高正玉,吳繼霞,方勇
痙攣性馬蹄內(nèi)翻足(spasticity equinovarus foot,SEF)是卒中后偏癱患者最常見(jiàn)的下肢畸形,發(fā)生率約18%[1],其畸形包括:馬蹄、內(nèi)翻(前足內(nèi)翻或后足內(nèi)翻)、足趾屈曲、踝陣攣或上述幾種的組合。SEF影響站立相患足位置擺放,導(dǎo)致平衡障礙,跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,擺動(dòng)相患側(cè)脛骨前移困難,步幅減小,足離地困難。踇長(zhǎng)屈肌、趾長(zhǎng)屈肌、趾短屈肌痙攣,可導(dǎo)致疼痛性足趾屈趾,趾腹和趾背胼胝形成[2]。嚴(yán)重的SEF可導(dǎo)致患者膝關(guān)節(jié)反曲,足踝部皮膚破損,導(dǎo)致殘疾[3]。SEF的治療措施包括牽伸訓(xùn)練、石膏固定,足踝支具、口服抗痙攣藥物、神經(jīng)溶解術(shù)、肉毒毒素局部注射、痙攣肌腱的切斷或延長(zhǎng)術(shù)、神經(jīng)分支切斷術(shù)等。脛神經(jīng)分支選擇性切斷見(jiàn)效快、療效確切、作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng),在臨床中得以推廣和應(yīng)用。
脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)治療SEF由Stoffel[4]在1912年首先提出。由于當(dāng)時(shí)切斷神經(jīng)選擇性不高,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后足部感覺(jué)障礙而限制了其應(yīng)用,口服抗痙攣藥物及化學(xué)去神經(jīng)療法得到充分發(fā)展。1972年Gros[5]應(yīng)用顯微外科技術(shù)及術(shù)中電刺激來(lái)識(shí)別運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分支,使脛神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)選擇性大大提高,減少了對(duì)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)的損傷,脛神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)重新在臨床中得以應(yīng)用。
神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支部分切斷消除了肌肉本體感受器的傳入神經(jīng)沖動(dòng),破壞了導(dǎo)致痙攣的單突觸反射的反射弧,同時(shí)去除了α運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的運(yùn)動(dòng)沖動(dòng)傳出,使痙攣肌肉力量下降[6],從而恢復(fù)肢體肌肉力量平衡。Buffenoir等[7]認(rèn)為神經(jīng)分支切斷術(shù)消除了肌梭神經(jīng)纖維傳入沖動(dòng)從而降低肌肉的興奮性,是神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)主要的作用機(jī)制,并且神經(jīng)切斷后H反射波幅降低,特別是H/M比值降低,且維持較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,從而證實(shí)了神經(jīng)分支切斷可降低相關(guān)肌肉興奮性。神經(jīng)生理學(xué)研究證實(shí),脛神經(jīng)神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)后,H/M比值持久減低的同時(shí)伴隨肌牽張反射降低,說(shuō)明神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷可以長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地緩解痙攣[8]。
Kim等[6]推薦切除脛神經(jīng)至腓腸肌、比目魚(yú)肌的神經(jīng)分支,從而減輕踝陣攣和馬蹄足,切除脛骨后肌神經(jīng)分支,消除了足內(nèi)翻,切除至足趾的神經(jīng)分支,消除爪形趾畸形。根據(jù)足踝部存在的不同畸形,確定相應(yīng)的責(zé)任肌肉,并根據(jù)相應(yīng)肌肉的運(yùn)動(dòng)分支支配情況,切除脛神經(jīng)相應(yīng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)分支,解除相關(guān)肌肉的痙攣與異常張力。
脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分支切斷術(shù)適應(yīng)證主要為,患者原發(fā)疾病導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)損害已經(jīng)穩(wěn)定,所有抗痙攣藥物無(wú)效或不能耐受其副作用,足夠療程的康復(fù)訓(xùn)練效果不佳。腦卒中半年以后,此時(shí)肢體痙攣已進(jìn)入平臺(tái)期,自行恢復(fù)可能性較小,對(duì)各種保守治療無(wú)效或復(fù)發(fā)的SEF,為脛神經(jīng)選擇性運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷的適應(yīng)證。合并肌肉攣縮的患者不適宜行脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷[9],或行神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷時(shí),需同時(shí)行肌腱延長(zhǎng)。
脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)的治療目標(biāo)為消除踝陣攣,減弱導(dǎo)致肌肉力量不平衡的異常肌肉張力或痙攣,提高站立時(shí)的穩(wěn)定性和穿鞋舒適性,減少支具的應(yīng)用或便于應(yīng)用支具,減輕疼痛,治療因馬蹄內(nèi)翻足導(dǎo)致的足部皮膚破潰,恢復(fù)行走功能[3]。
依據(jù)于臨床檢查及術(shù)前麻醉試驗(yàn),來(lái)確定切斷的相應(yīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分支及其切除程度。術(shù)前詳盡的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能分析是進(jìn)行脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)的重要環(huán)節(jié),其目的是明確導(dǎo)致足踝部肌肉力量不平衡的痙攣肌肉,從而確定相應(yīng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分支。評(píng)估的方法包括靜態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)下足的姿勢(shì),如果患者存在馬蹄足,則可能為腓腸肌、比目魚(yú)肌痙攣或張力增高。Silverskiold實(shí)驗(yàn)是區(qū)分腓腸肌和比目魚(yú)張力增高簡(jiǎn)單可靠的方法,如患者伸直膝關(guān)節(jié)時(shí)馬蹄足明顯,屈膝時(shí)減輕,則提示主要為腓腸肌張力增高;如屈膝時(shí)踝關(guān)節(jié)背伸無(wú)改善,提示腓腸肌、比目魚(yú)肌均有張力增高。如存在后足的內(nèi)翻,則可能為脛骨后肌痙攣;如果是前足內(nèi)翻,考慮是脛骨前肌痙攣所致;如存在踇趾、足趾的屈曲則可能為屈趾肌、屈踇肌痙攣所致。
對(duì)于痙攣程度的檢查包括Ashworth評(píng)分、Tardieu評(píng)分、踝陣攣評(píng)分。術(shù)前行脛神經(jīng)分支選擇性阻滯,不僅可以明確導(dǎo)致足踝部畸形的肌肉,同時(shí)可以在一定程度上模擬手術(shù)效果,并且可以區(qū)分痙攣和攣縮在畸形形成因素中所占的比重。Deltombe等[10]報(bào)道,卒中患者行脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支阻滯后性脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支選擇性切斷,在患者術(shù)后2年的隨訪時(shí)間,證實(shí)脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支阻滯同脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù),在痙攣(Ashworth分級(jí))、步態(tài)參數(shù)方面的結(jié)果類似,說(shuō)明脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支阻滯可預(yù)測(cè)脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)后的治療效果。脛神經(jīng)阻滯的定位方法包括根據(jù)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)定位、CT引導(dǎo)定位[11];由于脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支細(xì)小,影像學(xué)難以識(shí)別,因此應(yīng)該同時(shí)行電刺激予以確認(rèn)。應(yīng)用電刺激確認(rèn)神經(jīng)分支的電流強(qiáng)度為0.1 mA,刺激時(shí)間為0.1 ms,刺激頻率為1 Hz,誘發(fā)相應(yīng)肌肉的收縮[12]。Decq等[12]認(rèn)為當(dāng)刺激電流小于0.3 mA可引起相應(yīng)肌肉收縮時(shí),認(rèn)為針尖已同神經(jīng)相接觸。
藥物選擇為0.5~1 mL 2%利多卡因[13],A類纖維對(duì)利多卡因更敏感,或1 mL 1%依替卡因[11]。依替卡因?qū)\(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)的阻滯優(yōu)于感覺(jué)神經(jīng)[14]。麻醉藥物神經(jīng)阻滯起效后,再次分析患者足踝部靜態(tài)及運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)畸形矯正情況,從而明確不同肌肉導(dǎo)致足踝部運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙所起的作用及其所占比重。
