邢浩男,楊啟良,喻黎明,劉小剛
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方形噴灑域噴灌裝置的研制與試驗(yàn)
邢浩男,楊啟良※,喻黎明,劉小剛
(昆明理工大學(xué)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)院,昆明 650500)
針對(duì)圓形噴灑域噴頭導(dǎo)致漏噴、水量重疊和界外噴灑的突出問題,該文研制了一種適用于無風(fēng)環(huán)境的方形噴灑域噴灌裝置以提高噴灌均勻度和水資源利用效率。該裝置主要由搖臂式噴頭、連桿機(jī)構(gòu)和凸輪組成。利用調(diào)節(jié)噴頭仰角的方式改變其射程使搖臂式噴頭噴出方形噴灑域,通過凸輪滾子與凸輪接觸部分阻力的變化調(diào)整噴頭轉(zhuǎn)速提高了裝置的噴灌均勻度。測(cè)試了該裝置在工作壓力為400 kPa,噴頭仰角變化范圍5°~30°,流量4.14 m3/h工作條件下裝置的性能,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該裝置可噴灑30 m×30 m的正方形區(qū)域,其方形噴灑域系數(shù)高達(dá)92.06%,噴灌均勻度為82.07%,界外噴灌量占總噴灌量的1.32%,噴灑地塊邊角部分時(shí)比圓形噴灑域噴頭界外噴灑量減少了13.53%。因此,該裝置能較好的實(shí)現(xiàn)方形噴灑域、降低了界外噴灑量、減少了多個(gè)圓形噴灑域噴頭組合灌溉時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的重疊,為改善噴灌均勻度和提高水資源利用效率提供了新的思路和方法。
灌溉;均勻度;設(shè)計(jì);噴灑域;方形;噴灌裝置;凸輪
噴灌是一種被廣泛應(yīng)用的節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù),具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、操作方便、省時(shí)省工的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[1]。但是目前噴灌的均勻度和灌溉水利用效率較低[2]。其主要原因是噴頭的噴灑域是圓形的,而大多數(shù)農(nóng)田為方形,由此帶來的問題主要有以下幾個(gè)方面:1)采用固定噴灌方式,若采用單噴頭覆蓋整個(gè)灌溉區(qū)域,則界外噴灑導(dǎo)致的水分損失較多[3-6];2)若采用多噴頭組合方式,因水量重疊導(dǎo)致噴灌均勻度不高[7-14];3)在噴頭布置和組合時(shí),地塊邊緣部位難免出現(xiàn)漏噴和噴出灌溉區(qū)域的情況導(dǎo)致灌溉水利用效率降低[15-20]。
如何提高噴灌均勻度和灌溉水利用效率是噴灌裝備研發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)問題[4-5]。近年來,韓文霆等[21]通過理論分析,得出了方形噴灑域噴頭單位時(shí)間噴水量、噴頭水量分布以及噴頭轉(zhuǎn)速的數(shù)學(xué)模型。范興科等[3]利用“十”字孔板流量調(diào)節(jié)裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)方形噴灑域,并得出“十”字孔板長(zhǎng)寬比為5:2。Hashim等[22]利用調(diào)節(jié)噴頭壓力的方式使得水利用效率提高了30%,為提高噴灌的效率以及均勻度提供了新的方法。Sheikhesmaeili等[4]對(duì)半干旱地區(qū)噴頭水量分布和噴霧損失進(jìn)行了研究,表明在壓力虧缺6 kPa時(shí)噴霧損失達(dá)到了22.7%,為噴灌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理提供了方法。這些方法和模型的提出均為噴灌均勻度的提高以及方形噴灑域噴灌裝置的研制提供了理論依據(jù)和設(shè)想,但研發(fā)出的產(chǎn)品實(shí)用性較差,對(duì)噴灑均勻度有何影響,缺乏試驗(yàn)支撐,直至今日還沒有一種利用方形噴灑域噴灌實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)水灌溉的裝置在實(shí)際中被廣泛應(yīng)用。
為解決上述問題,我們研制了一種噴灑域?yàn)榉叫蔚耐馆喪絿姽鄼C(jī)[23],利用調(diào)節(jié)噴頭仰角的方式噴灑方形區(qū)域、降低界外噴灑量,但該噴灌機(jī)并未考慮到噴頭射程變化對(duì)噴灌均勻度的影響?;谝陨蠁栴},本文設(shè)計(jì)了方形噴灑域噴灌裝置,并通過試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證裝置的性能,旨在為灌溉水利用效率以及噴灌均勻度的提高提供新的思路和方法,為方形噴灑域噴灌設(shè)備的推廣應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)和實(shí)踐方案。
