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短程分子蒸餾技術(shù)精制巨尾桉葉精油工藝優(yōu)化

2018-02-28 06:31胡雪芳田志清裴海生張志民王士奎
關(guān)鍵詞:精油分子分?jǐn)?shù)

胡雪芳,田志清,裴海生,張志民,王士奎

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短程分子蒸餾技術(shù)精制巨尾桉葉精油工藝優(yōu)化

胡雪芳,田志清,裴海生,張志民,王士奎※

(1. 農(nóng)業(yè)部規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工工程研究所,北京 100125;2. 農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)后處理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100121)

為了優(yōu)化巨尾桉葉精油精制工藝,采用短程分子蒸餾,對(duì)初級(jí)桉葉精油中1,8-桉葉素和-蒎烯進(jìn)行精制,研究不同溫度和壓力條件下2種物質(zhì)分離特性。以巨尾桉葉為試驗(yàn)材料,依次采用超臨界CO2萃取和分子蒸餾對(duì)其進(jìn)行桉葉油樹脂提取和純化得到初級(jí)桉葉精油,采用二因素五水平的響應(yīng)面優(yōu)化試驗(yàn),將餾出物得率、餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)及-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)、餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)及-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)作為試驗(yàn)指標(biāo),對(duì)分子蒸餾精制桉葉精油工藝進(jìn)行優(yōu)化研究。最優(yōu)純化工藝條件:以餾出物為目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,蒸餾溫度38 ℃,蒸餾壓力41 Pa,餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別約為60.80%和31.58%,餾出物的得率為82.06%。分子蒸餾能夠?qū)﹁袢~精油進(jìn)行有效的純化精制,桉葉初級(jí)精油經(jīng)過二級(jí)分子蒸餾精制后,1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別提高了77.62%和56.72%。蒸餾溫度和蒸餾壓力對(duì)1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響均較-蒎烯明顯,同時(shí),對(duì)于1,8-桉葉油素,蒸餾壓力的變化對(duì)其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響較蒸餾溫度明顯,相反的,對(duì)于-蒎烯,蒸餾溫度對(duì)其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)影響更為顯著(<0.05),該研究結(jié)果可為分離提純2種物質(zhì)提供技術(shù)參考。

蒸餾;壓力;溫度;桉葉精油;1,8-桉葉油素;-蒎烯;工藝優(yōu)化

0 引 言

桉樹是中國(guó)最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)樹種之一,在中國(guó)廣西、廣東、云南等20多個(gè)省、市、自治區(qū)均有種植,面積已超過360萬hm2[1]。在桉樹種植區(qū),大量桉葉作為木材生產(chǎn)的主要廢棄物幾乎未被加工利用,造成優(yōu)質(zhì)生物質(zhì)資源的極大浪費(fèi)。桉葉油是桉樹葉油腺細(xì)胞分泌出來的芳香精油,主要為萜品烯類化合物、芳香族類化合物和脂肪族類[2-5],是世界上十大精油品種之一。桉葉油具有抑菌消炎[6-7]、抗氧化[8-10]、抗腫瘤抗病毒[11-12]、殺蟲等活性[13-15],在食品、化工、醫(yī)藥、環(huán)境和能源等領(lǐng)域有廣泛應(yīng)用[16-17]。

