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ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心理問題及心理護(hù)理干預(yù)的效果分析

2018-01-05 04:27:09張海波黃正林鄒禮華
實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志 2017年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:評(píng)量心肌梗死心理

吳 鵬,張海波,任 平,李 琛,龍 毅,黃正林,鄒禮華

·護(hù)理工作研究·

ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心理問題及心理護(hù)理干預(yù)的效果分析

吳 鵬,張海波,任 平,李 琛,龍 毅,黃正林,鄒禮華

目的分析ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者心理問題及心理護(hù)理干預(yù)效果。方法選取雅安市人民醫(yī)院2014年1月—2016年1月收治的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者188例,根據(jù)梗死類型分為非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)組102例和STEMI組86例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將STEMI患者分為對照組42例和干預(yù)組44例。所有患者行經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈或股動(dòng)脈經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)介入治療(PCI)及常規(guī)藥物治療,干預(yù)組患者在此基礎(chǔ)上給予心理護(hù)理干預(yù)。比較NSTEMI組和STEMI患者癥狀自評(píng)量表(SCL-90)評(píng)分;比較對照組和干預(yù)組患者干預(yù)前、干預(yù)6個(gè)月后抑郁自評(píng)量表(SDS)評(píng)分、焦慮自評(píng)量表(SAS)評(píng)分、健康調(diào)查簡表(SF-36)評(píng)分。結(jié)果STEMI組患者軀體化評(píng)分、強(qiáng)迫評(píng)分、人際關(guān)系評(píng)分、抑郁評(píng)分、焦慮評(píng)分、敵對評(píng)分、恐懼評(píng)分、偏執(zhí)評(píng)分、精神病性評(píng)分高于NSTEMI組(P<0.05)。干預(yù)前兩組患者SDS評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)6個(gè)月后干預(yù)組患者SDS評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分低于對照組(P<0.05)。干預(yù)前兩組患者身體功能評(píng)分、總體健康評(píng)分、活力評(píng)分、精神健康評(píng)分、社會(huì)功能評(píng)分、生理職能評(píng)分、身體疼痛評(píng)分、情感職能評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)6個(gè)月后干預(yù)組患者身體功能評(píng)分、總體健康評(píng)分、活力評(píng)分、精神健康評(píng)分、社會(huì)功能評(píng)分、生理職能評(píng)分、身體疼痛評(píng)分、情感職能評(píng)分高于對照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論與NSTEMI患者相比,STEMI患者心理問題較為突出;心理護(hù)理干預(yù)可有效減輕STEMI患者抑郁和焦慮情緒,改善患者生活質(zhì)量及預(yù)后。

心肌梗死;心理干預(yù)護(hù)理;治療結(jié)果

ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMT)是冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)的嚴(yán)重類型,由于其病死率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,故已成為全球范圍內(nèi)重大公共衛(wèi)生問題之一[1-2]。目前,經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是STEMT最有效的治療手段,其可降低患者病死率[3]。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CHD患者面臨許多心理問題,其中30%~72%患者存在抑郁癥狀,40%~65%患者存在焦慮癥狀[4-5]。若CHD患者心理問題未得到有效干預(yù),不僅會(huì)促使疾病復(fù)發(fā)或惡化,還可增加醫(yī)療費(fèi)用支出,但目前有關(guān)行PCI的STEMT患者是否伴有更嚴(yán)重心理問題尚未明確[6]。本研究旨在分析STEMT患者心理問題及心理護(hù)理干預(yù)效果,為有效提高患者預(yù)后提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) STEMI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]:(1)持續(xù)胸痛≥30 min;(2)心電圖檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)新發(fā)生的左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯或相鄰2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上導(dǎo)聯(lián)ST段抬高≥0.1 mV;(3)心肌損傷標(biāo)志物動(dòng)態(tài)升高。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)最近有重大手術(shù)、創(chuàng)傷、顱內(nèi)腫瘤者;(2)有嚴(yán)重出血或出血性疾病者;(3)既往有認(rèn)知障礙或精神病史者;(4)不愿參加測評(píng)者;(5)非首次行PCI者。

