楊立強 倪家驤 李小琳 何亮亮 竇智 孫東光 龐海濤
[摘要] 目的 對比神經(jīng)射頻熱凝術(shù)與低溫等離子消融術(shù)治療老年帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛的臨床效果,探討低溫等離子消融背根神經(jīng)節(jié)治療老年帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛的效果與安全性。 方法 回顧性分析2014年5月~2017年5月在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院疼痛科接受治療的40例帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛老年患者的臨床資料,根據(jù)治療方法將患者分為神經(jīng)射頻熱凝胸背根神經(jīng)節(jié)術(shù)(A組)和低溫等離子消融胸背根神經(jīng)節(jié)術(shù)(B組)兩組,各20例。記錄兩組患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后1 d和1、6個月的疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS),記錄術(shù)前及術(shù)后1個月兩組患者生活滿意度指數(shù)B表(LSI-B)評分,記錄兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。 結(jié)果 與A組比較,術(shù)后1 d和1、6個月B組的VAS評分均降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);術(shù)后1個月B組的生活滿意度指數(shù)評分較高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后A組出現(xiàn)8例麻木患者,B組無并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。 結(jié)論 與神經(jīng)射頻熱凝術(shù)比較,低溫等離子消融術(shù)在帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛患者治療中,更安全有效,生活滿意度更高。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 低溫等離子消融術(shù);射頻熱凝術(shù);帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛
[中圖分類號] R752.12 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)10(a)-0096-04
Efficacy and safety of low temperature plasma ablation in treating elderly postherpetic neuralgia
YANG Liqiang1 NI Jiaxiang1 LI Xiaolin1 HE Liangliang1 DOU Zhi1 SUN Dongguang2 PANG Haitao3
1.Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; 2.Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150010, China; 3.Department of Anesthesiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Beijing Tongzhou District, Beijing 101100, China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of radiofrequency nerve thermocoagulation and low temperature plasma ablation and to investigate the efficacy and safety of low temperature plasma ablation in treating elderly postherpetic neuralgia. Methods From May 2014 to May 2017, clinical data of 40 elderly patients with postherpetic neuralgia treated in Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University was retrospectively analyzed, they were divided into radiofrequency nerve thermocoagulation (Group A) and low temperature plasma ablation (Group B) according to the treatment method, with 20 cases in each group. The visual analogue scores (VAS) of patients in the two groups were recorded before and 1 d, 1 month and 6 months after surgery; the life satisfaction index B table (LSI-B) scores of patients in the two groups were recorded before and 1 month after surgery; the postoperative complications after surgery of patients in the two groups were recorded. Results Compared with Group A, the VAS score of Group B was significantly lower at 1 d, 1 month and 6 months after surgery, with statistical significance (P < 0.05), and the life satisfaction scores of Group B were higher at 1 month after surgery, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). There were no postoperative complications occurred in Group B, but 8 patients with numbness in Group A. Conclusion Compared with radiofrequency nerve thermocoagulation, low temperature plasma ablation is safer and more effective in the treatment of elderly postherpetic neuralgia patients and has higher life satisfaction.
