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術(shù)中神經(jīng)生理監(jiān)測在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

2018-01-13 09:49:50榮榮王詩軍王宇李淳德
關(guān)鍵詞:誘發(fā)電位矯形波幅

榮榮 王詩軍 王宇 李淳德

(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院骨科,北京 100034)

目前,在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中,神經(jīng)功能損傷的發(fā)生率在0.01%~0.05%[1]。有文獻(xiàn)報道,在脊柱側(cè)凸后路矯形手術(shù)中,神經(jīng)功能損害的發(fā)生率約為0.25%~3.2%[2]。喚醒試驗具有便于操作和直接得出準(zhǔn)確結(jié)果的特點,自七十年代以來被視為評估術(shù)中脊髓損傷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[3],但因其存在無法評估脊髓感覺功能、不能持續(xù)監(jiān)測術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能等不足[4],單獨或常規(guī)應(yīng)用喚醒試驗監(jiān)測術(shù)中脊髓功能已不能滿足現(xiàn)代脊柱手術(shù)的需求。術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能監(jiān)測有助于術(shù)者及早發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)功能并發(fā)癥,對于并發(fā)神經(jīng)損傷高風(fēng)險的脊柱矯形手術(shù),應(yīng)用術(shù)中神經(jīng)生理監(jiān)測(intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring,IONM)有時在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中是不可或缺的[5]。技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使得IONM的實用性及精確性得到發(fā)展與提升。本文回顧了在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中應(yīng)用IONM的電生理學(xué)方法的基本原理及進(jìn)展,包括運動誘發(fā)電位(motor evoked potentials,MEP)、體感誘發(fā)電位(somatosensory evoked potentials,SEP)、以及多模式術(shù)中監(jiān)測(multimodal intraoperative monitoring,MIOM)[6]。本文將對運動誘發(fā)電位、體感誘發(fā)電位及多模式術(shù)中監(jiān)測在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中應(yīng)用的研究動態(tài)及前景進(jìn)行綜述。

1 IONM概述

IONM運用生理學(xué)技術(shù)評估神經(jīng)完整性。IONM已嘗試用于減少術(shù)中神經(jīng)損傷,識別術(shù)野中重要神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu),從而避免術(shù)中重要神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷[7]。IONM的目標(biāo)是在涉及脊髓操作的手術(shù)中對脊髓功能提供實時的評估。IONM有多種形式,每一種都有其特定的應(yīng)用,術(shù)中需采用多種模式進(jìn)行監(jiān)測。

2 SEP術(shù)中監(jiān)測

SEP術(shù)中監(jiān)測方法包括皮層體感誘發(fā)電位(cortical somatosensory evoked potentials,CSEP)、脊髓體感誘發(fā)電位(spinal somatosensory evoked potentials,SSEP)、棘間刺激和記錄、感覺運動混合電位和脊髓刺激肌肉記錄等。其中,CSEP和SSEP較為常用。CSEP為無創(chuàng)性監(jiān)測,通過刺激正中神經(jīng)(median nerve SEP,MNSEP)和脛后神經(jīng)(posterior tibial SEP,PTSEP)進(jìn)行記錄,在一定程度上反映了特異軀體感覺傳入通路、腦干、脊髓及腦皮質(zhì)的機(jī)能狀態(tài)。SSEP是在硬膜外置導(dǎo)管電極直接刺激脊髓或馬尾神經(jīng),避開對周圍神經(jīng)的刺激,對周圍神經(jīng)病變或不易獲得SEP記錄的患者可采用這種技術(shù)。SEP作為IONM的主要形式,對皮質(zhì)感覺區(qū)的記錄可以提供術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能的重要信息,并作為MEP的補充用于手術(shù)中。然而,SSEP僅檢測脊髓后索的上行感覺傳導(dǎo)通路,存在無法監(jiān)測術(shù)中運動神經(jīng)束損傷的不足。盡管有這些局限性,SSEP仍存在以下優(yōu)勢:①對術(shù)中患者刺激?。虎谳^易被量化;③與MEP相比平均間歇變異性較低[8]。