1.2 一般資料 選取雅安市人民醫(yī)院2014年1月—2016年1月收治的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者188例,均符合AMI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)梗死類型將所有患者分為非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)組102例和STEMI組86例;采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將STEMI患者分為對照組(42例)和干預(yù)組(46例)。NSTEMI組與STEMI組、對照組與干預(yù)組患者性別、年齡、吸煙史、高血壓發(fā)生率、糖尿病發(fā)生率、冠心病家族史比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1、2),具有可比性。

表1 NSTEMI組與STEMI組患者一般資料比較

Table1 Comparison of general information between NSTEMI group and STEMI group

組別例數(shù)性別(男/女)年齡(x±s,歲)吸煙史〔n(%)〕高血壓〔n(%)〕糖尿病〔n(%)〕冠心病家族史〔n(%)〕NSTEMI組10265/3764 8±8 873(71 6)34(33 3)23(22 5)8(7 8)STEMI組 86 58/2867 7±8 162(72 1)32(37 2)25(29 1)5(5 8)χ2(t)值0 2851 597a0 0060 3081 0430 298P值0 6460 1141 0000 6460 3190 774

注:a為t值;NSTEMI=非ST段抬高型心肌梗死,STEMI=ST段抬高型心肌梗死

表2 對照組和干預(yù)組患者一般資料比較

Table2 Comparison of general information between control group and intervention group

組別例數(shù)性別(男/女)年齡(x±s,歲)吸煙史〔n(%)〕高血壓〔n(%)〕糖尿病〔n(%)〕冠心病家族史〔n(%)〕對照組4230/1266 6±8 532(76 2)15(35 7)13(31 0)2(4 8)干預(yù)組4428/1668 7±7 630(68 2)17(38 6)12(27 3)3(6 8)χ2(t)值0 5941 170a0 6850 0790 1410 166P值0 4950 2490 4750 8260 8131 000

注:a為t值

1.3 治療方法 根據(jù)《2014 ACC/AHA非ST段抬高型急性冠脈綜合征診治指南》,NSTEMI為低危疾病,行經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈或股動(dòng)脈擇期PCI;STEMT為高危疾病,行經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈或股動(dòng)脈急診PCI。常規(guī)治療藥物包括阿司匹林腸溶片、硫酸氫氯吡格雷片、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(ACEI)或血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑(ARB)、β-受體阻滯劑及阿托伐他汀鈣片等。

1.4 心理護(hù)理干預(yù) 干預(yù)組患者在上述治療基礎(chǔ)上給予心理護(hù)理干預(yù),包括:(1)攝入性會(huì)談:患者入院后24 h內(nèi)由心理咨詢師收集患者相關(guān)資料,包括一般情況(如情緒、性格特征、行為特點(diǎn)等)、生活習(xí)慣、主要臨床癥狀、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況等。在整個(gè)過程中心理咨詢師應(yīng)態(tài)度熱情,理解、尊重、關(guān)心患者,以建立良好的醫(yī)患關(guān)系,并幫助患者制定生活目標(biāo)。(2)心理輔導(dǎo):發(fā)放CHD健康資料(如手冊、圖片等),每兩周組織患者參加CHD健康講座,解答患者提出的各種問題,并讓患者相互交流,以發(fā)揮患者的角色榜樣作用。鼓勵(lì)患者建立健康的生活方式,糾正不良行為、錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)知等。(3)心理咨詢和健康指導(dǎo):每月開展1次心理咨詢和健康指導(dǎo)活動(dòng),鼓勵(lì)患者說出內(nèi)心感受,耐心傾聽、適當(dāng)詢問和指導(dǎo),以理解的態(tài)度回應(yīng)患者感受,圍繞患者不適和相關(guān)癥狀開展相應(yīng)的心理咨詢和健康指導(dǎo),以幫助患者解決心理問題。