[Key words] Low temperature plasma ablation; Radiofrequency nerve thermocoagulation; Postherpetic neuralgia
帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛的發(fā)病率與年齡呈正相關(guān)[1],老年患者免疫力低下,再次清除病毒、神經(jīng)修復(fù)能力下降,潛伏在背根神經(jīng)節(jié)的皰疹病毒可以引起免疫反應(yīng),也相對容易形成帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛,在帶狀皰疹患者中,60歲以上患者帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛的發(fā)生率高達20%~30%[2]。前驅(qū)疼痛尤其是視覺模擬評分(VAS)>7分的重度患者,帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛的風(fēng)險明顯增高[3]。帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛疼痛性質(zhì)多樣,程度劇烈并且持續(xù)時間長,是困擾老年患者的頑癥之一[4]。傳統(tǒng)治療方法包括口服藥物、神經(jīng)阻滯及硬膜外腔阻滯等,但是起效慢、作用時間短,并不能達到完全鎮(zhèn)痛的效果。近幾年,低溫等離子消融術(shù)在治療椎間盤源性疼痛方面取得了良好的效果[5],本研究通過將神經(jīng)射頻熱凝術(shù)與低溫等離子消融術(shù)進行對比,評估低溫等離子消融術(shù)治療帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛的效果及安全性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧分析2014年5月~2017年5月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)收治的胸段(T2~T12)帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛老年患者40例,根據(jù)治療方法將患者分為神經(jīng)射頻熱凝胸背根神經(jīng)節(jié)術(shù)(A組)和低溫等離子消融胸背根神經(jīng)節(jié)術(shù)(B組)兩組,各20例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患者年齡≥60周歲;②疼痛時間>3個月;③經(jīng)藥物治療后,VAS≥4分。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①急性傳染病者;②凝血功能障礙者;③精神障礙不能配合者。兩組患者性別、年齡、病程以及病變部位比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),見表1,具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),所有患者知情同意并簽署手術(shù)知情同意書。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
開放患者靜脈通道,連續(xù)監(jiān)測血壓、呼吸、血氧飽和度以及心電圖,采取側(cè)臥位,腹部放置棉墊有利于胸椎處于平直位。術(shù)前給予5 μg舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批號:1170511)入壺以鎮(zhèn)痛,流量6 L/min持續(xù)面罩吸氧,保持患者清醒可以與術(shù)者進行術(shù)中交流。
在CT引導(dǎo)下,以疼痛最嚴(yán)重的節(jié)段作為中心,掃描上、下各一個節(jié)段,選擇每一個節(jié)段的穿刺以及設(shè)定穿刺路徑,消毒、鋪無菌巾后,1%利多卡因(天津藥業(yè)集團新鄭股份有限公司,批號:100109)局麻穿刺路徑,采用18G 8 cm的套管針穿刺,緩慢循序進針,當(dāng)?shù)竭_穿刺點之后,患者自述有前胸壁的放射痛。拔出針芯,回抽無氣體、血液以及其他液體,置入射頻針,射頻溫度選擇50℃左右,2 Hz,45 V,射頻時間<60 s;或者置入等離子刀頭,選擇“消融”模式,調(diào)整強度為“2~4”檔,順時針旋轉(zhuǎn)360°,持續(xù)時間<60 s。最后拔除射頻針或者等離子刀頭,術(shù)畢按壓穿刺點,監(jiān)測患者生命體征,若平穩(wěn)則返回病房。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)和隨訪時間
①疼痛VAS評分[6]:記錄患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后1 d和1、6個月的VAS評分,0分(無痛)~10分(最難以忍受的疼痛);②生活滿意度評價[7]:采用生活滿意度指數(shù)B表(LSI-B),記錄患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后1個月的評分,0分(滿意度最低)~23分(滿意度最高),主要評估患者術(shù)后1個月的生活質(zhì)量改變情況。③并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況:術(shù)后感染、氣胸、麻木等的發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者手術(shù)前后VAS評分比較
