王步定
短文改錯(cuò)題要得高分,需要弄清其特點(diǎn)和考查重點(diǎn),同時(shí)還需有正確的解題方法。
一、錯(cuò)誤類型
短文改錯(cuò)設(shè)置的錯(cuò)誤類型主要有三種:語法錯(cuò)誤、詞匯錯(cuò)誤和上下文邏輯關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤。
二、設(shè)題特點(diǎn)
短文中共有10處語言錯(cuò)誤,每句中最多有兩處,每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。其中,要求考生增加、刪除和修改的比例通常是1:1:8。
三、考查重點(diǎn)
1. 一致性問題。包括主謂一致、時(shí)態(tài)一致、并列動(dòng)詞的形式一致、代詞指代一致等。
2. 詞性問題。指不同詞性的詞在句中的不同作用。如,名詞在句中常作主語、賓語、表語;動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語;形容詞在句中作表語、定語和補(bǔ)語;副詞在句中作狀語,修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞和整個(gè)句子等。
3. 固定搭配。包括介詞與動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞的搭配;副詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配;含定冠詞、不定冠詞、零冠詞的固定詞組;及物動(dòng)詞不帶介詞和不及物動(dòng)詞后要帶介詞才能接賓語等。
四、主要考點(diǎn)
1. 冠詞。
(1)冠詞的多用。
(2013年全國Ⅰ卷)In a fact, he even scared my classmates away...(刪除fact前的a)
(2016年全國Ⅲ卷)At the first, I thought...(刪除first前的the)
(2)冠詞的少用。
(2011年全國Ⅰ卷)I would go to Xiamen for long holiday. (在for后增加a)
(2015年全國Ⅰ卷)I miss my home in countryside.(在countryside前增加the)
(2014年全國Ⅰ卷)As result, the plants are growing...(在result前增加a)
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷) I still remember how hard first day was.(在first前增加the或my)
(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)... we will learn little about world.(在world前增加the)
(3)定冠詞與不定冠詞的誤用。如:
(2015年全國Ⅱ卷)Tony saw a toy in a shop window ... he quickly walked into the shop ... A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop. (a→the)
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time. (the→a)
(4)a和an的混淆。
(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.(a→an)
2. 名詞。
(1)單復(fù)數(shù)的誤用。
可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的誤用,不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式但句中卻用了復(fù)數(shù)。下列名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,一定要熟記:advice, air, baggage/luggage, clothing, damage, equipment, fun, furniture, homework, housework, knowledge, news, progress, traffic,wealth, weather, work等。如:
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turn left!”(word→words)
(2015年全國Ⅰ卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(airs→air)
(2)名詞的修飾語。
重點(diǎn)考查:修飾或代詞可數(shù)名詞用many,修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞用much。
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)Much rare animals are dying out. (Much→Many)
(2014年全國Ⅰ卷)The fruits are ... There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors. (much→many)
(2014年全國Ⅱ卷) We dont need to do so many homework. (many→much)
(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)We can go to places of interest nearby. I think that it is a good idea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.(many→much)
3. 代詞。
代詞與指代對象在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面不一致,代詞的主格和賓格的誤用,反身代詞與人稱代詞的誤用,代詞的漏用;形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞的誤用等。
(2018年全國Ⅲ卷)When I look at this picture of myself... This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. (your→my)
(2013年全國Ⅰ卷)He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others. (himself→him)
(2016年全國Ⅲ卷)I ... have my parents to turn to whenever need help. (在need前增加I)
(2012年全國Ⅰ卷)For a while, ∧parents bought me new toys. (在parents前增加my)
4. 謂語動(dòng)詞。
這是歷年高考的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn),常見錯(cuò)誤類型有:
(1)時(shí)態(tài)不一致。如:
(2015年全國Ⅰ卷) When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city, I think I would be happy there. (think→thought)
(2)主謂不一致。如:
(2011年全國Ⅰ卷)... the only clothes I had was those I had on ...(was→were)
(3)并列不一致。如:
(2017全國Ⅲ卷)I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.(become→became)
(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip. (take→taking)
(4)過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和一般過去式之間的誤用。如:
(2017年全國Ⅲ卷)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school ...(took→taken)
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)... fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using. (using→used)
(5)語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤和be的多用或少用。如:
(2015年全國Ⅰ卷)Lots of studies have been shown that ... (刪除been)
(6)語氣錯(cuò)誤。如:
(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. (刪除can或?qū)an改為should)
(7)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后一定要接動(dòng)詞原形,但卻用了過去式或其他形式。如:
(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)We can chose between staying at home and… (chose→choose)
(2012年全國Ⅰ卷)... with more patience, I must make my toys last. (must→can)