1.5 觀察指標(biāo) (1)采用癥狀自評(píng)量表(SCL-90)評(píng)分評(píng)估NSTEMI組和STEMI組患者的心理狀態(tài),評(píng)分越高表明患者心理問題越嚴(yán)重。(2)采用抑郁自評(píng)量表(SDS)與焦慮自評(píng)量表(SAS)評(píng)分評(píng)估兩組患者干預(yù)前和干預(yù)6個(gè)月后焦慮與抑郁情況,評(píng)分越高表明患者抑郁與焦慮程度越嚴(yán)重。(3)采用健康調(diào)查簡表(SF-36)評(píng)分評(píng)估兩組患者干預(yù)前和干預(yù)6個(gè)月后生活質(zhì)量,評(píng)分越高表明患者生活質(zhì)量越好。所有測評(píng)均在患者病情穩(wěn)定后進(jìn)行。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 SCL-90評(píng)分 STEMI組患者軀體化評(píng)分、強(qiáng)迫評(píng)分、人際關(guān)系評(píng)分、抑郁評(píng)分、焦慮評(píng)分、敵對評(píng)分、恐懼評(píng)分、偏執(zhí)評(píng)分、精神病性評(píng)分高于NSTEMI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表3)。

表3 NSTEMI組和STEMI組患者SCL-90評(píng)分比較分)

2.2 SDS評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分 干預(yù)前兩組患者SDS評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)6個(gè)月后干預(yù)組患者SDS評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表4)。

Table4 Comparison of SDS score and SAS score between two groups before and after intervention

組別例數(shù)SDS評(píng)分SAS評(píng)分干預(yù)前干預(yù)6個(gè)月后干預(yù)前干預(yù)6個(gè)月后對照組4254 39±7 8051 56±10 1654 50±8 5453 14±8 94干預(yù)組4455 00±7 1344 92±10 9153 97±8 1346 14±6 14t值0 7433 1500 4603 944P值0 4630 0030 649<0 001

注:SDS=抑郁自評(píng)量表,SAS=焦慮自評(píng)量表

2.3 SF-36評(píng)分 干預(yù)前兩組患者身體功能評(píng)分、總體健康評(píng)分、活力評(píng)分、精神健康評(píng)分、社會(huì)功能評(píng)分、生理職能評(píng)分、身體疼痛評(píng)分、情感職能評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)6個(gè)月后干預(yù)組患者身體功能評(píng)分、總體健康評(píng)分、活力評(píng)分、精神健康評(píng)分、社會(huì)功能評(píng)分、生理職能評(píng)分、身體疼痛評(píng)分、情感職能評(píng)分高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表5)。

表5 兩組患者干預(yù)前后SF-36評(píng)分比較分)

3 討論

STEMT是CHD的嚴(yán)重類型,具有起病急、病情嚴(yán)重等特點(diǎn),若治療不及時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者預(yù)后較差。近年來隨著醫(yī)療和科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展,STEMT的診斷及治療已逐漸完善,但患者的心理問題尚未受到臨床重視。近期有研究結(jié)果顯示,我國CHD患者抑郁癥患病率約為51.0%,其中3.1%~11.2%的患者為重度抑郁癥[7]。既往研究結(jié)果顯示,抑郁癥是CHD患者預(yù)后不良的危險(xiǎn)因素[8-9];此外,抑郁癥還可增加CHD患者心肌梗死發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10-11]。WATKINS等[8]研究結(jié)果顯示,焦慮并抑郁會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響CHD患者預(yù)后。因此,緩解焦慮、抑郁情緒對提高CHD患者預(yù)后具有重要意義。

既往研究結(jié)果顯示,PCI可有效改善CHD患者臨床癥狀、降低病死率及提高患者生活質(zhì)量[12]。ZHANG等[13]研究結(jié)果顯示,接受PCI的CHD患者部分出現(xiàn)情感障礙,主要表現(xiàn)為焦慮、抑郁。分析CHD患者PCI后出現(xiàn)心理問題的原因可能如下[14-15]:(1)缺乏CHD相關(guān)知識(shí);(2)缺乏介入手術(shù)的相關(guān)知識(shí);(3)對手術(shù)過程不了解。本研究結(jié)果顯示,STEMT組患者軀體化評(píng)分、抑郁評(píng)分、強(qiáng)迫評(píng)分、人際關(guān)系評(píng)分、抑郁評(píng)分、焦慮評(píng)分、敵對評(píng)分、恐懼評(píng)分、偏執(zhí)評(píng)分、精神病性評(píng)分高于NSTEMI組,提示行急診PCI的STEMT患者抑郁和焦慮程度重于行擇期PCI的NSTEMI患者,分析其原因可能為STEMT起病急,患者因?qū)膊∪狈φJ(rèn)識(shí)而常出現(xiàn)緊張、煩躁、憂慮、恐懼等不良情緒;再者,因病情緊急醫(yī)務(wù)人員與患者及其家屬缺乏交流、溝通,進(jìn)一步增加患者心理負(fù)擔(dān)。因此,加強(qiáng)社會(huì)宣傳和教育,提高人們對CHD(特別是AMI)的認(rèn)識(shí),了解疾病發(fā)病過程、手術(shù)過程可能減少STEMT患者心理問題。