2.1 SEP監(jiān)測在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用

SEP最早用于脊柱畸形手術(shù)中監(jiān)測脊髓功能。側(cè)凸研究協(xié)會(Scoliosis Research Society,SRS)認(rèn)為術(shù)中SEP作為一項早期監(jiān)測技術(shù),能夠預(yù)警脊柱畸形矯形術(shù)中的神經(jīng)功能損傷[9]。SEP是通過監(jiān)測脊髓小腦束和脊髓丘腦束的傳導(dǎo)反映脊髓的完整性,間接反映脊柱手術(shù)中醫(yī)源性神經(jīng)損傷的風(fēng)險。CSEP監(jiān)測是對機(jī)械性或血管源性脊髓損傷進(jìn)行早期預(yù)警,對神經(jīng)損傷高風(fēng)險的操作進(jìn)行提示,預(yù)防術(shù)中出現(xiàn)醫(yī)源性脊髓損傷。此外,SSEP可以發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)軸特定區(qū)域的損傷,可用于顱內(nèi)病變、脊髓病變和脊柱側(cè)凸等疾病的術(shù)中監(jiān)測。近年來,SEP監(jiān)測在神經(jīng)和脊柱外科手術(shù)中已得到廣泛的應(yīng)用,是判斷脊髓損傷程度較可靠的客觀指標(biāo)之一,容易獲得有效監(jiān)護(hù)波形[10]。

2.2 SEP術(shù)中監(jiān)測方法

麻醉完成后開始SEP監(jiān)測,同時記錄雙側(cè)正中、脛后神經(jīng)體感誘發(fā)電位,上肢外周刺激電極置于腕橫紋上正中神經(jīng)干處,刺激正中神經(jīng);下肢外周刺激電極置于雙側(cè)內(nèi)踝后方,刺激脛后神經(jīng)。采用方波刺激,波寬0.2~0.3 ms,強度30~40 mA,頻率2.3 Hz,疊加200~300次。記錄電極置于Cz,參考電極置于FPz(國際10~20系統(tǒng))[11],刺激強度以能引起拇指或足趾跖曲1.0 cm為宜,刺激強度在監(jiān)測過程中保持恒定。在麻醉后、皮膚切開前、切口暴露至椎板時分別記錄SEP,并以暴露到椎板時的SEP波幅和潛伏期為基線,作為術(shù)中P40波幅變化的參照。

2.3 麻醉對SEP監(jiān)測的影響

隨著IONM在脊柱矯形手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用,術(shù)者越來越關(guān)注麻醉藥物對SEP監(jiān)測的影響。術(shù)中應(yīng)用的麻醉藥物主要有靜脈麻醉藥物和吸入性麻醉藥物。在常用的靜脈麻醉藥物中,苯二氮卓類藥物會使SEP波幅輕度降低、丙泊酚會使SEP波幅逐步降低及潛伏期延長、巴比妥類藥物會使SEP波幅降低及潛伏期延長[12],阿片類藥物會使SEP潛伏期輕度延長[13],氯胺酮會使SEP波幅增強[14],不同劑量的依托咪酯會使SEP波幅顯著增強,因此在SEP監(jiān)測的麻醉誘導(dǎo)時可使用依托咪酯[12]。右旋美托咪啶對SEP的波幅和潛伏期沒有明顯抑制作用,并因其良好的術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)靜作用,可降低麻醉藥的用量,從而減少藥物的蓄積,加快蘇醒時間[15]。在吸入性麻醉藥物中,對SEP監(jiān)測的影響呈劑量相關(guān)性變化,笑氣和鹵化類吸入麻醉藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用時,對SEP的抑制作用更強,使SEP波幅顯著降低[12]。SEP監(jiān)測中應(yīng)用肌松藥,可增強信號清晰度。然而,如果同時記錄MEP,肌松藥會降低CMAPs。因此,在IONM中選擇優(yōu)化的麻醉方案,使用對SEP監(jiān)測影響小的麻醉藥物,以獲得有效的監(jiān)測記錄。