目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)植物精油分離提取的方式主要有水蒸氣蒸餾法[18]、超聲波(微波)輔助提取法[19-21]、有機(jī)溶劑萃取法、超臨界提取法[22-24]和分子蒸餾等[25-30]。水蒸氣蒸餾法是最常用的方法,具有設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單、成本低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但是由于需要較高的溫度,可能會(huì)使熱敏性成分發(fā)生熱分解,降低了精油產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量;溶劑提取法具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、產(chǎn)率高等特點(diǎn),但是此方法由于溶劑殘留難以完全除去,一般適用于精油粗品提取;超臨界萃取法作為一種新型綠色的氣體-液分離技術(shù),萃取速度快、效率高、能耗少,但設(shè)備投資較大,操作要求高,用簡(jiǎn)單的超臨界萃取方法無法生產(chǎn)高純度的產(chǎn)品,還應(yīng)考慮與其他分離、純化技術(shù)相結(jié)合[31-33]。中國(guó)作為世界桉葉油的主要供應(yīng)國(guó)和出口國(guó),開發(fā)新型高效桉葉油分離純化技術(shù),提高其產(chǎn)品附加值有著重要意義。分子蒸餾(molecular distillation,MD)又稱為短程蒸餾(short path distillation, SPD),是隨著真空技術(shù)及真空蒸餾技術(shù)的發(fā)展而逐漸發(fā)展起來的一種特殊的液-液分離技術(shù),它的原理是在高真空度條件下操作,依據(jù)分子運(yùn)動(dòng)平均自由程的差別,具有蒸餾壓力低、操作溫度低、受熱時(shí)間短、分離效率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),特別適用于高分子量、高沸點(diǎn)、高粘度、熱敏性及易氧化物系的分離[34-37]。中國(guó)對(duì)于分子蒸餾技術(shù)的研究起步較晚,近年來作為精制、純化、除蠟手段在植物精油提取領(lǐng)域的研究成為熱點(diǎn),在但是關(guān)于蒸餾參數(shù)對(duì)分餾物組分影響尚缺乏深入研究,在桉葉精油分離提取方面的應(yīng)用研究甚少,1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯是桉葉精油的主要組分,在醫(yī)藥化工領(lǐng)域有著重要的應(yīng)用。本文運(yùn)用分子蒸餾技術(shù)對(duì)這2種物質(zhì)進(jìn)行分餾純化,探究不同操作參數(shù)下餾出物和餾余物中餾分組成的變化,并且以精油得率、1,8-桉葉素和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)作為指標(biāo),對(duì)工藝參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,旨在為桉葉精油的精制提供新的工藝思路和參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

巨尾桉桉葉,由桂林集琦生化有限公司提供;正己烷(色譜級(jí));1,8-桉葉素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(1,8-cineole,純度≥98%);-蒎烯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(-Pinene,純度≥98%),正十二烷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(Dodecane),購(gòu)于美國(guó)Sigma-Aldrich公司。

1.2 儀器與試劑

2英寸刮膜式分子蒸餾器(美國(guó)Pope科學(xué)公司),安捷倫GC-7890A氣相色譜儀(美國(guó)安捷倫公司),BSA124S-CW電子天平(量程:120 g,精度:0.1 mg,德國(guó)Satorious公司),二氧化碳流體萃取裝置(大連卓爾高科技有限公司)。

1.3 試驗(yàn)方法

1.3.1 桉葉初級(jí)精油的制備

桉葉油樹脂由超臨界二氧化碳流體萃取裝置,從巨尾桉桉葉中提取。CO2純度:99.99%。超臨界流體萃取條件如下:40 MPa萃取壓力、溫度50 ℃,60目粉碎粒度、CO2流速30 kg/h,分離壓力:8 MPa,分離溫度:60 ℃、提取時(shí)間2.5 h。桉葉油提取率為15.47%。初級(jí)分子蒸餾純化過程:量取桉葉油樹脂500 mL,加入進(jìn)料瓶中,打開排氣閥,關(guān)閉進(jìn)料閥,打開真空泵,將系統(tǒng)壓力設(shè)置為40 Pa,對(duì)物料進(jìn)行脫氣工序。脫氣完成后,設(shè)置蒸餾溫度50 ℃,蒸餾壓力90 Pa,刮膜速度250~300 r/min,進(jìn)料速度1滴/s,冷卻水溫度10 ℃,進(jìn)料溫度35 ℃,所得桉葉精油得率為39.43%,1,8-桉葉素和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為34.23%和20.15%。

1.3.2 定量測(cè)定方法

1,8-桉葉素和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)用氣相色譜儀測(cè)定,色譜柱選取DB-5毛細(xì)管柱(30.0 m×0.25 mm×0.25m),氣譜條件為:載氣高純度氮?dú)猓?9%),流速1.0 mL/min,進(jìn)樣口溫度250 ℃,采用FID檢測(cè)器,檢測(cè)器溫度290 ℃,空氣流速為300 mL/min,氫氣流速30 mL/min。采用內(nèi)標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線法,以1,8-桉葉油素、-蒎烯與內(nèi)標(biāo)物的質(zhì)量濃度比為縱坐標(biāo)(),峰面積比為橫坐標(biāo)(),進(jìn)行性回歸分析計(jì)算結(jié)果。