大量臨床研究結(jié)果顯示,抑郁可增加CHD患者近期病死率,降低患者生活質(zhì)量[16-17]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,干預(yù)6個(gè)月后干預(yù)組患者SDS評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分低于對照組,提示心理護(hù)理干預(yù)可有效改善STEMT患者抑郁、焦慮情緒。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,干預(yù)6個(gè)月后干預(yù)組患者身體功能評(píng)分、總體健康評(píng)分、活力評(píng)分、精神健康評(píng)分、社會(huì)功能評(píng)分、生理職能評(píng)分、身體疼痛評(píng)分、情感職能評(píng)分高于對照組,提示心理護(hù)理干預(yù)可有效提高STEMT患者生活質(zhì)量及改善患者預(yù)后。

綜上所述,與NSTEMI患者相比,STEMT患者心理問題較嚴(yán)重,心理護(hù)理干預(yù)可有效改善STEMT患者抑郁和焦慮情緒,提高患者生活質(zhì)量及改善患者預(yù)后。

[1]Task force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC),STEG P G,JAMES S K,et al.ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation[J].Eur Heart J,2012,33(20):2569-2619.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs215.

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[3]Authors/task force members,WINDECKER S,KOLH P,et al.2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization:The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions(EAPCI)[J].Eur Heart J,2014,35(37):2541-2619.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu278.

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PsychologicalStatusinPatientswithST-segmentElevationMyocardialInfarctionandtheEffectofPsychologicalNursingIntervention

WUPeng,ZHANGHai-bo,RENPing,LIChen,LONGYi,HUANGZheng-lin,ZOULi-hua

DepartmentofCardiology,thePeople′sHospitalofYaan,Yaan625000,China

ObjectiveTo analyze the psychological status in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and the effect of psychological nursing intervention.MethodsA total of 188 patients with acute myocardial infarction were selected in the People′s Hospital of Yaan from January 2014 to January 2016,and they were divided into A group(with non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,n=102)and B group(with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,n=86)according to infarctions types,and then patients in B group were divided into B1 group(n=42)and B2 group(n=44)according to random number table.All of the 188 patients

transradial approach or transfemoral approach PCI combined with conventional medical treatment,meanwhile patients of B2 group received extra psychological nursing intervention.SCL-90 score was compared between A group and B group;SDS score,SAS score and SF-36 score before intervention and 6 months after intervention were compared between B1 group and B2 group.ResultsSomatization disorder score,obsessive-compulsive symptom score,interpersonal relationship score,depression score,anxiety score,hostility score,fear score,bigotry score and psychoticism score in B group were statistically significantly higher than those in A group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of SDS score or SAS score was found between B1 group and B2 group before intervention(P>0.05),while SDS score and SAS score in B2 group were statistically significantly lower than those in B1 group 6 months after intervention(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of physical function score,overall health score,vitality score,mental health score,social function score,role physical score,body pain score or role emotional score was found between B1 group and B2 group before intervention(P>0.05),while physical function score,overall health score,vitality score,mental health score,social function score,role physical score,body pain score and role emotional score in B2 group were statistically significantly higher than those in control group 6 months after intervention(P<0.05).ConclusionCompared with non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients,psychological problems are more prominent in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients;psychological nursing intervention can effectively relieve the depression emotion and anxiety emotion,improve the quality of life and prognosis.

Myocardial infarction;Psychological intervention nursing;Treatment outcome

625000四川省雅安市人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科

R 542.22

B

10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2017.11.029

吳鵬,張海波,任平,等.ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心理問題及心理護(hù)理干預(yù)的效果分析[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2017,25(11):103-106.[www.syxnf.net]

WU P,ZHANG H B,REN P,et al.Psychological status in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and the effect of psychological nursing intervention[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2017,25(11):103-106.

2017-08-15;

2017-11-15)

李偉)

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