2.4 SEP的警報標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及波幅改變的影響因素

有學(xué)者[7]建議SEP監(jiān)測以麻醉誘導(dǎo)后患者處于手術(shù)體位時檢測到的波幅及潛伏期為基線,術(shù)中神經(jīng)損傷的“報警標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”是:與基線對比,術(shù)中監(jiān)測到SEP波幅降低50%和(或)潛伏期延長10%。也有學(xué)者[16]以切口暴露到椎板時檢測到的波幅及潛伏期為基線,與基線對比,術(shù)中監(jiān)測到SEP波幅下降50%或潛伏期延長10%作為“報警閾值”。SEP的預(yù)警易受多種因素影響,低血壓、低體溫、低碳酸血癥、低氧血癥、貧血,甚至特殊的麻醉藥物都能影響SEP信號[17];同時,術(shù)野中的腦脊液、沖洗液可傳導(dǎo)電流引起的電刺激及冷熱對脊髓神經(jīng)的刺激,會影響SEP信號[18];另外,SEP監(jiān)測易受手術(shù)室環(huán)境的影響,術(shù)中應(yīng)用其它電子設(shè)備產(chǎn)生的干擾,也會使SEP監(jiān)測信號產(chǎn)生偏差[19]。因此,在SEP監(jiān)測中,應(yīng)排除以上影響因素,提高SEP監(jiān)測的準(zhǔn)確性。

2.5 SEP在脊髓手術(shù)監(jiān)測中的局限性

雖然SEP監(jiān)測是IONM中最常用的模式,但單獨應(yīng)用時仍存在多種局限性。因為SEP反映了脊髓后索內(nèi)側(cè)丘系傳導(dǎo)束的完整性并具有良好的可信度[20],卻不能反映皮質(zhì)脊髓束的傳導(dǎo)功能,僅間接反映了運動傳導(dǎo)的完整性,對運動功能的監(jiān)測可能出現(xiàn)假陰性結(jié)果[21]。Schwartz等[21]報道在脊柱側(cè)凸矯形手術(shù)中,SEP對運動功能監(jiān)測的敏感性為43%,特異性為100%。同時,SEP監(jiān)測需要疊加一定時間,可能延遲5 min或更久才監(jiān)測到急性神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生,影響對損傷神經(jīng)操作的及時判斷。在一項運用SSEP與MEPs的2004例對照研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),SSEP信號改變平均滯后于MEPs 16min,其中1例患者監(jiān)測報警延遲達(dá)33min[17]。

3 MEP術(shù)中監(jiān)測

在IONM中,經(jīng)顱電刺激(transcranial electrical stimulation,TES)是用5~7個序列脈沖與>200 Hz的高頻通過刺激皮質(zhì)脊髓束而產(chǎn)生MEP[22]。TES對硬膜外D波的監(jiān)測,可選擇性的評估皮質(zhì)脊髓束的完整性。對麻醉后患者,TES是通過疊加刺激突觸后電位來產(chǎn)生動作電位;經(jīng)顱磁刺激(transcranial magnetic stimulation,TMS)是磁脈脈沖經(jīng)感應(yīng)電流刺激腦組織,引出間接波(I波)。TES比TMS更實用,主要是由于TES比TMS對麻醉耐受性更好[23]。MEP監(jiān)測是一項檢查神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)運動功能的無創(chuàng)方法,通過刺激運動皮質(zhì)來觀察皮質(zhì)脊髓束的傳導(dǎo),可以較特異的反映脊髓的運動傳導(dǎo)功能。MEP通過對皮層或皮層下刺激并在肌肉進(jìn)行記錄,可大致判斷皮層下運動纖維并對運動皮質(zhì)進(jìn)行定位監(jiān)測?;诖碳ず陀涗浀牟课唬琈EP進(jìn)一步分為神經(jīng)源性MEP(D或I波)和肌源性MEP(transcranial motor evoked potential,Tc-MEP)。神經(jīng)源性MEP,是將電極針插入硬腦膜直接刺激脊髓,電刺激會不可避免的激活感覺神經(jīng)束,產(chǎn)生可逆的周圍神經(jīng)感覺電位[24],目前較少使用。Tc-MEP監(jiān)測是經(jīng)顱電刺激運動皮層引出動作電位,因電位容易產(chǎn)生和記錄,是目前較廣泛接受的監(jiān)測方式。