術(shù)前兩組VAS評分差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。與術(shù)前比較,術(shù)后兩組VAS評分均明顯下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后1 d和1、6個月B組的VAS評分均低于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組患者手術(shù)前后生活滿意度指數(shù)評分比較
術(shù)前兩組患者的生活滿意度指數(shù)評分差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。術(shù)后1個月,B組的生活質(zhì)量評分高于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.3 兩組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況
兩組術(shù)后均無氣胸、感染、神經(jīng)損傷等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。術(shù)后1 d A組出現(xiàn)8例麻木情況,可以忍受,無需特殊處理,且麻木癥狀不斷減輕,術(shù)后6個月麻木癥狀基本消失。B組無麻木情況出現(xiàn)。
3 討論
背根神經(jīng)節(jié)傷害性感受器神經(jīng)元外周端會將疼痛信號傳遞至中樞端脊髓背角[8],之后脊髓背角通過相應(yīng)的中間神經(jīng)元進一步將疼痛信息上傳至丘腦和大腦,經(jīng)加工整合后產(chǎn)生痛覺[9]。其次,背根神經(jīng)節(jié)是由脊神經(jīng)后根在椎間孔處形成的膨大結(jié)構(gòu),獨特的形態(tài)在CT下相對易發(fā)現(xiàn)識別[10]。最后,背根神經(jīng)節(jié)包含兩種類型的神經(jīng)元胞體,A型主要負(fù)責(zé)觸覺、振動覺及本體感覺的信號傳導(dǎo),B型主要負(fù)責(zé)疼痛信號的傳遞,兩者的神經(jīng)元數(shù)目比例約為29:71,以B型居多[11]。因此,對背根神經(jīng)節(jié)行消融術(shù)可以有效地阻斷疼痛信號的傳導(dǎo),且不會對其他感覺產(chǎn)生影響。
低溫等離子消融術(shù)因其創(chuàng)傷小、并發(fā)癥少、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快、住院時間短等優(yōu)點廣泛應(yīng)用于外科多個領(lǐng)域[12]。低溫等離子消融術(shù)通過1 mm直徑雙極等離子刀頭,將射頻消融能量作用在導(dǎo)電介質(zhì)上,在刀頭周圍形成能足夠打斷組織的粒子,從而達到破壞背根神經(jīng)節(jié),阻斷疼痛信號傳導(dǎo)的效果[13]。低溫等離子刀頭產(chǎn)生的溫度一般在40~70℃[14],相對于射頻熱凝術(shù)的溫度(70~80℃),該溫度很少引發(fā)對于觸覺神經(jīng)纖維的損傷[15],因此術(shù)后發(fā)生神經(jīng)痛性麻木并發(fā)癥的情況較為少見,這點與本研究結(jié)果相符。
從微觀角度以及阻斷痛覺傳導(dǎo)各個過程的角度,推測術(shù)后患者仍訴疼痛的機制總結(jié)如下:①外周與中樞神經(jīng)元可塑性改變可以引起疼痛持續(xù)狀態(tài)[16],研究表明脊髓背根神經(jīng)節(jié)和脊髓背角是被認(rèn)為調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的關(guān)鍵解剖位置[17]。研究證明,刺激已經(jīng)被麻醉的組織結(jié)構(gòu),仍會出現(xiàn)痛覺過敏和痛覺超敏現(xiàn)象[18],說明中樞可塑性改變似乎起著更重要的作用,He等[19]在一項低溫等離子消融術(shù)治療腰椎間盤源性疼痛的研究中提出,中樞性神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)通路的改變可能導(dǎo)致腰椎間盤源性疼痛治療的復(fù)雜性;②丘腦是除嗅覺外其他各種感覺傳導(dǎo)的傳遞站[20],研究表明帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛可導(dǎo)致丘腦結(jié)構(gòu)改變以及丘腦皮層節(jié)律異常[21];③Geha等[22]對帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛進行功能性核磁共振掃描海馬回結(jié)果提示:觸摸痛中海馬回血流量顯著增加,Geha等[23]推測與慢性疼痛的反復(fù)刺激通過海馬回處理轉(zhuǎn)變成大腦皮層的永久記憶有關(guān);③Malec-Milewska等[24]行腰交感神經(jīng)節(jié)切除術(shù)試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后機械感覺異常和熱痛覺過敏均降低。
綜上所述,由于射頻熱凝術(shù)的溫度相對較高,術(shù)后麻木癥狀多見,但是伴隨時間的推移,麻木癥狀會不斷減輕,而CT引導(dǎo)下低溫等離子消融胸背根神經(jīng)節(jié)術(shù),不僅可以有效緩解老年帶狀皰疹后遺神經(jīng)痛,而且安全性良好,總體效果優(yōu)于射頻熱凝術(shù),但長期預(yù)后還需要進一步隨訪觀察。
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(收稿日期:2018-06-07 本文編輯:任 念)