對(duì)相關(guān)肌肉的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析,顯示比目魚(yú)肌在痙攣性馬蹄足發(fā)病機(jī)制的作用中明顯大于腓腸肌[12,13]。Decq等[15]證實(shí)75%的患者痙攣性馬蹄足是單獨(dú)由比目魚(yú)肌痙攣導(dǎo)致的,僅12.5%的患者主要由腓腸肌引起。神經(jīng)阻滯后對(duì)踝關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析也證實(shí),比目魚(yú)肌運(yùn)動(dòng)分支阻滯后,痙攣評(píng)分明顯降低,而腓腸肌運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分支阻滯后,痙攣改善不明顯[12]。肌電圖研究發(fā)現(xiàn)H/M比值在比目魚(yú)肌運(yùn)動(dòng)分支阻滯或腓腸肌外側(cè)頭阻滯后降低,而在腓腸肌內(nèi)側(cè)頭阻滯后無(wú)明顯變化[13],提示腓腸肌內(nèi)側(cè)頭在腓腸肌痙攣中所占比重較大。
Deltombea等[9]證實(shí)神經(jīng)阻滯和神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)后所有的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)相似,從而說(shuō)明神經(jīng)阻滯后功能的改善可預(yù)測(cè)神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)后肢體功能的改善程度,并認(rèn)為至少切除神經(jīng)分支的50%,方能實(shí)現(xiàn)跟診斷性麻藥阻滯實(shí)驗(yàn)相同的神經(jīng)生理學(xué)改變。
對(duì)內(nèi)翻足的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析顯示,脛骨后肌并不總是導(dǎo)致足內(nèi)翻的原因,擺動(dòng)相脛骨前肌收縮合并小腿三頭肌痙攣,腓骨肌激活減弱,有時(shí)合并踇長(zhǎng)伸肌不恰當(dāng)?shù)募せ?,也可?dǎo)致足內(nèi)翻[16]。對(duì)于合并脛骨前肌痙攣的馬蹄內(nèi)翻足,脛骨前肌部分外移是較好的選擇。
脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷一般選取全身麻醉,但為避免肌肉松弛劑對(duì)術(shù)中神經(jīng)分支電刺激的影響,在全麻誘導(dǎo)期過(guò)后,不應(yīng)再使用肌肉松弛劑[17]。切口的選擇可以縱切口,也可以橫切口[3],但對(duì)于需要顯露脛骨后肌、踇長(zhǎng)屈肌、趾長(zhǎng)屈肌運(yùn)動(dòng)分支,應(yīng)使用腘窩縱切口顯露。
基于術(shù)中電刺激的觀察,切除范圍變化較大,50%~90%神經(jīng)分支被切斷[18]。Deltombe等[19]建議切除一半運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)纖維足以徹底去除痙攣,而不會(huì)引起肌肉力量的過(guò)多喪失。Bleyenheuft等[20]認(rèn)為切斷75~80%的比目魚(yú)肌的上支及其下支。保留1/5運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分支就可以避免運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的喪失和肌肉萎縮[21]。運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分支切除長(zhǎng)度為5~10 mm,剩余神經(jīng)纖維束是否切除根據(jù)近端神經(jīng)電刺激的反應(yīng)來(lái)決定,直到刺激近端神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)反應(yīng)明確減小為止[12],為防止神經(jīng)纖維長(zhǎng)入遠(yuǎn)斷端,近斷端采用雙極電凝進(jìn)行處理,防止形成增生性神經(jīng)瘤。
術(shù)中切除后的評(píng)測(cè)采用刺激切除近斷端來(lái)判定運(yùn)動(dòng)分支的傳入功能,刺激切除的遠(yuǎn)端段來(lái)判定運(yùn)動(dòng)分支的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能。Decq等[12]認(rèn)為先切除大約一半的神經(jīng)纖維束,切除長(zhǎng)度約5~10 mm,剩余神經(jīng)纖維束的切除根據(jù)近端神經(jīng)電刺激的反應(yīng)來(lái)決定是否繼續(xù)切除,直到刺激近端神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)反應(yīng)明確減小為止,通常至少切除4/5神經(jīng)纖維才能有效解除痙攣。但手術(shù)期間對(duì)踝陣攣的監(jiān)測(cè)仍然是最好的手段。神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷的比例不固定,術(shù)中應(yīng)反復(fù)電刺激,消除肌肉痙攣?zhàn)钚〉那谐壤秊榧选Pg(shù)中電刺激可明確導(dǎo)致痙攣的相關(guān)肌肉,并且決定神經(jīng)切除的范圍,避免過(guò)度切除導(dǎo)致的肌肉無(wú)力的發(fā)生[22]。
脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)后需要檢查患者足底有無(wú)感覺(jué)減退或感覺(jué)敏感,及早發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)中有無(wú)對(duì)脛神經(jīng)主干內(nèi)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維束的干擾。患側(cè)肢體不需要制動(dòng),術(shù)后第2天患者就可下床活動(dòng)。術(shù)后繼續(xù)康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,包括肢體牽張訓(xùn)練、站立及步行訓(xùn)練。
Buffenoir等[7]報(bào)道,脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支部分切斷在痙攣患者可長(zhǎng)期緩解肌肉的過(guò)度活躍,并減輕踝關(guān)節(jié)跖屈肌肉僵硬,對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)的傳出功能無(wú)長(zhǎng)期影響。Sindou等[23]等報(bào)道62例脛神經(jīng)切斷患者,Ashworth評(píng)分從3.8分降至1.5分,85%的患者糾正了馬蹄足,90%的患者矯正了足內(nèi)翻,77%患者踝關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)背伸改善,85%患者踝關(guān)節(jié)主動(dòng)背伸改善。Decq等[24]報(bào)道110例脛神經(jīng)切斷的患者,所有患者踝陣攣均消失,70%患者膝反張消失,97%患者足部穩(wěn)定性改善,70%患者足主動(dòng)背伸改善,但是步速無(wú)改善。Buffenoir等[3]報(bào)道多中心前瞻性研究,55例痙攣性馬蹄足患者行神經(jīng)切斷治療,馬蹄足、牽張反射、踝關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)活動(dòng)度和步速都有改善。肉毒毒素治療肢體痙攣已經(jīng)被廣泛接受,并在臨床工作中得以應(yīng)用,其缺點(diǎn)是作用時(shí)間較短,患者需要重復(fù)注射,價(jià)格昂貴。Bollens等[25]報(bào)道脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分支選擇性切斷術(shù)同肉毒毒素注射組相比,踝關(guān)節(jié)僵硬評(píng)分明顯降低,2組在步行周期中踝關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)明顯改善,肌肉力量均無(wú)明顯減弱。
神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)后早期的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為2%~9.1%,包括傷口愈合延遲、切口裂開(kāi)、反射性交感神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、短暫去神經(jīng)傳入行疼痛、感覺(jué)缺失或神經(jīng)病理性疼痛[23]、神經(jīng)病理性疼痛、感覺(jué)遲鈍或感覺(jué)減退[6,26]。感覺(jué)并發(fā)癥幾乎均發(fā)生于行脛骨后肌、趾長(zhǎng)屈肌運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)的患者,尤其是解剖切除支配趾長(zhǎng)屈肌的神經(jīng)纖維束[23]。由于行上述操作時(shí)需要在脛神經(jīng)主干內(nèi)進(jìn)行分離,導(dǎo)致對(duì)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維束的損傷,但上述并發(fā)癥常常是短暫的,并且可用藥物治療。因此,術(shù)前要充分告知患者發(fā)生感覺(jué)障礙的可能,并避免在脛神經(jīng)內(nèi)分離切除趾長(zhǎng)屈肌運(yùn)動(dòng)分支。
脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷后痙攣的復(fù)發(fā)率并不高。Kevin等[3]報(bào)道,10個(gè)月無(wú)痙攣復(fù)發(fā)。Decq等[27]報(bào)道1年時(shí)痙攣的復(fù)發(fā)率為1%。原先痙攣復(fù)發(fā)的原因包括切除神經(jīng)分支不充分或神經(jīng)再生,神經(jīng)再生的機(jī)制包括切斷神經(jīng)纖維的軸突再生,未切斷神經(jīng)纖維末梢的芽生[27]。原先肌肉延長(zhǎng)術(shù)時(shí)對(duì)神經(jīng)切斷的肌肉行組織學(xué)分析,顯示增大的運(yùn)動(dòng)單位伴隨神經(jīng)再生過(guò)程[28]。Roujeau等[29]則認(rèn)為脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)可長(zhǎng)期緩解痙攣,因?yàn)樯窠?jīng)再生必然包括運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)殘存軸突的再生,是雜亂無(wú)方向,從而痙攣不會(huì)復(fù)發(fā)。