3.1 MEP監(jiān)測在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用

在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中,脊髓損傷的多種機(jī)制包括牽張、局部缺血、神經(jīng)壓迫等[25]。因脊髓前角細(xì)胞對缺血更為敏感,在脊柱矯形手術(shù)中MEP較SEP監(jiān)測更為靈敏,利于醫(yī)師及時停止可能損傷神經(jīng)的手術(shù)操作[26]。Tc-MEP作為一種更普及的方法用于監(jiān)測皮質(zhì)脊髓束的活動[27]和預(yù)測脊柱矯形術(shù)后患者的運動功能障礙[28]。Tc-MEP對運動傳導(dǎo)通路的監(jiān)測更實用且易于操作,具有更高的可靠性及有效性[29]。MEP在監(jiān)測脊髓運動通路的完整性時可預(yù)測術(shù)后運動功能[30],Tc-MEP可提供術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能實時的反饋并具有良好的適應(yīng)性。醫(yī)師在進(jìn)行脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)時一個重要的目標(biāo)就是保護(hù)術(shù)前的神經(jīng)功能[31,32],對神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)功能的實時反饋有助于降低術(shù)中脊髓損傷的發(fā)生率。

3.2 MEP術(shù)中監(jiān)測方法

麻醉完成后開始MEP的初次刺激及記錄,監(jiān)測過程持續(xù)到關(guān)閉切口為止。采用針式單極電極針,針式刺激電極置于C3、C4(國際10-20系統(tǒng))[11],記錄電極置于雙下肢拇展肌,記錄外周肌源性運動復(fù)合電位(compound muscle action potentials,CMAPs)。刺激參數(shù)為5~7個成串方波脈沖,刺激持續(xù)0.5 ms,以2.0 ms間隔交替刺激,刺激電壓從100 V開始,逐次增加25 V,直到獲得符合要求的基線波形(50μV),最大刺激電壓<600 V。記錄電刺激后的CMAPs波幅。在監(jiān)測過程中,需盡量應(yīng)用同樣的刺激電壓并且不要超過最大刺激電壓。

3.3 麻醉對MEP監(jiān)測的影響

3.4 MEP的警報標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及波幅改變的多種原因

MEP監(jiān)測是通過觀察CMAPs的變化進(jìn)行診斷。應(yīng)用不同的陽性判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時,其監(jiān)測的敏感性及特異性存在差異。一種常用的報警標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是“全”和“無“的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[37],其理論基礎(chǔ)認(rèn)為MEP可直接反映脊髓的完整性。但該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的應(yīng)用,對未出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)功能障礙的脊髓損傷存在漏報,敏感性下降,假陰性率增加。Horiuichi等[38]報道在動脈瘤手術(shù)中應(yīng)用“全”和“無“的MEP診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其特異性為97%,而敏感性為62.5%,但該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用尚無

MEP監(jiān)測及記錄,都受麻醉類型及麻醉深度的顯著影響。目前常用的麻醉方式是全靜脈麻醉,常用藥物是阿片類及丙泊酚混合物,具有容易達(dá)到麻醉深度、代謝快、便于產(chǎn)生MEP波幅的特點[33],但大劑量的丙泊酚仍會干擾MEP的產(chǎn)生。由于對吸入麻醉劑的高度敏感性,少量吸入或鹵化麻醉劑可顯著干擾或消除MEP波幅[22]。因此,不推薦其作為MEP監(jiān)測中常規(guī)麻醉藥。另外,MEP記錄的CMAPs是通過神經(jīng)肌肉接頭傳導(dǎo)的,術(shù)中應(yīng)用肌松劑(神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯劑)會顯著的影響MEP的波幅[34]。有報道[35]認(rèn)為,靜脈麻醉藥物比吸入麻醉藥物,如笑氣對α運動神經(jīng)元興奮性的干擾要小。因此,MEP監(jiān)測的過程中要嚴(yán)格遵守全靜脈麻醉的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案。

此外,有2種方式用于評估神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯的程度:①將應(yīng)用肌松劑前后的外周運動神經(jīng)的CMAPs波形進(jìn)行對比;②以2 Hz的頻率給外周神經(jīng)以4個超大的電刺激,稱為4連擊(train of four,TOF)。當(dāng)產(chǎn)生超過1~2次肢體震顫后,即可監(jiān)測到MEP波形[23];當(dāng)應(yīng)用TOF產(chǎn)生次數(shù)較多肢體震顫時,MEP的產(chǎn)生率更高。這對術(shù)前運動功能障礙無法測得MEP波形的患者相當(dāng)重要[36]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報道。