1.3.3 中心旋轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)合設(shè)計(jì)

采用中心旋轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)合設(shè)計(jì)(central composite rotating design, CCRD)對(duì)分子蒸餾精制桉葉精油工藝進(jìn)行優(yōu)化研究。將餾出物得率(1)、餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(2)及-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(3)、1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(4)及-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(5)作為試驗(yàn)指標(biāo),考察蒸餾溫度與蒸餾壓力在試驗(yàn)過程中對(duì)各試驗(yàn)指標(biāo)的影響,以得到最佳的工藝條件,分子蒸餾工藝其他試驗(yàn)參數(shù):刮膜速度250 r/min,進(jìn)料速度1~2滴/s(3~4 mL/min),冷卻水溫度5 ℃,進(jìn)料溫度30 ℃。因素水平編碼見表1。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理

用Design expert(8.0.6,.,MN,USA)軟件對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行擬合與統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,利用Duncan新復(fù)極差法對(duì)差異顯著性進(jìn)行分析。

表1 中心組合設(shè)計(jì)各因素水平

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果

優(yōu)化試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表2所示,所有試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)平行測(cè)定3次取平均值。蒸餾溫度及蒸餾壓力對(duì)各個(gè)響應(yīng)值影響的方差分析及預(yù)測(cè)模型的回歸分析結(jié)果分別見表3。

表2試驗(yàn)結(jié)果

Table 2 Experiment results

注:1、2、3、4與5分別為餾出物得率,餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。

表3 蒸餾溫度(A)與壓力(B)對(duì)各響應(yīng)值影響的方差分析

續(xù)表

注:**代表<0.01,*代表0.01<<0.05,NS代表不顯著。

Note: ** means<0.01, * means 0.01<<0.05, NS means not significant.

2.2 餾出物得率響應(yīng)面分析

圖1a是蒸餾壓力、蒸餾溫度及其交互作用對(duì)餾出物得率影響的響應(yīng)面模型圖。

圖1 蒸餾溫度和蒸餾壓力對(duì)精油得率影響的響應(yīng)面和微擾曲線分析

從圖1a可以看出,在蒸餾溫度35 ℃、蒸餾壓力30 Pa左右餾出物得率最高。通過微擾曲線分析,進(jìn)一步探討了自變量對(duì)響應(yīng)值影響的變化規(guī)律(圖1b),參考點(diǎn)為優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)空間的中點(diǎn)(T=40 ℃,P=70 Pa),由曲線可以看出,餾出物得率隨著溫度升高呈現(xiàn)先上升后下降的趨勢(shì),這是由于隨著溫度的升高,大量的輕分子組分因?yàn)榈玫阶銐虻哪芰?,其分子平均自由程變長(zhǎng),從而被冷凝器收集而進(jìn)入餾出物中。相反的,當(dāng)溫度繼續(xù)升高(>40℃)的時(shí)候,一部分分子由于碰撞頻繁和激烈,在冷凝面和蒸發(fā)面之間做無規(guī)則運(yùn)動(dòng),無法及時(shí)被冷凝面收集,另外其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在蒸餾體系內(nèi)達(dá)到過飽和狀態(tài),通過薄膜蒸發(fā)進(jìn)入外置冷凝器中,導(dǎo)致餾出物得率的下降。由曲線可以看出,餾出物得率隨著蒸餾壓力的增加而下降,這是因?yàn)殡S著壓力的不斷升高,物質(zhì)分子的平均自由程迅速降低,越來越多的組分無法被冷凝器捕集到,使餾出物的得率變小[38]。由表3可以看出,蒸餾溫度及其平方項(xiàng)、蒸餾壓力及其平方項(xiàng)、以及兩者的交叉項(xiàng)對(duì)餾出物得率的影響都達(dá)到極顯著水平。

餾出物得率的二次回歸模型為(編碼水平)