神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是術(shù)后即刻降低痙攣程度,患者可早期開(kāi)始康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,而其他大多數(shù)骨科手術(shù)需要術(shù)后石膏固定,使早期康復(fù)訓(xùn)練難以實(shí)施[30]。神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)的缺陷包括,對(duì)于肌腱、肌肉攣縮的患者,不適宜脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)。術(shù)前存在運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷的患者,行神經(jīng)分支切斷術(shù)后,其運(yùn)動(dòng)功能也不可能得到提高[24]。但由于痙攣肌肉張力降低,其拮抗肌功能可能得以改善。足部痙攣的減輕可改善整個(gè)下肢的張力。
脛神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分支切斷術(shù)是安全、有效地處理足踝部痙攣或肌張力障礙所致功能損害的方法,且療效持久。手術(shù)的關(guān)鍵為選擇合適的患者、術(shù)前詳盡的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析與評(píng)估確定切除的運(yùn)動(dòng)分支、術(shù)中通過(guò)電刺激確定切除神經(jīng)纖維的合適比例,配合術(shù)后積極的康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,可取得較好的臨床療效。
[1]Verdié C,Daviet JC,Borie MJ,et al.Epidemiology of pes varus and/or equinus one year after a first cerebral hemisphere stroke:apropos of a cohort of 86 patients[J].Ann Readapt Med Phys,2004,47:81-86.
[2]Keenan MA,Gorai AP,Smith CW,et al.Intrinsic toe flexion deformity following correction of spastic equinovarus deformity in adults[J].Foot Ankle,1987,7:333-337.
[3]Buffenoir K,Roujeau T,Lapierre F,et al.Spastic equinus foot:Multicenter study of the long-term results of tibial neurotomy[J].Neurosurgery,2004,55:1130-1137.
[4]Stoffel A.The treatment of spastic contractures[J].Am J Orthop Surg,1912,10:611-644.
[5]Gros C.La chirurgie de la spasticité[J].Neurochirurgie,1972,23:316-388.
[6]Kim JH,Lee JI,Kim MS,et al.Long-term results of microsurgical selective tibial neurotomy for spastic foot:comparison of adult and child[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2010,47:247-251.
[7]Buffenoir K,Decq P,Hamel O,et al.Long-term neuromechanical results of selective tibial neurotomy in patients with spastic equinus foot[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),2013,155:1731-1743.
[8]Roujeau T,Lefaucheur JP,Slavov V,et al.Long term course of the H reflex after selective tibial neurotomy[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2003,74:913-917.
[9]Deltombe T,Jamart J,Hanson P,et al.Soleus H ref l ex and motor unit number estimation after tibial nerve block and neurotomy in patients with spastic equinus foot[J].Neurophysiol Clin,2008,38:227-233.
[10]Deltombe T,Bleyenheuft C,Gustin T.Comparison between tibial nerve block with anaesthetics and neurotomy in hemiplegic adults with spastic equinovarus foot[J].Ann Phys Rehabil Med,2015,58:54-59.
[11]Deltombe T,De Wispelaere JF,Gustin T,et al.Selective blocks of the motor nerve branches to the soleus and tibialis posterior muscles in the management of the spastic equinovarus foot[J].Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2004,85:54-58.