方形噴灑域噴灌裝置設(shè)計(jì)要求能夠覆蓋邊長(zhǎng)為30 m的正方形區(qū)域,其結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示,該裝置由搖臂式噴頭,支撐架,連桿,頂桿,滾子,機(jī)架,凸輪組成裝置利用凸輪和連桿機(jī)構(gòu)控制噴頭仰角變化,實(shí)現(xiàn)方形噴灑域噴灑,通過凸輪滾子與凸輪之間阻力的變化調(diào)節(jié)噴頭轉(zhuǎn)速,提高噴灌均勻度。
1.搖臂式噴頭 2.支撐架 3.連桿 4.滾子 5.機(jī)架 6.凸輪 7.頂桿
噴灑域是指噴頭噴灑的分布區(qū)域和形狀[24]。噴灑域形狀取決于裝置旋轉(zhuǎn)噴灑過程中其射程的規(guī)律性變化[3]。影響噴頭射程的因素很多,本裝置采用控制噴頭仰角變化的方式改變其射程使搖臂式噴頭噴出方形噴灑域。裝置工作時(shí),搖臂式噴頭進(jìn)行噴灌作業(yè),并在搖臂打擊作用下旋轉(zhuǎn),帶動(dòng)連桿、頂桿、支撐架隨之旋轉(zhuǎn),在凸輪輪廓的引導(dǎo)下,頂桿一端的滾子會(huì)沿著凸輪輪廓運(yùn)動(dòng),帶動(dòng)頂桿,連桿,并將此運(yùn)動(dòng)形式傳至搖臂式噴頭上,使得搖臂式噴頭在旋轉(zhuǎn)噴灌的同時(shí)做改變仰角的運(yùn)動(dòng),使其射程隨仰角的變化而改變從而形成方形的噴灑域。搖臂式噴頭的運(yùn)動(dòng)可以分解為2部分,其一為搖臂式噴頭的周轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),其二為改變噴射仰角的周期性運(yùn)動(dòng)。此外,由于搖臂式噴頭流量是不變的,但在方形噴灌工作時(shí),射程是不斷改變的,所以本裝置在設(shè)計(jì)上擬使噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)速度隨其射程的增加而降低,在遠(yuǎn)射程時(shí)通過增加噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng)彌補(bǔ)水量的不足,達(dá)到提高噴灌均勻度的目的。
本裝置采用在凸輪與滾子接觸部分設(shè)置增加阻力的障礙,通過障礙對(duì)滾子阻力系數(shù)的變化使搖臂式噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)速度規(guī)律性變化為噴灌均勻度的提高創(chuàng)造有利條件。裝置的主要零部件型號(hào)及工作參數(shù)見表1。
表1 主要零部件參數(shù)
總體來說,單個(gè)噴頭的水量分布曲線可以近似地歸納為三角形、梯形和矩形等[21, 25-27]。由于本裝置是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)方形噴灑域,研究主旨之一是避免各個(gè)單噴頭噴灑域的重疊,因此本裝置理論上不需要噴頭之間水量互相補(bǔ)償。為了提高單噴頭噴灑均勻度,本裝置選用的是水量分布為矩形的搖臂式噴頭[21]。此外根據(jù)陳大雕[28]的研究結(jié)果,類似矩形的水量分布曲線的平均噴灌強(qiáng)度明顯高于類似三角形水量分布曲線,且灌溉耗時(shí)及一次投入較少,因此理論上本裝置可以提高噴灌系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
2.1.1 搖臂式噴頭的仰角變化范圍
凸輪輪廓形狀與該裝置的連桿、頂桿、搖臂式噴頭的幾何尺寸以及噴頭的最大射程有關(guān),其中各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)均已在表1中列出。經(jīng)過前期試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,裝置選用的20PY噴頭在仰角為5°和30°時(shí)射程分別為15.7和21.5 m,其仰角從30°變化到5°過程中,射程依次減小。若噴頭仰角變化范圍為5°~30°則可以噴灑邊長(zhǎng)為30 m的方形區(qū)域。
2.1.2 噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)速度和仰角變化速度的關(guān)系
因?yàn)閾u臂式噴頭仰角周期性變化,且方形噴灑域有對(duì)稱性,所以在計(jì)算其旋轉(zhuǎn)速度和仰角變化速度關(guān)系時(shí)如圖2b所示,噴頭從起始點(diǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)45°所經(jīng)過的這一區(qū)域就可以表示噴頭整周旋轉(zhuǎn)其速度變化的規(guī)律?;邳S元申[29]研究結(jié)果,噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)速度和仰角變化速度若采用線性關(guān)系,則可以有效降低凸輪設(shè)計(jì)和加工的難度。如圖2b所示,噴頭自起始點(diǎn)開始旋轉(zhuǎn),仰角由5°變化至30°過程中,噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)45°,故此線性關(guān)系為式(1)。為驗(yàn)證線性關(guān)系的適用性,測(cè)試了該搖臂式噴頭仰角為5°,15°,20°,30°時(shí)的射程。其實(shí)測(cè)射程、理論要求射程以及相對(duì)誤差見表2。
