By Michael Grothaus
Its no overstatement that digital mediums have taken over every aspect of our lives. We check what our friends are doing on the glowing screens in our hands, read books on dedicated e-readers, and communicate with customers and clients primarily through email. Yet for all the benefits digital mediums have provided us, there has been a growing body of evidence over the past several years that the brain prefers analog1 mediums.
Studies have shown that taking notes by longhand2 will help you remember important meeting points better than tapping notes out on your laptop or smartphone. The reason for that could be that “writing stimulates an area of the brain called the RAS (reticular activating system), which filters and brings clarity to the fore the information were focusing on,”3 according to Maud Purcell, a psychotherapist and journaling expert. If thats the case, and the analog pen really is mightier than the phone, its no wonder some of my colleagues have ditched smartphones for paper planners.
But its not just recording our thoughts on an analog medium that appears to be better for us. Absorbing information from analog mediums now appear to be better for memory retention4, and thus, productivity. In a study conducted by Anne Mangen, PhD, a professor at the Reading Center at the University of Stavanger, Norway, the researcher gave participants the same 28-page mystery story to read either on an Amazon Kindle or in print format. After the participants read the story, they were asked a number of questions about the text.
“We found that those who had read the print pocketbook gave more correct responses to questions having to do with time, temporality, and chronology (e.g., when did something happen in the text? For how long did something last?) than those who had read on a Kindle,” Mangen says. “And when participants were asked to sort 14 events in the correct order, those who had read on paper were better at this than those who had read on the Kindle.”
While this event has yet to be fully investigated and understood by scientists, Mangen, who now chairs E-READ, a European research network of interdisciplinary5 scholars and scientists researching the effects and implications of digitization on reading, says one explanation for the benefit of reading analog books may come down to something called metacomprehension deficit. “Metacomprehension refers to how well we are ‘in touch with, literally speaking, our own comprehension while reading,” says Mangen. “For instance, how much time do you spend reading a text in order to understand it well enough to solve a task afterwards?”
One study revealed that people think they are better at comprehending information when they read it on a digital screen. This resulted in those readers reading the text much faster than those reading the text in paper format. Yet despite spending less time reading the text, the digital readers predicted they would perform better on a quiz about the text than the people who read the text on paper. Yet when the digital and paper groups were tested, the paper groups outperformed6 the digital groups on memory recall and comprehension of the text. They also were closer to their test result predictions than the digital group was.
You Dont Need to Print off Every Email You Get
Books are one thing, but does our brain absorb information better if we read from other physical mediums, like newspapers and magazines? Not necessarily.
“Length does indeed seem to be a central issue, and closely related to length are a number of other dimensions of a text, e.g., structure and layout. Is the content presented in such a way that it is required that you keep in mind several occurrences/text places at the same time?”says Mangen. In other words, she says, complexity and information density may play a role in the importance of the medium providing the text.
“It may be that for certain types of text or literary genres (for example, page turners7), medium does not matter much, whereas for other genres(cognitively and emotionally complex novels, for instance), medium may make a difference to comprehension or to the reading experience. But this remains to be tested empirically8.”
In other words, unless people are sending you novel-length emails (which they shouldnt be), you dont need to go rushing to the print button, as reading short snippets9 of information on a screen probably doesnt hinder memory retention or comprehension.
Print and Digital Can Coexist Peacefully
With all things regarding the brain and human cognition, Mangen also stresses that it wouldnt be correct to proclaim that information gleaned10 from print is always going to be just as good, if not better, for memory and comprehension than digital.
“It is not—and should not be—a question of either/or, but of using the most appropriate medium in a given situation, and for a given material/content and purpose of reading,” she says, and notes that a “good starting point is to keep in mind that all media/technologies (old as well as new) have distinct user interfaces, and that the user interface of paper in some circumstances and for some purposes may support key aspects of reading(retention of complex information) or of study (writing notes in the margins) better than digital devices do.”
But for other purposes of reading, for example, presentations with audiovisual material, Mangen concedes a digital device like a tablet is obviously far superior.11 “There is no one-format/medium-fits-all solution (not even with respect to emails), but it will depend on a number of factors pertaining12 to the content/text, the reader, the purpose of the reading, the situation, etc.,” she says.
Slow Down When You Read Digitally
If you cant bear to give up digital books, you arent out of luck. As the study cited above mentions, like other digital readers, you probably think you are absorbing the information better than you actually are, and thus move through the book faster.
A simple solution to this is to simply slow down and take more time reading the material, and you might absorb the information just as well as those who naturally take longer to read a paper book.