1=+0.78+0.047?0.20+0.11?0.192?0.132(3)

方程的矯正2為0.97,說明該方程模擬良好。

2.3 蒸餾溫度及蒸餾壓力對(duì)1,8-桉葉油素和α-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響分析

2.3.1 餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)響應(yīng)面分析

根據(jù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,得出餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)與各因素之間關(guān)系的二階回歸方程(編碼水平)如下。

2=+0.59+0.030?0.055+0.029?0.0212?0.0182(4)

3=+0.33?0.024?0.016?7.256×10-32?0.0112(5)

1,8-桉葉油素模型矯正2=0.985 3,-蒎烯模型矯正2=0.964 0,回歸方程與響應(yīng)值具有高度的擬合性。從表3的方差分析可以看出,蒸餾溫度及其平方項(xiàng),蒸餾壓力及其平方項(xiàng)以及蒸餾溫度與蒸餾壓力的交互項(xiàng)對(duì)1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響均達(dá)到極顯著水平(<0.01),蒸餾溫度、蒸餾壓力及其平方項(xiàng)對(duì)-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響達(dá)到極顯著水平,而溫度的平方項(xiàng)、溫度及壓力的交互項(xiàng)對(duì)其影響不顯著。

由圖2a響應(yīng)曲面圖可以看出,1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)隨著蒸餾壓升高逐漸降低,隨著蒸餾溫度的升高呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢(shì),在試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)空間內(nèi),蒸餾溫度30~40℃和蒸餾壓力30~40 Pa的區(qū)域內(nèi),1,8-桉葉油素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到最高值。由圖2b可看出,-蒎烯隨著蒸餾溫度及壓力的升高均呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì),因此,低溫低壓的蒸餾體系更有利于提取-蒎烯。

2.3.2 餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)響應(yīng)面分析

餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)與各因素之間關(guān)系的二階回歸方程如下

4=+0.74?0.055+0.064?0.051?0.0512?0.0782(6)

5=+0.30?0.021+0.014?0.0142?0.0392(7)

餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯模型矯正2值均大于97%,表示響應(yīng)值中97%以上變異可以由自變量來解釋,兩個(gè)模型可以準(zhǔn)確測(cè)定1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。由表3的方差分析得出,蒸餾溫度,蒸餾壓力以及兩者的平方項(xiàng)和交互項(xiàng)對(duì)餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響都達(dá)到極顯著水平(<0.01)。

由圖2c,2d可看出,低溫高壓條件下更有利用餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素、-的的富集。在溫度35℃、壓力93 Pa左右餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到最大值,-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在30℃和75 Pa左右參數(shù)條件下達(dá)到最大。

2.4 分子蒸餾過程中1,8-桉葉油素與α-蒎烯分子分離特性研究

微擾曲線(perturbation plot)可在響應(yīng)優(yōu)化曲面特定區(qū)域比較各自變量對(duì)響應(yīng)值的影響[39],本文將參考點(diǎn)設(shè)為優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)空間的中點(diǎn)(T=40℃,P=70 Pa),進(jìn)一步探討了蒸餾溫度與蒸餾壓力對(duì)兩種物質(zhì)分子分離特性的影響。

2.4.1 蒸餾溫度對(duì)2種物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)變化的影響

從圖3a,3b,3c和3d中的曲線可以看出,在餾出物和餾余物中,蒸餾溫度對(duì)2種物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響都呈負(fù)相關(guān)。在餾出物中,1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)隨著溫度的升高而升高,在餾余物中,隨著蒸餾溫度的升高,1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈逐漸下降趨勢(shì),這是因?yàn)殡S著溫度的增加,1,8-桉葉油素分子因?yàn)楂@得足夠的熱量而被冷凝器捕集進(jìn)入餾出物。-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的變化則較為復(fù)雜,由圖3b、圖3d可以看出-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)隨著溫度的升高均呈下降趨勢(shì)。究其原因,由于-蒎烯其分子的易揮發(fā)特性,蒸餾過程中,隨著溫度升高會(huì)有一部分通過薄膜蒸發(fā)進(jìn)入外置冷凝器中,同時(shí)蒸發(fā)溫度的升高,使得蒸汽分子到達(dá)冷凝面冷凝時(shí)釋放大量的冷凝熱,使冷凝液膜表面溫度上升,導(dǎo)致冷凝面的液膜表面分子再蒸發(fā)速率增大[40],降低了-蒎烯的富集效率,越來越多-蒎烯分子從餾余物中逸出,在蒸發(fā)面和冷凝面之間的氣相空間內(nèi)做無規(guī)則的分子碰撞,無法被冷凝面有效富集,造成了餾出物中-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的下降。