式中α為噴頭仰角(°),β為噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)角度(°)。
表2 搖臂式噴頭各仰角射程及相對(duì)誤差
注:t=15/cos(),式中15為噴灑域邊長(zhǎng)的1/2。
Note:t=15/cos(), where 15 is 1/2 of the length of the side of spray field.
如表2所示,搖臂式噴頭各仰角實(shí)際射程與理論上方形噴灑域要求的射程相比誤差均小于5.0%。
將本裝置除凸輪以外的所有零件在solidworks中建模并裝配,導(dǎo)入到solidworks motion中。因?yàn)閾u臂式噴頭周轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)1個(gè)周期,噴頭仰角變化4個(gè)周期,在運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真中只需要保證二者周期比為1∶4即可準(zhǔn)確繪制凸輪輪廓,因此對(duì)本裝置的搖臂式噴頭施加仰角變化范圍為5°~30°的周期往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)周期為5 s,對(duì)支撐架施加周轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),其旋轉(zhuǎn)1周時(shí)間為20 s,搖臂式噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)速度與仰角變化速度為式(1)的線性關(guān)系。模擬運(yùn)行,繪制出滾子運(yùn)動(dòng)的軌跡,此軌跡即為凸輪輪廓線。
2.3.1 搖臂式噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)速度變化規(guī)律
搖臂式噴頭工作過程中流量保持不變,但其工作過程中射程不斷發(fā)生變化,這會(huì)出現(xiàn)噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相同而噴灌區(qū)域面積不同的情況。以圖2b中所示的區(qū)域1和區(qū)域2為例,區(qū)域1和區(qū)域2夾角相同,但是區(qū)域2面積>區(qū)域1面積,而搖臂式噴頭流量不變,故應(yīng)使區(qū)域2噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng)多于區(qū)域1。本裝置利用使各區(qū)域噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng)規(guī)律性變化的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域單位面積落水量均衡從而提高噴灌均勻度。將噴灑域平均劃分為8個(gè)區(qū)域,1/8區(qū)域的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度變化規(guī)律即可表示全部規(guī)律,如圖2b所示從起始角度旋轉(zhuǎn)45°的范圍即為該區(qū)域。搖臂式噴頭在此區(qū)域內(nèi)任意旋轉(zhuǎn)一連續(xù)角度所對(duì)應(yīng)的噴灑域面積為
式中為搖臂式噴灌頭任意旋轉(zhuǎn)一連續(xù)角度所對(duì)應(yīng)的噴灑域面積,m2;1為搖臂式噴頭在仰角30°時(shí)的射程,m,和-1為區(qū)域內(nèi)任意2個(gè)不同角度,rad。
為研究1/8噴灑域內(nèi)噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)速度的變化規(guī)律,將該區(qū)域按噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)角度平均劃分為若干部分,由于該區(qū)域噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)了45°,為使此角度能被整除,將該區(qū)域平均分成9個(gè)部分,即:β?β1=5°。顯然,9個(gè)區(qū)域面積之比即為搖臂式噴頭在該區(qū)域內(nèi)噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng)之比。各區(qū)域面積、設(shè)計(jì)平均轉(zhuǎn)速/(°)/s、噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng)見表3。