5. 非謂語動(dòng)詞。
(1)不定式符號(hào)to的多用或少用。如:
(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)When summer come, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables?。ㄔ趐ick前增加to)
(2012年全國Ⅰ卷)I could make my toys to last.(刪除last前的to)
(2)介詞后要用動(dòng)名詞但卻用了原形。如:
(2016年全國Ⅲ卷) I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. (wear→wearing)
6. 形容詞和副詞。
(1)作定語、表語或補(bǔ)語通常用形容詞。如:
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.(suddenly→sudden)
(2017年全國Ⅲ卷)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes ...(difference→different)
(2)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或全句等作狀語用副詞。如:
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)... his business will grow steady. (steady→steadily)
(2015年全國Ⅱ卷)Mon said,“How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terrible worried”.(terrible→terribly)
(2013全國Ⅱ卷)Interesting, it had a connection to ...(Interesting→Interestingly)
(3)-ing形容詞與-ed形容詞的混淆。
(2017全國Ⅱ卷)In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden ...(interesting→interested)
7. 介詞。
(1)常用介詞的誤用。如:
(2012年全國Ⅰ卷)No more toys to you. (to→for)
(2015年全國Ⅱ卷)Tony saw a toy on a shop window. (on→in)
(2)固定搭配中的介詞誤用。如:
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷) It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.(on→of)
(2015全國Ⅰ卷)... on the development of industrialization...(on→with)
(3)不及物動(dòng)詞與賓語之間少用了介詞。
(2014年全國Ⅱ卷)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.(在listening后增加to)
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)... he never dreams becoming rich...(在dreams后增加of或about)
(4)及物動(dòng)詞后多用了介詞。如:
(2017年全國Ⅱ卷) They have also bought for some gardening tools.(刪除bought后的for)
(2017年全國Ⅲ卷) When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.(刪除realize后的of)
(2011年全國Ⅰ卷)... he lent to me lots of clothes.(刪除lend后的to)
(5)介詞的多用。如:
(2015年陜西卷)My soccer coach retired in last week. (刪除last week前的in)
8. 連詞。
(1)并列連詞的漏用。
(2013年全國Ⅰ卷)He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful. (在he was前加and)
(2)and, or, so和but之間的誤用。
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, so once I started the car, my mind went blank.(so→but)
(2017年全國Ⅲ卷)I have grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.(and→but)
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)... fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used ...(or→and)
(2015年全國Ⅰ卷)... the air is clean or the mountains are green (or→and)
(2011年全國Ⅰ卷)I bought my ticket but turned around to ...(but→and)
(3)定語從句。
(2017全國Ⅱ卷)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. (that→which)
(2017年全國Ⅲ卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time ...(they→that /which)
(4)狀語從句。
重點(diǎn)考查because或since與so不能連用,though/although與but不能連用等。如:
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)Though not very big, but the restaurant...(刪除but)
(5)名詞性從句。
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)a restaurant close to that I live(that→where)
(2012年全國Ⅰ卷)... to see which was happening(which→what)
(6)介詞與連詞的誤用。
(2013年全國Ⅰ卷)... he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play ...(during→when)
9. 比較等級(jí)。
(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.(earlier→early)
(2016年全國Ⅲ卷)They were also the best and worse years in my life.(worse→worst)
(2012年全國Ⅰ卷)I had to be more patient and little aggressive.(little→less)
10. 其他。
(1)基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的誤用。
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.(eighteen→eighteenth)
(2)祈使句以動(dòng)詞原形開頭。
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turning left!”(Turning→Turn)
(3)常用詞辨析。
(2014年全國Ⅰ卷)Nearly five years before, ... I planted some cherry tomatoes ...(before→ago)
(2016年全國Ⅲ卷)... my parents didnt seem to think such.(such→so)
(2013年全國Ⅰ卷)... he was the gentlest man I have never known. (never→ever)
(2011年全國Ⅰ卷)I was ... buying a ticket to Hangzhou. I was going to visit a friend here. (here→there)
五、解題步驟
第一步,略讀全文,理解大意。
在做題前一定要快速瀏覽全文,理解大意,弄清行文邏輯,否則很容易出錯(cuò)。特別是要弄清短文主體時(shí)態(tài)是過去、現(xiàn)在還是將來,這一點(diǎn)很重要。
第二步,逐句細(xì)讀,辨認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤。
依據(jù)短文意思和上下文邏輯關(guān)系,結(jié)合設(shè)錯(cuò)特點(diǎn)和錯(cuò)誤類型,綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言知識(shí),對文章進(jìn)行逐詞逐句的分析檢查,識(shí)別錯(cuò)誤,改正錯(cuò)誤。
第三步,回讀檢查,避免差錯(cuò)。
做后再重讀全文,核查是否完全改正,同時(shí)考慮全文邏輯是否通順。
總而言之,只要我們平時(shí)打好基礎(chǔ),掌握短文改錯(cuò)的特點(diǎn)、考點(diǎn)與答題方法,多練習(xí),做到胸有成竹,克服恐懼心理,此題不但沒有什么可怕的,而且能得高分。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青