明,深松旋埋聯(lián)合作業(yè)功率消耗小于單獨深松和單獨旋埋2項作業(yè)之和,說明深松作業(yè)改善了旋埋作業(yè)的作業(yè)條件,降低了旋埋作業(yè)的功率消耗,在拖拉機1擋和2擋速度下其總功率分別占2項作業(yè)之和的85.0%和82.2%,深松和旋埋的平均耕深分別為28.9和17.5 cm,耕深穩(wěn)定性分別為93.5%和87.4%,秸稈埋覆率為92.0%,耕后地表平整度為1.0 cm,均大于質(zhì)量評定指標,滿足農(nóng)藝要求。

本文設(shè)計的自激振動深松裝置相對于傳統(tǒng)深松裝置的減阻效果和整機作業(yè)后的破茬碎土率、秸稈埋覆深度穩(wěn)定性以及作業(yè)效率等問題還有待于進一步試驗研究。

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周 華,張居敏,祝英豪,張春嶺,H.M.Tahir,夏俊芳. 秸稈還田深松旋埋聯(lián)合耕整機設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學報,2017,33(22):17-26. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.22.003 http://www.tcsae.org

Zhou Hua, Zhang Jumin, Zhu Yinghao, Zhang Chunling, H.M.Tahir, Xia Junfang. Design and experiment of combined tillage machine for subsoiling and rotary burying of straw incorporated into soil[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(22): 17-26. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.22.003 http://www.tcsae.org

Design and experiment of combined tillage machine for subsoiling and rotary burying of straw incorporated into soil

Zhou Hua, Zhang Jumin, Zhu Yinghao, Zhang Chunling, H.M.Tahir, Xia Junfang※

(430070,)

Soil compaction become very serious problem due to many years of traditional tillage practices which result in formation of hard plow pan, shallower rooting depth, decreased air and water permeability, and confined root system development. Subsoiling and straw incorporated into soil applied jointly result in good working efficiency, alleviation of plow pan by subsoiling, improved water holding capacity and buried crop residue. This is direct and effective way of improving organic matter contents and it can also effectively alleviate the environmental pollution caused by straw burning. This practice will not only reduce wheel traffic in field, it also will save busy time in farming season and will play an important role in increasing crops yield and farmer’s income. Through the study of relevant literature, in order to meet the needs of deep tillage and straw burying at the same time, a multifunctional machine for subsoiling and rotary burying have designed, which was capable of joint operations like subsoiling, stubbles cutting, soil crushing, residue burying and leveling. Subsoiling implement with self-excited vibration and adjustable pre-tightening force were devised in this machine which worked to reduce subsoiling resistance to certain degree and also protected the subsoiler when it encountered obstacles. The principle of sliding cutting was adopted in the design of the deep shovel bar which can cut off straw and weeds effectively and prevented winding and clogging to the subsoiler bar. The stress analysis of the subsoiling implement was carried out and the force formula was determined. Blades of rotary cutter were rearranged and optimized to improve working stability and soil cutting and crushing capacity. Subsoiling provided good condition for rotary burying and the depth of straw embedment was increased. Different field tests such as separate subsoiling, rotary burying after subsoiling, separate rotary burying and subsoiling with rotary burying as combined operation was carried out. The traction resistance and power consumption of implement under different working conditions were analyzed. Results showed that the traction resistance and power consumption of subsoiling operation was greatly affected by the working speed. In the rotary burying operation, the driving force of the positive rotation of the rotary cutter roll was opposite to the working resistance so that the cancel out and the traction power consumption of rotary burying operation were small, and power ratio for rotary burying was more. Under the 1st and 2nd gear speeds of the tractor, the total power respectively for the combined operation of subsoiling and rotary burying was 32.72 and 41.88 kW. They accounted for 85% and 82.2% of the total sum of individual subsoiling and rotary burying operations, respectively. Through consulting relevant documents, compared with the traditional machine for subsoiling and rotary tillage, the power consumption was reduced by 4.4% to 14.8% and 7.9% to 14.0%, respectively in the same working condition. Other parameters of experiment collected after combined operation of subsoiling and rotary burying and statistically analyzed included average depth of subsoiling. The results showed that rotary burying were 28.9 and 17.5 cm, respectively, subsoiling tillage stability was 93.5% and rotary burying tillage stability was 87.4%, the average vegetation cover rate was 92.0%, the surface evenness after tillage was 1.0 cm, and soil resistance of 0-15 and 15-30 cm after tillage were 437.6 and 951.8 kPa, which were 78.4% and 67.4% less than that before tillage, respectively. Soil bulk density of 0-10 and 10-20 cm after tillage were 1.40 and 1.41 g/cm3which decreased by 6.7% and 8.4%, respectively compared with that before tillage. The performance evaluation indexes of subsoiling field preparation combine machine were compared, and the measured values of the above parameters for combined operation of subsoiling and rotary burying exceeded the quality evaluation index and meet the agronomic requirements.

agricultural machinery; design; soils; subsoiling; straw returning; sliding cutting; rotary burying; combination operation

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.22.003

S222.4

A

1002-6819(2017)-22-0017-10

2017-07-03

2017-10-08

公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項經(jīng)費資助項目(201503136);湖北省科技支撐計劃項目資助項目(2015BBA155);新進博士科研啟動金(2662015BQ016)

周 華,博士生,主要從事現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)裝備設(shè)計及測控研究。Email:zhouhua688@163.com

夏俊芳,教授,博士生導師,主要從事現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)裝備設(shè)計及測控研究。Email:xjf@mail.hza.edu.cn

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