表3 各區(qū)域面積及其設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)
2.3.2 凸輪內(nèi)壁與滾子之間阻力系數(shù)的計(jì)算
為實(shí)現(xiàn)表3中所示的噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng)變化規(guī)律,需要計(jì)算凸輪內(nèi)壁與滾子之間的阻力系數(shù)。搖臂式噴頭在噴灌過程中由搖臂打擊力驅(qū)動(dòng)其旋轉(zhuǎn),在打擊過程中雖然打擊力大小不穩(wěn)定但是單次打擊做功和打擊頻率相對(duì)均衡[30],因此可以建立搖臂打擊做功與阻力系數(shù)的函數(shù)關(guān)系從而求得各段的阻力系數(shù)值。
1)滾子與凸輪內(nèi)壁之間壓力值計(jì)算
本裝置運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)受力分析如圖3所示。滾子和凸輪之間的壓力由搖臂式噴頭重力提供,如圖3a所示,噴頭噴灌時(shí)產(chǎn)生的反沖力與運(yùn)動(dòng)副1始終垂直,被運(yùn)動(dòng)副1抵消,故不影響滾子與凸輪之間的壓力,本裝置采用的搖臂式噴頭的質(zhì)量為506 g,搖臂式噴頭重心到運(yùn)動(dòng)副1的距離為40 mm。為了便于計(jì)算可簡(jiǎn)化力系,如圖3a所示。將重力簡(jiǎn)化為一個(gè)作用于運(yùn)動(dòng)副1的力偶矩和一個(gè)豎直向下的力g,大小為202.50(N?mm),g大小等于噴頭重力。滾子與凸輪內(nèi)壁之間壓力值為滾子與凸輪接觸點(diǎn)法線方向上的分力,滾子與凸輪接觸點(diǎn)受力分析見圖3b。在搖臂式噴頭仰角變化的過程中滾子與凸輪之間的壓力也在不斷變化。經(jīng)受力分析得到此壓力函數(shù)關(guān)系如式(3)所示。
式中()為滾子與凸輪之間的壓力函數(shù);為力偶矩(N?mm)其大小為202.50(N?mm);為連桿與水平面夾角,rad;為頂桿作用力與滾子和凸輪輪廓接觸點(diǎn)切線的夾角,rad;1為運(yùn)動(dòng)副1到運(yùn)動(dòng)副2的距離為60 mm;2為連桿長(zhǎng)度為150 mm。
注:1為運(yùn)動(dòng)副1到運(yùn)動(dòng)副2的距離為60 mm;2為連桿長(zhǎng)度為150 mm。
Note:1is the distance from kinematic pair 1 to kinematic pair 2,1=60 mm;2is the length of the connecting rod,2=150 mm.
圖3 本文裝置運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)受力分析圖
Fig.3 Force analysis diagram of this paper device motion mechanism
2)阻力系數(shù)與做功值函數(shù)關(guān)系的建立
除凸輪與滾子接觸部分阻力做功以外,設(shè)其余阻力做功為0。0由3部分組成,其一是為克服運(yùn)動(dòng)副摩擦力做功1,其二是搖臂式噴頭重心改變所做的功2,此外在噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中,當(dāng)處于45°~90°時(shí)噴頭重心下降,此時(shí)為保證理論要求的轉(zhuǎn)速,滾子和凸輪接觸面需要提供較大的阻力,所以如圖4所示在機(jī)架和凸輪連接處加入了一個(gè)大小為30(N?mm)的旋轉(zhuǎn)阻尼器,當(dāng)處于45°~90°時(shí)兩齒輪嚙合,阻尼器提供阻力,其阻尼通過傳動(dòng)比為1∶6的齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)放大到180(N?mm),該阻尼器做功為3。
式中,2為搖臂式噴頭重心改變所做的功,mJ,當(dāng)處于0°~45°時(shí)搖臂式噴頭重心上升,其重力阻止噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn),式(4)中符號(hào)取“+”,當(dāng)處于45°~90°時(shí)重心下降,其重力有利于噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn),式中符號(hào)取“-”。
注:齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)中,大齒輪與支撐架底部固定連接,小齒輪與阻尼器固定連接,阻尼器與機(jī)架固定連接。
Note: In the gear mechanism, the large gear is fixedly connected with the bottom end of the support frame, the smaller gear is fixedly connected with the damper, the damper is fixedly connected with the frame.