另外,MEP的波幅具有高度間歇變異性[39]。這種變異性使波幅改變時很難設(shè)定明確陽性值作為神經(jīng)損傷的報警信號,原因可能是不同大腦錐體細(xì)胞及脊髓運動神經(jīng)元的激活。有學(xué)者建議MEP監(jiān)測時,對潛在的術(shù)中神經(jīng)損傷應(yīng)用不同報警標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來克服這一局限性。報警標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括MEP波幅的消失[28]、MEP波幅的改變[40]、MEP刺激閾值的增加[41]、既有MEP波幅的改變也有MEP刺激閾值的增加[42],但目前對波幅改變的范圍尚未有統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識。Hyun等[43]以波幅降低50%為MEP診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),敏感性100%,特異性35%,假陽性率增加。Acharya等[44]以波幅降低80%或更多、刺激閾值增加100 V、或與1個或多個電極的基線比較其潛伏期延長10%,作為MEP診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),敏感性100%,特異性96.6%,陰性預(yù)測值100%,陽性預(yù)測值33.3%。目前,MEP診斷的最佳報警標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍存在爭議[41]。

此外,受麻醉的影響,判斷MEP監(jiān)測結(jié)果時不能太依賴于手術(shù)開始時的基線波幅[45]。隨著麻醉深度的增加,出現(xiàn)下運動神經(jīng)元抑制,可能引起誘發(fā)電位的減弱或消失,此時有必要增加脈沖量或刺激強度以記錄CMAPs波幅[46]。隨著全身系統(tǒng)性參數(shù)的變化,手術(shù)開始時記錄的基線波幅可能不適合手術(shù)后期。術(shù)中MEP波幅有高度的試驗變異性[47],即使輕微的平均動脈壓下降都能影響MEP波幅甚至引發(fā)報警[48-50]。術(shù)中應(yīng)每隔10~20 min記錄MEP波幅,建議在其它手術(shù)設(shè)備應(yīng)用較少時進(jìn)行,此外,在任何神經(jīng)損傷高風(fēng)險的操作(椎弓根釘置入、脊髓牽張、去旋轉(zhuǎn)、截骨)后應(yīng)立即進(jìn)行,并將相關(guān)操作前后的MEP波幅變化進(jìn)行對比,判斷有無脊髓損傷的發(fā)生。

3.5 MEP監(jiān)測中的安全性問題

在MEP監(jiān)測中,必須嚴(yán)格遵守用電安全和防止感染這一原則。尤其要考慮MEP監(jiān)測時輸出電的風(fēng)險。應(yīng)注意頭皮灼傷、心律失常、電刺激導(dǎo)致身體震顫造成的舌或口唇的咬傷、癲癇等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。TES-MEP最大的不良反應(yīng)是高強度電刺激經(jīng)頭皮輸入,使患者不自主的上下頜劇烈咬合,造成舌或口唇的咬傷、下頜骨骨折。術(shù)前在患者口中填塞紗布卷可預(yù)防口唇咬傷的發(fā)生。TcMEPs的禁忌證包括顱骨缺損、心臟起搏器、癲癇、以及任何植入體內(nèi)的電裝置[51]。因為對于心臟起搏器、人工耳蝸或其它植入體內(nèi)的電裝置,在高強度電刺激人體時可能造成裝置功能受損。一些學(xué)者把癲癇列為禁忌證,因為電刺激該類患者比普通人更易誘發(fā)癲癇發(fā)作。在MEP監(jiān)測中,應(yīng)用5~7個成串方波脈沖,刺激電壓自100 V起,逐次增加25 V,最大刺激電壓<600 V[11],可有效避免電刺激傷等相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,保證監(jiān)測過程的安全。

4 多模式術(shù)中監(jiān)測的意義

多模式術(shù)中監(jiān)測是將2種或以上IONM模式進(jìn)行結(jié)合的監(jiān)測模式,以個體化方案的優(yōu)勢彌補單模式監(jiān)測局限性帶來的不足。SEP與MEP為基礎(chǔ)的多模式術(shù)中監(jiān)測,在脊柱側(cè)凸手術(shù)中既能監(jiān)測上行感覺傳導(dǎo)通路也能監(jiān)測下行運動傳導(dǎo)通路。在SEP持續(xù)監(jiān)測的同時提高M(jìn)EP對術(shù)中神經(jīng)損傷的探測能力。多模式術(shù)中監(jiān)測較單模式監(jiān)測有以下優(yōu)勢:①對于術(shù)前存在神經(jīng)功能損傷的患者,SEP可提高術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能監(jiān)測的檢出率[52];②SEP和MEP聯(lián)合應(yīng)用有利于降低假陽性率/假陰性率以及避免術(shù)后神經(jīng)功能障礙的發(fā)生[49],并可互相排除因手術(shù)室環(huán)境、麻醉藥物、電極脫落等因素造成的單模式監(jiān)測假陽性結(jié)果;③隨著這些監(jiān)測模式的進(jìn)展,術(shù)中神經(jīng)監(jiān)測的敏感性及特異性不斷提高,從而使患者獲益[51,54-55]。