2.4.2 蒸餾壓力對(duì)2種物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)變化的影響

從圖3a,3b,3c和3d中的曲線可以看出可以看出,在餾出物與餾余物中,蒸餾壓力對(duì)2種物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響呈正相關(guān)。在餾出物中,隨著蒸餾壓力的升高兩種物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均下降。在餾余物中,2種物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)隨著壓力的升高而不斷升高,在90 Pa左右達(dá)到峰值,而后呈下降趨勢(shì)。這是由于隨著系統(tǒng)壓力的上升,2種物質(zhì)的產(chǎn)率迅速下降,越來越多的1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯分子因?yàn)榉肿悠骄杂沙烫o法被冷凝面捕集,而停留在餾余物中。而當(dāng)蒸餾壓力超過90 Pa的時(shí)候,很多小分子物質(zhì)也開始無法充分到達(dá)冷凝面而被富集在餾出物中,降低分餾效果,導(dǎo)致1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)同時(shí)下降。

另外,從圖3a、3b、3c、3d的、曲線弧度、以及表3方差分析中的值大小可以看出,在餾出物及餾余物中,蒸餾溫度和蒸餾壓力對(duì)1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響均較-蒎烯明顯,同時(shí),對(duì)于1,8-桉葉油素,蒸餾壓力的變化對(duì)其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響較蒸餾溫度明顯,相反的,對(duì)于-蒎烯,蒸餾溫度對(duì)其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)影響更為顯著,且溫度與壓力的交互作用對(duì)-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響不顯著,這可為分離提純2種物質(zhì)提供了一定的技術(shù)參考。

圖3 蒸餾溫度和蒸餾壓力對(duì)餾出物、餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素、α-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)影響的微擾分析

2.5 最終優(yōu)化與驗(yàn)證

采用Design Export7.0中多響應(yīng)值優(yōu)化數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)對(duì)蒸餾溫度和蒸餾壓力進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,分別以餾出物和餾余物作為目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,以獲最高的1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),并兼顧純化產(chǎn)品得率較高作為優(yōu)化指標(biāo),進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)和驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)。由表4可以看出,方案一:以餾出物為目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,以獲高質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯(2、3),高得率餾出物(1)作為優(yōu)化指標(biāo)、得到最佳的操作參數(shù)為:蒸餾溫度38 ℃,蒸餾壓力41 Pa,在此條件下,餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為60.80%±0.67%和31.58%±0.44%,餾出物的得率為82.06%±0.85%,1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別提高了77.62%和56.72%;方案二:以餾余物為目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,以獲最高質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯(3、5),高得率餾余物(1-1)作為優(yōu)化指標(biāo),得到最佳的操作參數(shù)為:蒸餾溫度28℃,蒸餾壓力86 Pa,餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為57.90%±0.72%和31.71%±0.39%,餾余物的得率為75.48%±0.45%。其中,方案一所得優(yōu)化產(chǎn)物中1,8-桉葉油素和精油得率分別比方案二高出2.90%、6.58%,-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)相當(dāng),因此就產(chǎn)品純度及得率來講,方案一工藝條件優(yōu)于方案二,但方案一所需蒸餾溫度高于方案二10℃、蒸餾壓力低于方案二45 Pa(真空度高于方案二45 Pa),因此從節(jié)能方面、對(duì)設(shè)備的保護(hù)性以及操作便易性方面考慮,方案二略有優(yōu)勢(shì)。本試驗(yàn)中選取方案一作為最終優(yōu)化方案。

表4 最優(yōu)工藝參數(shù)及驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)結(jié)果

注:驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。

Note: Verification testing data were mean values of triplicate determinations.