圖4 阻尼器連接圖
Fig.4 Diagram of damper connection
式中運(yùn)動(dòng)副阻力矩實(shí)測(cè)值為287(N?mm)。
式中和-1為當(dāng)處于和-1時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的角度值,G為搖臂式噴頭重力,N,3為搖臂式噴頭重心到運(yùn)動(dòng)副1的距離,為40 mm。
式中180為阻尼器提供的阻尼大小,即180(N?mm)。
裝置工作時(shí),搖臂擊打1次有效做功平均值為′,單位時(shí)間擊打次數(shù)為。該搖臂式噴頭擊打頻率為6.02次/s?!鋵?shí)測(cè)值為9.95 mJ。根據(jù)式(1)、(3)、(4)可得出噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)任意角度過程中搖臂打擊力做功
式中i為凸輪內(nèi)壁與滾子之間的阻力系數(shù),()為與凸輪輪廓半徑的函數(shù)關(guān)系;為該區(qū)域的噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng),s;為單位時(shí)間擊打次數(shù);′為搖臂打擊1次做功,mJ。
()為多項(xiàng)擬合關(guān)系式
式中為凸輪輪廓半徑,mm。
因?yàn)樾D(zhuǎn)角處于0°~45°時(shí)搖臂式噴頭重心上升,處于45°~90°時(shí)重心下降,所以凸輪在這2個(gè)角度范圍內(nèi)其阻力系數(shù)也是不同的,所以需要確定處于0°~90°這一范圍內(nèi)凸輪阻力系數(shù)的變化規(guī)律。根據(jù)式(1)、(3)、(4)、(8)、(9)得出如表4中所示的凸輪內(nèi)壁與滾子之間的阻力系數(shù)。為便于制造,如表4所示裝置樣機(jī)的實(shí)際阻力系數(shù)會(huì)與理論計(jì)算值有差異,所引起的噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng)最大相對(duì)誤差為5.44%。為提供阻力所需系數(shù),在凸輪內(nèi)部所設(shè)置的障礙如圖5所示。
表4 凸輪各部分阻力系數(shù)及噴灑時(shí)長(zhǎng)相對(duì)誤差
圖5 障礙實(shí)物圖
試驗(yàn)在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行,由于試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)地面積限制,所以將該裝置放置于正方形測(cè)試區(qū)頂點(diǎn),測(cè)試裝置1/4噴灑域噴灌數(shù)據(jù)驗(yàn)證其性能,試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)地為16 m×16 m的正方形區(qū)域,在14 m×14 m區(qū)域內(nèi)按照2 m×2 m方格網(wǎng)狀布置量雨筒,為計(jì)算界外噴灑量,在測(cè)試區(qū)15~16 m區(qū)域內(nèi)間隔0.2 m放置量雨筒。試驗(yàn)采用0. 4精度級(jí)壓力表讀取噴頭工作壓力,0.5精度級(jí)電磁流量計(jì)讀取流量。裝置運(yùn)行過程中工作壓力為400 kPa、流量為4.14 m3/h。本裝置采用20PY型的搖臂式噴頭,噴嘴直徑為8 mm。凸輪采用3D打印制造,材質(zhì)為PLA塑料,加工精度為0.1 mm,支撐架、連桿、頂桿采用鋁制造。裝置性能通過3個(gè)方面進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證:
1)噴灑域的方形程度:采用韓文霆[31]提出的方形噴灑域系數(shù)計(jì)算噴灑域的方形程度,見式(10);
2)噴灌均勻度:采用克里斯琴森均勻系數(shù)來衡量,見式(11);
3)界外噴灌量:該裝置1/4噴灑域,即15 m×15 m正方形區(qū)域外的降水即為界外噴灑,界外噴灌量見式(12)。
式中為方形噴灑域系數(shù),%;為方形頂點(diǎn)方向上實(shí)測(cè)噴頭射程,m;′為方形邊線中點(diǎn)方向上實(shí)測(cè)噴頭射程,m;為正方形邊數(shù)。
試驗(yàn)區(qū)域的水量分布圖如圖6所示,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表5所示。
圖6 試驗(yàn)區(qū)域水量分布圖
表5 噴灌試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)
結(jié)果表明本裝置的方形噴灑域系數(shù)達(dá)到92.06%,可以完全覆蓋30 m×30 m的正方形區(qū)域;本裝置的噴灌均勻度為82.07%,達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)要求,較同型號(hào)的圓形噴灑域噴頭高1.41%;在15 m×15 m正方形區(qū)域之外的水量為總水量的1.32%,在對(duì)方形地塊的邊角區(qū)域進(jìn)行噴灌時(shí),與圓形噴灑域噴頭相比,其界外噴灌量可減少13.53%,因此本裝置不僅提高了噴灌均勻度,而且也大大減少了水資源的浪費(fèi)。
本裝置試驗(yàn)中只測(cè)試了單噴頭的噴灑均勻度,在實(shí)際中所遇到的大多數(shù)情況是多噴頭噴灑[32],為探討多噴頭噴灌的均勻度,對(duì)試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了理論分析。本文裝置組合噴灌時(shí),采用正方形組合形式,各裝置之間的間隔為30 m。由于本裝置有少量界外噴灑,故方形組合形式在距裝置15~16 m區(qū)域內(nèi)有重疊灌溉,如圖6a所示,距裝置15 m附近的水量偏低,2噴灑域重疊噴灌后水量可以互相補(bǔ)償,這有利于地塊整體噴灌均勻度的提高,利用試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)以及式(11)推測(cè)出本裝置采用正方形組合的噴灌均勻度為82.19%,比單個(gè)裝置的噴灌均勻度提高0.15%。若采用本裝置所使用的PY20噴頭進(jìn)行組合噴灑,在同樣的布設(shè)情況下噴灌均勻度為80.73%。由此可見,本裝置在組合噴灑情況下噴灌均勻度仍高于圓形噴灑域噴頭。本裝置所使用的PY20噴頭水量分布與理想情況下的矩形水量分布有偏差,若后續(xù)能研制出水量分布更接近理想情況的噴頭將可以大幅度提升本裝置噴灌均勻度。在設(shè)備布置方面,若使用圓形噴灑域噴頭進(jìn)行噴灌在正方形組合情況下,通常認(rèn)為最優(yōu)噴頭間距為其最大射程[24],若使用本裝置中的搖臂式噴頭進(jìn)行噴灌,則布設(shè)間距為21.5 m,此時(shí)分析得出其噴灑均勻度為82.06%,與本裝置基本持平,本裝置布設(shè)間距為30m,比圓形噴灑域噴頭布設(shè)間距長(zhǎng)8.5m,這使得灌溉設(shè)備管路密集程度有所降低,使用噴頭數(shù)量明顯減少,同時(shí)也減輕了供水設(shè)備的負(fù)荷。故本裝置具有節(jié)省材料和勞動(dòng)力成本的潛力。
