河北
(作者單位:河北省衡水市鄭口中學(xué))
高考英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)是命題者把學(xué)生平時(shí)寫(xiě)作中常犯的各種典型的錯(cuò)誤更集中、更系統(tǒng)地整理出來(lái),融入一篇內(nèi)容較為淺顯,題材較輕松的文章中設(shè)計(jì)而成的。其目的在于考查考生判斷、發(fā)現(xiàn)、分析、糾正語(yǔ)篇中語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤的能力以及在語(yǔ)篇中綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確性。
短文改錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤類型有多詞、缺詞和錯(cuò)詞三種,比例一般為錯(cuò)詞:多詞:缺詞=8 : 1 : 1。其中錯(cuò)詞主要針對(duì)實(shí)詞,多詞和缺詞則主要針對(duì)虛詞。
(一)名詞的誤用:包括名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、所有格、名詞與形容詞的誤用等。
例1.( 2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word,“Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turning(Turn) left!”
解析:word改為words??疾槊~的單復(fù)數(shù)。句意為:教練一直喊“加速!”“減速!”“左轉(zhuǎn)!”word表示“說(shuō)的話,話語(yǔ),言語(yǔ)”時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞。這里指教練說(shuō)的那些話,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故將word改為words。
例2.(2016 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your(our)view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.
解析:knowledges改為knowledge??疾槊~的單復(fù)數(shù)。knowledge為不可數(shù)名詞,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(二)形容詞和副詞的誤用:包括系動(dòng)詞be和感官動(dòng)詞后的形容詞的誤用、比較等級(jí)及修飾語(yǔ)的誤用以及形容詞和副詞之間的誤用。
例1.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on(of)the road.
解析:suddenly改為sudden??疾樾稳菰~、副詞的用法。句意:……我突然在馬路中間來(lái)了個(gè)緊急剎車。suddenly是副詞,表示“意外地,忽然地”。 sudden為形容詞,表示“突然的,迅速的”,修飾名詞stop用形容詞,故將suddenly改為sudden。a sudden stop表示“急剎車”。
例2.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for (去掉for) some gardening tools.
解析:earlier改為early。考查形容詞、副詞的比較等級(jí)。 此處敘述他們經(jīng)常早起這一事實(shí),沒(méi)有比較的意思,故不用比較級(jí)。
(三)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的誤用:考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、固定搭配等。
例1.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders,so(but/yet)once I started the car,my mind goes blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.
解析:goes改為went??疾闀r(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)前文中的started可知時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí),故將goes改為went。
例2.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)I had grown not only physically,and(but) also mentally in the past few years.
解析:had改為have??疾閯?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in the past few years判斷用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
(四)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:包括現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞、不定式之間的用法區(qū)別,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)誤用等。
(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) When summer came(comes),they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
解析:pick改為to pick??疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。本句出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,所以要將第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,又根據(jù)句意:摘新鮮的蔬菜是目的,所以把第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ降男问奖砟康?,故在pick前加上to。
(五)冠詞的誤用:包括a與an誤用、定冠詞與不定冠詞誤用、固定搭配等。
例1.(2015 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on(in)a shop window.He liked it so very(去掉very)much that he quickly walked into the shop...A woman saw him crying and telling(told)him to wait outside a shop.
解析:outside后的a改為the??疾閍,the的用法。a是不定冠詞,一般用于泛指的,第一個(gè)音節(jié)不是元音音素的名詞前,并且用在文章第一次出現(xiàn)的名詞前。the是定冠詞,一般用于特指的名詞前,并用于上文出現(xiàn)過(guò)的名詞前。shop在上文中出現(xiàn)過(guò),在下文中復(fù)現(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)用the。
例2.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school,and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
解析:第一個(gè)a改為an或one??疾閍,an的用法。因?yàn)閔our的讀音以元音音素開(kāi)頭,所以應(yīng)用an,故將a改為an或者one。 a用在讀音以輔音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前面,例如a man,a university。an用在讀音以元音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前面,例如an egg,an hour。
(六)介詞的誤用:包括對(duì)特定介詞的用法意義判斷錯(cuò)誤以及固定搭配中的介詞誤用等。
例1.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly(sudden)stop just in the middle on the road.