3 討 論

不同桉樹品種揮發(fā)油質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)及成分存在很大差異[41]。比如,窿緣桉和尾葉桉揮發(fā)油主要化學(xué)成分(>10%)為-蒎烯和1,8-桉葉油素[42-43],檸檬桉葉油的化學(xué)成分主要是香茅醛[5]、藍(lán)桉葉油主要化學(xué)成分為1,8-桉葉油素,本研究采用的巨尾桉,其桉葉揮發(fā)油主要成分為1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯,與周莉君等測(cè)定結(jié)果一致[44,2]。國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于桉葉揮發(fā)油主成分提純的研究集中在對(duì)1,8-桉葉油素的提純,王健英等[45-47]利用水蒸氣蒸餾法提純1,8-桉葉油素,但由于桉葉油對(duì)熱、氧較敏感,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間與水共沸易引起氧化、聚合等變性反應(yīng),很難保持揮發(fā)油原有品質(zhì)。應(yīng)安國(guó)等[48]采用間歇真空精餾技術(shù)對(duì)桉葉油粗品進(jìn)行多步驟分離得到的1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在99%上,但其采用的桉葉油為多次精餾后的產(chǎn)品,初始濃度高達(dá)75.48%,因此其間歇精餾效果有待考究。張廣求等[49-50]利用減壓蒸饋法和熔融結(jié)晶法串聯(lián)將1,8-桉葉油質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別提高了45.0%和58.41%,以上研究涉及兩種單元操作,工藝耗時(shí)長(zhǎng),且結(jié)晶的效果較差;欒國(guó)顏等[51]通過添加第3組分提純-蒎烯,此方法涉及外來組分的添加,為后續(xù)純化帶來一定麻煩。郭文生等[52]利用包結(jié)物晶析法純化辛夷揮發(fā)油中的1,8-桉葉油素,得到質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)>98%的1,8-桉葉油素,但是過程操作繁瑣,一次只能處理3 g辛夷揮發(fā)油,效率較低。劉文婷[53]等利用低溫控溫結(jié)晶法分離提純1,8-桉葉油素,將原料由63.24%提升至了89.63%,但產(chǎn)品收率僅為4.13%。且對(duì)于桉葉精油的分離與純化,其過程通常占生產(chǎn)成本的50%~70%,甚至高達(dá)90%[54],步驟多、耗時(shí)長(zhǎng),往往成為制約生產(chǎn)的瓶頸。

本研究主要應(yīng)用分子自由程理論,從響應(yīng)值的變化趨勢(shì)初步探討了蒸餾溫度與蒸餾壓力對(duì)1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯的分離特性。由于關(guān)于分子蒸餾過程的基礎(chǔ)理論研究很少,分子蒸餾過程研究涉及到流體的流動(dòng)、傳熱、傳質(zhì)等很多問題,而刮膜式分子蒸餾器內(nèi)的流體流動(dòng)及傳熱傳質(zhì)過程非常復(fù)雜,進(jìn)料速度、刮膜速度、物料組成與性質(zhì)對(duì)蒸餾效率及蒸餾過程中桉葉精油中各組分在體系中的分配都有著不同程度的影響[55-56],且關(guān)于應(yīng)用分子蒸餾技術(shù)純化分離1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯的研究較少,利用分子蒸餾進(jìn)一步分離1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯研究有待進(jìn)一步探討。

4 結(jié) 論

本試驗(yàn)以提高1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯純度作為雙指標(biāo),采用分子蒸餾對(duì)桉葉初級(jí)精油進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步精制,綜合考察了蒸餾溫度與蒸餾壓力對(duì)餾出物得率,餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),餾余物中1,8-桉葉油素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和-蒎烯質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響,得到最優(yōu)精制工藝條件:以餾出物為目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,蒸餾溫度38 ℃,蒸餾壓力41 Pa,在此條件下,餾出物的得率為82.06%,餾出物中1,8-桉葉油素和-蒎烯的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別約為60.80%和31.58%,較一級(jí)分子蒸餾所得初級(jí)桉葉精油中質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別提高了77.62%和56.72%。在工藝方面,分子蒸餾法與傳統(tǒng)分離方法相比,可最大限度保持物料純天然特性,操作簡(jiǎn)單,可明顯降低能耗,節(jié)約時(shí)間,提高分離效率。