5 IONM團(tuán)隊及術(shù)中監(jiān)測指標(biāo)的作用

IONM團(tuán)隊由手術(shù)醫(yī)師,神經(jīng)生理學(xué)醫(yī)師,麻醉師及監(jiān)測技師組成[56]。神經(jīng)生理學(xué)醫(yī)師應(yīng)具有臨床神經(jīng)生理學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)與經(jīng)驗,包括深入了解誘發(fā)電位、腦電圖、肌電圖的知識及神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)應(yīng)用研究,能夠解釋脊柱手術(shù)中電生理監(jiān)測的波幅變化,分辨及減少偽影,識別峰值,培訓(xùn)技師及整合多種監(jiān)測模式。

另外,Acharya等[44]認(rèn)為,在IONM中應(yīng)根據(jù)監(jiān)測指標(biāo)執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作規(guī)程,包括術(shù)中對報警的界定,報警后及時采取糾正措施,從而降低術(shù)中脊髓損傷的概率,減少神經(jīng)功能并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。在進(jìn)行神經(jīng)損傷高風(fēng)險操作時出現(xiàn)的報警,若操作停止后監(jiān)測波形恢復(fù),而監(jiān)測指標(biāo)中其余參數(shù)正常,應(yīng)考慮該操作為引發(fā)報警的原因。在常規(guī)監(jiān)測過程中出現(xiàn)報警,團(tuán)隊中各人需評估所有參數(shù)并恢復(fù)IONM波形,恢復(fù)波形對應(yīng)的操作則是引起報警的原因。如果在采取所有糾正措施30 min后IONM報警仍持續(xù),進(jìn)行喚醒試驗。如果喚醒試驗陰性,IONM波形在較短間隔后規(guī)律出現(xiàn),手術(shù)可以繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。如果喚醒試驗陽性,IONM團(tuán)隊認(rèn)為報警原因一致,手術(shù)需要終止。

在脊柱手術(shù)中,根據(jù)術(shù)中監(jiān)測指標(biāo)將喚醒試驗和神經(jīng)生理監(jiān)測相結(jié)合,可減少醫(yī)源性脊髓損傷并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。喚醒試驗?zāi)苤苯佑^察患者下肢運動功能,是術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能損傷判斷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[3]。雖然喚醒試驗易于操作且預(yù)測術(shù)后神經(jīng)損傷的可信度較高,但單獨應(yīng)用仍存在局限性:①需要患者在麻醉半清醒狀態(tài)下配合完成,不適用于兒童、聾啞人、智力缺陷的患者;②試驗過程需要等候一定時間,不能持續(xù)監(jiān)測術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能,可能減慢受損神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù);③使血壓升高可能掩蓋矯形造成的脊髓局部缺血情況,出現(xiàn)假陰性試驗結(jié)果和術(shù)后遲發(fā)神經(jīng)功能障礙[57];④僅能用四肢遠(yuǎn)端的肢體活動評估脊髓運動功能,無法評估脊髓感覺功能[58]。因此,應(yīng)結(jié)合手術(shù)過程中,全身性或局部性因素及IONM監(jiān)測結(jié)果綜合分析喚醒試驗的結(jié)果。

6 小結(jié)

在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中,一旦發(fā)生脊髓損傷,常造成嚴(yán)重的家庭和社會問題。如何有效的進(jìn)行神經(jīng)功能監(jiān)測,對預(yù)測術(shù)中醫(yī)源性神經(jīng)功能損害有重要意義。對神經(jīng)功能正常的患者,SEP、MEP與MIOM是安全有效的實時監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),在監(jiān)測指標(biāo)的指導(dǎo)下可系統(tǒng)性的分析報警的潛在原因并采取治療措施。在脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)前預(yù)先制定合理化監(jiān)測方案將有助于IONM的精準(zhǔn)化,這對減少脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中神經(jīng)損傷事件的發(fā)生尤為重要。

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