[12]Decq P,Filipetti P,Cubillos A,et al.Soleus neurotomy for treatment of the spastic equinus foot[J].Neurosurgery,2000,47:1154-1160.
[13]Buffenoir K,Decq P,Lefaucheur JP.Interest of peripheral anesthetic blocks as a diagnosis and prognosis tool in patients with spastic equinus foot:a clinical and electrophysiological study of the effects of block of nerve branches to the triceps surae muscle[J].Clin Neurophysiol,2005,116:1596-1600.
[14]Bromage PR,Datta S,Dunford LA.Etidocaine:An evaluation in epidural analgesia for obstetrics[J].CanAnaesth Soc J,1974,21:535-545.
[15]Decq P,Cuny E,Filipetti P,et al.Role of soleus muscle in spastic equinus foot[letter].Lancet,1998,352:118.
[16]Detrembleur C Renders A,Willemart T,et al.Usefulness of gait analysis combined with motor point block in a stroke patient[J].Acta Neurol Belg,2000,100:107-110.
[17]Deltombe T,Gustin T.Selective tibial neurotomy in the treatment of spastic equinovarus foot in hemiplegic patients:a 2-year longitudinal follow-up of 30 cases[J].Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2010,91:1025-1030.
[18]Bollens B,Deltombe T,Detrembleur C,et al.Effects of selective tibial nerve neurotomy as a treatment for adults presenting with spastic equinovarus foot:a systematic review[J].J Rehabil Med,2011,43:277-282.
[19]Deltombe T,gustin T,De Cloedt P,et al.The treatment of spastic equinovarus foot after stroke[J].Crit Rev Phys Rehab Med,2007,19:195-211.
[20]Bleyenheuft C,Detrembleur C,Deltombe T,et al.Quantitative assessment of anaesthetic nerve block and neurotomy in spastic equinus foot:a review of two cases[J].J Rehabil Med,2008,40:879-881.
[21]Sindou M1,Keravel Y.Microsurgical procedures in the peripheral nerves and the dorsal root entry zone for the treatment of spasticity[J].Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl,1988,17:139-143.
[22]Sitthinamsuwan B,Chanvanitkulchai K,Phonwijit L,et al.Utilization of intraoperative electromyography for selecting targeted fascicles and determining the degree of fascicular resection in selective tibial neurotomy for ankle spasticity[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),2013,155:1143-1149.
[23]Sindou M,Mertens P.Selective neurotomy of the tibial nerve for treatment of the spastic foot[J].Neurosurgery,1988,23:738-744.
[24]Decq P,Cuny E,Filipetti P,et al.Peripheral neurotomy in the treatment of spasticity:Indications,techniques and results in the lower limbs[J].Neurochirurgie,1998,44:175-182.
[25]Bollens B,Gustin T,Stoquart G,et al.A randomized controlled trial of selective neurotomy versus botulinum toxin for spastic equinovarus foot after stroke[J].Neurorehabil Neural Repair,2013,27:695-703.
[26]Rousseaux M,Buisset N,Daveluy W,et al.long-term effect of tibial nerve neurotomy in stroke patients with lower limb spasticity[J].J Neurol Sci,2009,278:71-76.
[27]Decq P.Peripheral neurotomies for the treatment of focal spasticity of the limb[in French][J].Neurochirurgie,2003,49:293-305.
[28]Berard C,Sindou M,Berard J,et al.Selective neurotomy of the tibial nerve in the spastic hemiplegic child:an explanation of the recurrence[J].J Pediatr Orthop B,1998,7:66-70.
[29]Roujeau T,Lefaucheur JP,Slavov V,et al.Long term course of the H reflex after selective tibial neurotomy[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2003,74:913-917.
[30]Jang SH,Park SM,Kim SH,et al.The effect of selective tibial neurotomy and rehabilitation in a quadriplegic patient with ankle spasticity following traumatic brain injury[J].Yonsei Med J,2004,45:743-747.