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讓英語課堂成為一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)開放的語言環(huán)境

2018-02-24 05:28劉慧琴
關(guān)鍵詞:開放動(dòng)態(tài)英語

劉慧琴

[摘? ?要]在英語教學(xué)中,教師要研讀教材文本并建立恰當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的教材文本外延基礎(chǔ),然后走出教材文本,開放課堂,創(chuàng)設(shè)適切的課堂語言環(huán)境,這樣才有利于學(xué)生進(jìn)行有價(jià)值的語言活動(dòng)。這樣的課堂不再是讓學(xué)生被動(dòng)地接受語言知識(shí),而是提供給學(xué)生用英語“做事”的一個(gè)更接近真實(shí)的語言情境 ,讓學(xué)生在“做事”的過程中進(jìn)一步發(fā)展語言能力、思維能力等。在這樣的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)過程中,學(xué)生才能更好地感知語言、融通語言、運(yùn)用語言。

[關(guān)鍵詞]英語;課堂;動(dòng)態(tài);開放

[中圖分類號(hào)]? ? G633.41? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]? ? A? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)]? ? 1674-6058(2018)34-0027-03

語言的學(xué)習(xí)過程是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的、開放的過程,這一過程會(huì)受到學(xué)習(xí)者接受新語言的能力、心理狀態(tài)以及外部環(huán)境等因素的影響。語言課堂教學(xué)不是教師對(duì)學(xué)生語言知識(shí)的單方面的強(qiáng)加;反之,語言課堂學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)提倡多元、互動(dòng)與發(fā)展,尤其應(yīng)重視學(xué)生對(duì)語言“affordance” 的生態(tài)理解。因此,課堂教學(xué)環(huán)境下學(xué)生的語言學(xué)習(xí)是在教師的引導(dǎo)下,與所在語言環(huán)境不斷交流互動(dòng)的過程。同時(shí)在這個(gè)過程中,課堂里的語言學(xué)習(xí)不是恒定不變的,而是隨著語言的自然需要線性發(fā)展,即教學(xué)過程要隨時(shí)打破預(yù)設(shè),讓英語課堂成為一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)開放的語言環(huán)境。

一、研究樣本

“Go for it!”(人教版)八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 8 “How do you make a banana milk shake?”(Secton A 1a-1c)這部分教學(xué)內(nèi)容如下:

1a. Write these words in the blanks in the picture above.

[turn on, cut up, drink, peel, pour, put ]

1b. Listen? and put the instructions in order.

______ Turn on the blender.

______ Cut up the bananas.

______ Drink the milk shake.

______ Pour the milk into the blender.

______ Put the bananas and ice- cream in the blender.

1? ? ? Peel three bananas.

1c. Cover the instructions above. Tell your parter how to make a banana milk shake.

[A: How do you make a banana milk shake?

B: First, peel the bananas... ]

這是人教版義務(wù)教育教科書八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 8第一課時(shí)的一節(jié)聽說課,語言目標(biāo)是Describe a process 和Follow instructions。通常,教師會(huì)依照文本內(nèi)容,按詞匯、讀、聽和會(huì)話的順序來逐步完成教學(xué),但在這節(jié)課,我以聽的內(nèi)容為語言素材和背景,緊緊扣住“奶昔的制作過程”將其拓展開來,使得課堂語言學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)態(tài)、開放。

二、教學(xué)過程與行為及其分析

下面是我對(duì)這節(jié)聽說語言課的部分處理過程和分析。

1.走出教師的“方圓”,變英語課堂為學(xué)生的動(dòng)態(tài)的語言學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境

教育必須順應(yīng)自然,也就是順學(xué)生的天性而為。我們的課堂應(yīng)還給學(xué)生一個(gè)自由發(fā)展的空間,一個(gè)真實(shí)表達(dá)或表現(xiàn)的世界,一種心向自然的情愫。這種動(dòng)態(tài)的課堂應(yīng)該是一個(gè)聯(lián)系的課堂、發(fā)展的課堂、和諧的課堂、共生的課堂。

下面從課堂設(shè)計(jì)Teaching? procedures的第一個(gè)步驟Free Speech說起。

Warming-up以劉同學(xué)課前的演講開始:

Good morning, everyone! Its my great honor to stand here to make a speech. Of course you all guess what Im talking about here. I am going to tell you something about food. But before I begin, I would like to ask you what you think of food.