本文中所有數(shù)據(jù)均是在無風(fēng)條件下計(jì)算的,所以本裝置目前的適用范圍也僅限于無風(fēng)環(huán)境,如溫室大棚。當(dāng)前溫室大棚噴灌設(shè)備以平移式噴罐機(jī)和吊掛折射噴頭為主[33],平移式噴罐機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,占用空間大,且涉及電路和控制等方面內(nèi)容,在溫室噴灌作業(yè)中如果以本裝置替代平移式噴罐機(jī)將大大節(jié)省投入成本,此外,在使用中本裝置無需電力驅(qū)動(dòng),相對(duì)于平移式噴罐機(jī)有功耗低的優(yōu)勢(shì)。吊掛折射噴頭射程近,管路布置密集,單條管線損壞經(jīng)常會(huì)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)系統(tǒng)癱瘓[34],本裝置相對(duì)于吊掛折射噴頭有管路布置簡(jiǎn)單且便于管理的優(yōu)勢(shì)。若將本裝置應(yīng)用于大田噴灌作業(yè)風(fēng)力的影響則不可忽視[12],對(duì)于風(fēng)力對(duì)裝置的影響以及裝置抗風(fēng)輔助設(shè)備的研制,未來將進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量風(fēng)向和風(fēng)速裝置的研究,用以控制本裝置工作過程中的噴頭工作條件如:噴灑方向、水壓等[25],從而增強(qiáng)裝置的抗風(fēng)性能,此外制定裝置組合使用的最佳間距也是抵抗風(fēng)力影響的重要內(nèi)容[4],這也應(yīng)作為未來方形噴灑域噴灌裝置的研究重點(diǎn)。
本文以凸輪為核心零件,通過運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真設(shè)計(jì)凸輪輪廓,采用連桿機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)搖臂式噴頭仰角的變化改變噴頭射程噴灑出方形區(qū)域。在噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中,通過凸輪與滾子的阻力控制噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)速度的變化提高噴灌的均勻度。
試驗(yàn)運(yùn)行結(jié)果表明,本裝置能夠在無風(fēng)條件下噴灑方形噴灑域,其方形噴灑域系數(shù)為92.06%,能夠完全覆蓋30 m×30 m的正方形區(qū)域;單噴頭的噴灌均勻度為82.07%,正方形組合的噴灌均勻度為82.19%,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于《噴灌工程技術(shù)規(guī)范》中不低于75%的規(guī)定;界外噴灑量為1.32%,與圓形噴灑域噴頭相比減少了13.53%,節(jié)水效果明顯。
本裝置避免了圓形噴灑域噴頭所產(chǎn)生的重疊,噴灑均勻度較高有利于促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng),同時(shí)在噴灌地塊邊角部位時(shí)可以有效避免界外噴灑,從而明顯提高了水資源的利用效率,為新型噴灌裝置的研發(fā)提供了新的思路和方法。
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Design and experiment of sprinkler irrigation device with square spray field
Xing Haonan, Yang Qiliang※, Yu Liming, Liu Xiaogang
(650500,)
In this research, the sprinkler irrigation device with square spray field was developed to solve the problem of overlapping irrigation and extraterritorial spraying of the circular spray field sprinkler. The device spray field can completely cover the square area of 30 m×30 m. We used the link mechanism and the cam to controls the elevation angle of the sprinkler in order to change the range to form a square area during the sprinkler irrigation. In the design process, we selected 20PY sprinkler, and expanded the sprinkler diameter to 8 mm. We determined the elevation angle of the sprinkler of 5°-30° by the experiment. The results showed that the rotational speed of the sprinkler was linearly related to the velocity of the elevation. We created solid model with solid works, and use solid works motion software to simulate the motion so that we can draw the outline of the cam. In the terms of the spray uniformity, it resulted in uneven spraying that the sprinkler range was constantly changing and the sprinkler unit time was kept constant during the sprinkler process. The