解析:on改為of。考查介詞固定搭配。in the middle of意為“在……的中間”,故把on改為of。
例2.(2016 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) Now I am leaving home to college.
解析:to改為for??疾榻樵~固定搭配。leave sp.for sp.表示“離開(kāi)某地去往另一地”,college是目的地,故把to改為for。
(七)連詞誤用:包括連詞and,but,or,so,when,therefore,if,固定搭配both ...and,not only ...but also,neither...nor和各種從句的引導(dǎo)詞等。
例1.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders,so once I started the car,my mind goes(went)blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.
解析:so改為but/yet。考查連詞。根據(jù)句意可知作者本以為自己已經(jīng)掌握了教練的指令,結(jié)果一發(fā)動(dòng)車,腦中一片空白,前后文為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故將so改為but或yet。
例2.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)I had(have)grown not only physically,and also mentally in the past few years.
解析:and改為but??疾檫B詞。固定短語(yǔ)not only...but also...意為“不但……而且……”。
(八)代詞誤用:包括人稱代詞的主格與賓格、反身代詞、物主代詞以及不定代詞的誤用、代詞指代錯(cuò)誤、連接代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、關(guān)系代詞的誤用等。
例1.(2016 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden your view and gain knowledges(knowledge)we cannot get from books.
解析:your改為our??疾榇~。應(yīng)該使用our與本句的主語(yǔ)we保持一致。句意:如果我們出國(guó)旅游,我們能拓寬視野并學(xué)到書(shū)本上學(xué)不到的知識(shí)。
例2.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)In their spare time,they are interesting(interested)in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house.
解析:that改為which??疾槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法。此處是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)用which而不能用that引導(dǎo)。
例1.(2016 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)At the first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself(myself).
解析:刪除first 前的the??疾楣潭ǘ陶Z(yǔ)。at first意為“最初”,為固定短語(yǔ)。
例2.During your study,you can take the part in more activities after class,where you can make more friends from different country(countries).
解析:刪除part前的the??疾楣潭ǘ陶Z(yǔ)。take part in意為“參加”,為固定短語(yǔ)。
例1.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools.
解析:將for去掉??疾閯?dòng)詞,bought是及物動(dòng)詞,后無(wú)需跟介詞,故將for去掉。
例2.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself,I realize of how fast time flies.
解析:去掉第二個(gè)of??疾閯?dòng)詞。realize是及物動(dòng)詞,后面接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不需要介詞。
(2016 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Though not very big,but the restaurant is popular in our area.
解析:去掉but。考查though的用法。英語(yǔ)句子中連詞though與but不連用。
例1.Well,I had better to stop now.
解析:去掉to??疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。had better 后面要跟動(dòng)詞原形。had better do sth.意為“最好做某事”。
例2.This made me to realize that I was overweight.
解析:去掉to,考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。make sb./sth.do sth.意為“使某人做某事”,make 后要跟不帶to的不定式。
例1.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard first day was.
解析:在first day前加the或my??疾橄薅ㄔ~的用法。由序數(shù)詞first可知,其前應(yīng)加定冠詞the,也可以用形容詞性物主代詞my修飾first day。
例2.(2016 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)But in that case,we will learn little about world.
解析:about后加the??疾槎ü谠~。在英語(yǔ)中定冠詞the通常表示特指,本句中the修飾world表示特指“這個(gè)世界”。
例1.(2016 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time.
解析:dreams后加of??疾閯?dòng)詞的用法。dream of sth./of doing sth.意為“夢(mèng)想做某事”,是固定搭配。
例2.It had never occurred me that studying could be so interested(interesting)until I met Ms.Li.
解析:occurred后面加to??疾閯?dòng)詞的用法。occur to sb.意為“某人想到”,是固定搭配。
例1.(2017 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) When summer came(comes),they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
解析:pick前加to。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。本句出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,所以要將第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,又根據(jù)句意:摘新鮮的蔬菜是目的,所以把第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ降男问奖砟康?,故在pick前加上to。
例2.But we should do what we can protect it.
解析:protect前加to。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)句意:但是我們應(yīng)該做我們能做的來(lái)保護(hù)它。注意,protect不是緊跟can的,不是賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞。在句中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,一個(gè)是do,另外一個(gè)是protect,而“來(lái)保護(hù)它”是目的,故而在protect前應(yīng)該加上to。