當(dāng)演講進(jìn)行到這里的時(shí)候,她自然地期待來自班里的各種聲音:

S1:I think all the foods are very nice to eat.(常態(tài)邏輯思維)

S2:And I think some of the foods are delicious and some of them are not so good.(在目前的語言知識(shí)范圍內(nèi)一種常識(shí)性的觀點(diǎn))

S3:But I wonder if you can really tell us the question clearly. Why do you ask such a question? In my opinion, all the food can be eaten if they dont turn bad.(教師即時(shí)隨口糾正:If they dont go bad.)

此刻嘩然聲起。這位學(xué)生借問題本身的疏漏反駁性地回答了演講者,既表現(xiàn)出了思辨的學(xué)習(xí)智慧,又讓令人繃緊神經(jīng)的課堂活躍起來。課堂打破演講者的美好預(yù)設(shè)而立刻進(jìn)入主動(dòng)、積極、活躍的參與性的語言學(xué)習(xí)氛圍。

演講繼續(xù):

Yes, to be honest, all the foods in my heart are very delicious. Dont you agree with me? There are a lot of foods in the world. How many do you know? Such as American hamburgers, Chinese gongbao chicken, Beijing roast duck and so on. However, there are also lots of drinks in the world. Which do you like best?

又一個(gè)問題飛向同學(xué),頓時(shí)各種國(guó)內(nèi)的、西洋的飲料名詞在教室里“沸騰”起來……

演講又繼續(xù):

For me, water is my favorite drink. You know water is the most important to human beings.(她隨即將human beings 板書在黑板中央并讓同學(xué)猜測(cè)其意思)But if you would like to enjoy other drinks,you must learn how to make it by yourself first. So today Ms Liu will teach us how to make your favorite drinks. OK? My speech is over. Thanks for your listening.

掌聲后我習(xí)慣性地以questions and short discussions開始講課。我的問題“What kind of food do you like best, and why?”點(diǎn)燃了學(xué)生的激情。學(xué)生們從教室的不同角落站起來談自己對(duì)這個(gè)問題的不同理解與思考:

S4: I think my favorite food is hamburgers because they are delicious.

S5: I also like eating hamburgers,so I often go to KFC with my parents.

S6: I dont agree with them. I like eating Chinese gongbao chicken because it is Chinese traditional food.

S7: Yes, she is right. I like all Chines food. We eat Chinese food, that is, we love our country.

此刻,全班爆發(fā)出雷鳴般的掌聲。所有的目光聚焦在我們的班長(zhǎng)郭宏利身上……此時(shí)教師課前的預(yù)設(shè)已被學(xué)生的熱情推向一種忘我的自然情境,讓人無法擺脫和走出,完全浸潤(rùn)在其中,感覺著、欣賞著、享受著。

再聽聽班里的運(yùn)同學(xué)根據(jù)自己記錄的key words對(duì)劉同學(xué)演講的復(fù)述:

Today Lius speech is about foods and drinks. Before she begins, she asks us a question: What do you think of food? I think the question is very strange and it is very difficult to answer. Dont you think so?After that, she says all the foods are very delicious. And there are a lot of foods in the world. She also shows us some popular foods, such as American hamburgers, Chinese gongbao chicken,Beijing roast duck and so on. This time she asks us which we like best. In my opinion, this is an interesting question. I am very happy to get some different voices from my class. But our monitor Guo Honglis opinion makes us so surprised. Finally, she says there are also lots of drinks in the world. For her, water is her favorite drink. Everyone knows water is the most important to human beings. Thank you!

【分析】 在教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中,我在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)僅僅提供給學(xué)生3分鐘,可學(xué)生在課堂上用去了近7分鐘。但這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)沒有缺憾,它沒有浪費(fèi)課堂上的時(shí)間或與后期的教學(xué)產(chǎn)生沖突;反而,它給學(xué)生提供了較為充足的時(shí)間從聽和說兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行鍛煉。尤其是運(yùn)同學(xué)的復(fù)述,不僅僅體現(xiàn)了她清晰的語言表述,更是融入了她自己的思辨品格與思維品質(zhì)。而這種“英語的思維品質(zhì)是英語學(xué)科基本素養(yǎng)的最高層次”(孫大偉,2015)。例如她說的:I think the question is very strange and it is very difficult to answer. Dont you think so?