device adjusted the sprinkler rotation speed by changing the resistance coefficient between cam roller and cam contact surface so that when the range was far away, the rotation speed was relatively slow, and when the range was closer, the rotation speed was slightly faster to adjust the sprinkler’s shooting time in a variety of range. Thereby the spray uniformity was improved. When we calculated the spray duration, the cam profile was symmetric. As such, we can select a quarter of the cam as the object of study, and divided this part into 18 regions by angle, and the ratio of the sprayed area to the 18 regions was the ratio of these areas’ spray duration. The work of the rocker arm fighting once was relatively stable. The work of the corresponding area was the product of the spray time, rocker strike frequency and the work of the rocker arm fighting once in the area. And we can set the equation with the corresponding regional’s work and resistance coefficient to solve the resistance coefficient of roller and cam contact surface in this area. We took the 1/4 spray field to verify device performance in the experiment. The experimental results verified that the proximity between the spray field and the spray area, and the proximity was 92.06%. The sprinkler uniformity of the device was well, and the Christiansen uniformity of the sprinkler was 82.07% in the uniformity. In addition, the outside sprinkling irrigation quantity was also an important indicator of the test, and we regarded 15 m×15 m square outside the area of precipitation as the outside sprinkling irrigation quantity. The experiment showed that the ratio of the amount of the outside spray to the total spray was 1.32%. When we irrigated the edge of land, the outside sprinkling irrigation quantity amount from the device was decreased by 13.53% than the circular spray domain. The device avoided the overlapping of the circular spray field sprinklers, and the spray uniformity was high. At the same time, the device can effectively avoided the outside spray in the corner of land, thus improved the water use efficiency significantly. Our research provides a new concept and a method for the research and development of new sprinkler. The combined sprinkler and the spray situation in the impact of wind are still variables affecting effectives of sprinkler that needs to be studied.
irrigation; uniformity; design; spray area; square; sprinkler irrigation device; cam
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.22.011
S277.9
A
1002-6819(2017)-22-0084-08
2017-07-22
2017-11-09
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(項(xiàng)目編號(hào)51779113; 51379004;51109102);云南省教育廳科學(xué)研究基金項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào)2017YJS065)
邢浩男,男,河北永清人,主要從事節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)與裝備研究。Email:449286363@qq.com
楊啟良,男,甘肅通渭人,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)與裝備研究。Email:yangqilianglovena@163.com
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào)2017年22期