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Optimization of short-path molecular distillation technology for refining essential oil fromleaves

Hu Xuefang, Tian Zhiqing, Pei Haisheng, Zhang Zhimin, Wang Shikui※

(1. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100121, China)

1,8-cineole and-pinene are the main constituents of eucalyptus essential oil and important medicine and chemical raw materials. The primary eucalyptus essential oil was refined by short-range molecular distillation, and the separation characteristics of 1,8-cineole and-pinene of substances under different temperature and pressure conditions were studied, so as to provide technical method for the fractionation and application of eucalyptus essential oil. Using eucalyptus grandis leaves as material, the primary eucalyptus essential oil was extracted and purified by supercritical CO2extraction and molecular distillation method respectively. Taking the distillate yield, the content of 1,8-cineole and the content of-pinene in the distillates, the content of 1,8-cineole and the content of-pinene in the residues as experimental indices, two-stage molecular distillation purification was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a two-variable and five-level center composite rotation design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the purification effects. Using the free path theory, the effects of different distillation temperatures and distillation pressures on the content of 1,8-cineole and-pinene in distillates and residues were investigated. The optimization of the process of eucalyptus essential oil refining by molecular distillation was studied. The distillation temperature and distillation pressure had significant influence on the effect of 1,8-cineole and-pinene fractionation, and the experimental results were optimized by the optimization method of multi response values. Taking distillate as the target product, the optimum conditions were as follows: distillation temperature 38 ℃, distillation pressure 41 Pa, and 1,8-cineole and-pinene content in distillates of 60.80% and 31.58%, respectively, and the yield of the distillates was 82.06%, which were well matched with the predicated values 61.97%, 33.37% and 86.38% obtained from the models. The smaller error between experimental and predicted values indicated the optimization experiment was successful. The results of variance analysis showed that the regression equations and models were reliable to predict the influences of factors on the distillate yield, and the content of 1,8-cineole and-pinene in distillates and residues. Molecular distillation purification can effectively purify the eucalyptus oil. The CCRD is suitable for the process optimization of molecular distillation of eucalyptus essential oil. The experimental process did not introduce any organic solvents, and was carried out in low temperature environment, protecting the material composition and characteristics of the structure. The contents of 1,8-cineole and-pinene were increased by 77.62% and 56.72% respectively after the secondary molecular distillation. Through the investigation of the change of the content of 1,8-cineole and-pinene with the distillation temperature and the distillation pressure, the effects of distillation temperature and distillation pressure on the content of 1,8-cineole were significantly higher than those of-pinene. Meanwhile, the effect of distillation pressure on the content of 1,8-cineole oil was higher than that of distillation temperature. In contrast, for-pinene, the effect of distillation temperature on its content was more significant, and the interaction of temperature and pressure had no significant effect on the content of-pinene. The result provides a technical reference for the separation and purification of 1, 8-cineole and-pinene.

distillation; pressure; temperature; Eucalyptus essential oil; 1,8-cineole;-pinene; process optimization

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.02.041

TS201.2

A

1002-6819(2018)-02-0299-09

2017-09-05

2017-12-26

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(21576142)

胡雪芳,工程師,主要從事天然產(chǎn)物提取與開發(fā),農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物生物質(zhì)多糖資源綜合利用。Email:xuefang1022@126.com

王士奎,研究員,主要從事海洋及陸地生物質(zhì)多糖資源綜合利用研究。Email:wosk1963@shou.com

胡雪芳,田志清,裴海生,張志民,王士奎. 短程分子蒸餾技術(shù)精制巨尾桉葉精油工藝優(yōu)化[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(2):299-307. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.02.041 http://www.tcsae.org

Hu Xuefang, Tian Zhiqing, Pei Haisheng, Zhang Zhimin, Wang Shikui. Optimization of short-path molecular distillation technology for refining essential oil fromleaves[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(2): 299-307. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.02.041 http://www.tcsae.org

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