語言的學(xué)習(xí)不是順從,不是接納,而是在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中受到語言環(huán)境中某些東西無意識(shí)的、無覺察的和不刻意的滲透和浸潤(rùn)。這樣,即可真正意義上實(shí)現(xiàn)“英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)……最終體現(xiàn)在學(xué)生的成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展上” (張連仲,2015)。教師需要“放下”或 “讓位”,并引著學(xué)生走出教師的“方圓”,變英語教學(xué)課堂為學(xué)生的動(dòng)態(tài)的語言環(huán)境。

2. 走出文本,開放課堂,創(chuàng)設(shè)適切的課堂語言環(huán)境

日本學(xué)者左藤學(xué)指出:“無論是作為‘公共框架的課程還是作為學(xué)校‘教育計(jì)劃的課程,在課堂情境中只能靠‘教師的課程,即被每一個(gè)教師的意圖、解釋、構(gòu)想、設(shè)計(jì)所演繹的課程來發(fā)揮其現(xiàn)實(shí)的功能。所以‘教師課程成了教材的決定性因素?!边@使學(xué)生在掌握知識(shí)方面很大程度上要受到教師的個(gè)人影響。因此,英語教學(xué)需要教師精準(zhǔn)把握教材,不綁定文本,并精心設(shè)計(jì)師生語言共融的開放性課堂,創(chuàng)設(shè)適切的課堂語言環(huán)境和氛圍,讓學(xué)生如游泳一樣完全浸泡在“水”中。

于是,在我們很快完成1b的聽力練習(xí)之后進(jìn)行Free talk時(shí),課堂語言活動(dòng)由原來預(yù)設(shè)的12分鐘改為20分鐘。同時(shí)在原來的

Try to make your favorite drinks. You must follow these steps:

First,...

Next,...

Then,...

Finally,...

之外又加了另一項(xiàng):

Or, if you want to make other things in good order, you can also follow these steps:

First,...

Next,...

Then,...

Finally,...

【分析】這堂課在依附于教材文本的基礎(chǔ)上完全走出了文本內(nèi)容,并給學(xué)生創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)開放的課堂語言情境,給了學(xué)生充足的時(shí)間。 Free talk 中的第二個(gè)課堂活動(dòng)“Or,if you want to make other things in good order, you can also follow these steps...”給學(xué)生無限的語言開放空間。在進(jìn)行Free talk 的十幾分鐘里,每一位學(xué)生根據(jù)自己已有的語言基礎(chǔ)和能力積極參與到2人組、3人組或4人組開放的Conversations語言活動(dòng)里,甚至有語言能力極弱的學(xué)生也扮演其中只有兩三句臺(tái)詞的角色。

約13分鐘后,講臺(tái)前展示了6組學(xué)生的“作品”。這里有一組頗為優(yōu)秀的會(huì)話。

S1:Hi,you know we had an English test yesterday. How do you feel?

S2:Its bad. I think Im going to get a bad grade. Do you know how to get good grades in English?

S1:The answer to this question is what many students want to know.

S2: Oh, we can ask the teacher for the answer.

S1:Excuse me, Ms Liu. Wed like to ask you how to learn English well.

T:My dear children, it is not difficult to learn English well. You must be interested in it. Also, you need to take it seriously.

S1:Yes, I think we should listen to the teacher carefully in class.

S2:We also need to do homework carefully.

T:What you say is quite right.

S1:The most important thing is to remember the words.

S2:I dont agree with you. I think the most important thing is to be interested? in English.

S1:Well...maybe it is true. Do you know how to get good grades in English now?

S2:Yes, let me tell you. First of all, we should be interested in English. Next, we need to take it seriously. Then, we should listen to the teacher carefully in class and do homework carefully. Finally, we should recite the words.

S1:If we do this, we will get good grades. I hope you can get good grades next time.

S2:Time is money. Im going to study now.

S1:Goodbye! Reading books can change a person. I believe that much knowledge will change you. So I love learning because it can bring me a lot of good things and make me happy. Hey, Liu Zhengrui, wait for me. Im going to study with you, too!

【分析】這兩位學(xué)生的語境會(huì)話將原文本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了很好的拓展。他們走出教材的局限,打破常規(guī)的跟教師走的預(yù)定模式,只是借助原文本目標(biāo)語言結(jié)構(gòu)“First,... Next,...Then,... Finally,...”用自己創(chuàng)造性的語言給我們展示了“How to get good grades in English?”的整個(gè)詢問過程。他們表演時(shí)聲情并茂、繪聲繪色,情景交融,完全沉浸在自己的語言情景之中。在整個(gè)交談當(dāng)中,兩位學(xué)生在探討如何學(xué)好英語并取得優(yōu)異成績(jī),但他們沒忘記教材為學(xué)習(xí)者設(shè)定的基本語言目標(biāo),運(yùn)用“First,...Next,...Then,...Finally,...”去進(jìn)行交流與溝通。課堂里,教師提供了充足的時(shí)間讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行語言情景創(chuàng)設(shè)和語言表達(dá)。在他們的會(huì)話過程中,一方突然轉(zhuǎn)身向我:Excuse me, Ms Liu. Wed like to ask you how to learn English well.這使得我瞬間不知所措(我在以往的課堂上都是習(xí)慣于傾聽)。因此,我的回答“...it is not difficult to learn English well. You must be interested in it. Also, you need to take it seriously.”似乎是唐突作答和忽悠。但該生能在需要時(shí)隨即求助于他人,表現(xiàn)出了個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)智、聰慧和不受場(chǎng)景的約束與限制,入情入理,語融于境。

我們語言教學(xué)的課堂需要教師研讀教材文本并建立恰當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的教材文本外延基礎(chǔ),然后走出教材文本,開放課堂,創(chuàng)設(shè)適切的課堂語言環(huán)境,學(xué)生才會(huì)奇跡般創(chuàng)造有價(jià)值的語言并進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的語言活動(dòng)。在《義務(wù)教育課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)教師學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)(初中英語)》一書中談到:課程從以前以教師為中心的教學(xué)模式轉(zhuǎn)換為以學(xué)生為中心的教學(xué)模式,強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的參與和體驗(yàn)。通過創(chuàng)造良好的語言環(huán)境和提供大量的語言實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì),使學(xué)生通過自己的體驗(yàn)、感知、實(shí)踐、參與和交流形成語感,并在教師的引導(dǎo)下,通過觀察、發(fā)現(xiàn)和歸納等方式,掌握語言的規(guī)律,形成有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略。這明確地告訴我們,課堂不應(yīng)讓學(xué)生被動(dòng)地接受語言知識(shí),而應(yīng)提供給學(xué)生用英語這種語言“做事”的更接近真實(shí)的語言情境 ,并且在“做事”的過程中進(jìn)一步發(fā)展學(xué)生的語言能力、思維能力和其他諸多學(xué)習(xí)能力,這樣學(xué)生才能更好地感知語言、融通語言、運(yùn)用語言。

羅滕博格認(rèn)為,課堂是由人際互動(dòng)和心理互動(dòng)共同組成的整體,是一個(gè)由課堂物質(zhì)環(huán)境和課程資源構(gòu)成的生態(tài)單位。(劉貴華,楊清,2011)英語教師必須努力為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)既具真實(shí)性又具開放性的動(dòng)態(tài)的語言環(huán)境,給學(xué)生一個(gè)交流的課堂,讓學(xué)生變傾聽者為語言參與者,讓每個(gè)學(xué)生都有發(fā)言的機(jī)會(huì);給學(xué)生一個(gè)開放的課堂,設(shè)計(jì)盡可能開放的問題,讓學(xué)生在參與的過程中充分表達(dá)和展現(xiàn);給學(xué)生一個(gè)感悟的課堂,讓他們盡可能真實(shí)地、創(chuàng)造性地運(yùn)用語言在情境中交流,從而真正實(shí)現(xiàn)語言的語用價(jià)值。

(責(zé)任編輯 周侯辰)

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