如果說數(shù)字媒體已經(jīng)占據(jù)了我們生活的方方面面,這話絕對(duì)沒有言過其實(shí)。我們通過手中發(fā)光的屏幕來查看朋友們的一舉一動(dòng),在專門的電子閱讀器上閱讀書籍,而且主要通過電子郵件與顧客、客戶聯(lián)系。然而,盡管數(shù)字媒體為我們帶來了各種好處,但過去幾年來越來越多的證據(jù)表明大腦偏好實(shí)物媒體。
研究表明,相比在筆記本電腦或者智能手機(jī)上敲敲打打,手寫筆記可以幫助你更好地記住重要的會(huì)議要點(diǎn)。其原因可能是“寫作刺激了一個(gè)叫做RAS(網(wǎng)狀激活系統(tǒng))的大腦區(qū)域,這一區(qū)域?qū)⑽覀冋陉P(guān)注的信息過濾,并使這些信息更加清晰可懂”,心理治療師、記錄專家莫德·珀塞爾解釋道。如果真是這樣的話,那么實(shí)物筆確實(shí)比手機(jī)更加強(qiáng)大,難怪我的一些同事把智能手機(jī)丟在了一邊,改用紙質(zhì)計(jì)劃本。
然而,還不僅僅是將想法記錄在實(shí)物媒體上對(duì)我們而言似乎更好。從實(shí)物媒體吸收信息似乎更適合記憶的留存,從而有助于提高生產(chǎn)率。挪威斯塔萬(wàn)格大學(xué)閱讀中心教授安妮·曼根博士進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究,研究人員讓參與者通過亞馬遜Kindle或是紙質(zhì)書閱讀同一本28頁(yè)的偵探小說。參與者閱讀完畢后,他們會(huì)被問到一些關(guān)于文本的問題。
“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)紙質(zhì)口袋書閱讀者在回答與發(fā)生時(shí)間、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短和前后順序相關(guān)的問題(例如,某事在文本中何時(shí)發(fā)生?持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?)時(shí),相比Kindle閱讀者正確率更高”,曼根稱?!爱?dāng)參與者被要求以正確的順序?qū)?4個(gè)事件進(jìn)行排序時(shí),紙質(zhì)閱讀參與者要比Kindle閱讀參與者表現(xiàn)好?!?/p>
雖然這一結(jié)果尚未得到科學(xué)家的充分研究和理解,現(xiàn)任E-READ(一個(gè)由研究數(shù)字化對(duì)閱讀的直接和間接影響的跨學(xué)科學(xué)者與科學(xué)家組成的歐洲研究網(wǎng)絡(luò))主席的曼根表示閱讀紙質(zhì)書籍的好處或許可以歸結(jié)為所謂的“元理解虧空”?!霸斫庵傅氖窃陂喿x時(shí)我們究竟與自身的理解,從字面意思上來說,‘聯(lián)系有多好,” 曼根說?!氨热纾阈枰ǘ嗌贂r(shí)間閱讀某個(gè)文本才能很好地理解它,以便之后完成某項(xiàng)任務(wù)?”
一項(xiàng)研究顯示,人們認(rèn)為自己通過數(shù)字屏幕閱讀時(shí),在理解信息方面表現(xiàn)更好。這導(dǎo)致那些讀者在閱讀時(shí)要比閱讀紙質(zhì)文本的讀者快得多。可是,盡管他們花費(fèi)更少的時(shí)間閱讀文本,這些數(shù)字閱讀的讀者卻預(yù)測(cè)他們會(huì)在關(guān)于文本的測(cè)試上比紙質(zhì)閱讀的讀者表現(xiàn)更好。然而,測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示紙質(zhì)閱讀的讀者在對(duì)文本的回憶和理解方面勝過數(shù)字閱讀者。他們也比數(shù)字閱讀者更接近其預(yù)計(jì)的測(cè)試結(jié)果。
你不需要打印出每封郵件
書本是一回事,但是如果我們通過其他的實(shí)物媒體——比如報(bào)刊雜志——進(jìn)行閱讀,我們的大腦是否也能更好地吸收信息呢?不一定。
“長(zhǎng)度似乎確實(shí)是一個(gè)核心問題,而與長(zhǎng)度密切相關(guān)的還有文本的其他方面,比如結(jié)構(gòu)和布局。這種內(nèi)容呈現(xiàn)的方式是否要求你同時(shí)記住多個(gè)事件/文本位置?”曼根解釋道。換句話說,她認(rèn)為,復(fù)雜性和信息密度可能在一定程度上決定了提供文本的媒體究竟有多重要。
“對(duì)于某些類型的文本或文學(xué)體裁(例如,引人入勝的快餐小說)而言,媒體可能并不重要,然而對(duì)于其他體裁(比如在認(rèn)知和情感方面十分復(fù)雜的小說),媒體可能會(huì)對(duì)理解或閱讀體驗(yàn)有著重要影響。但這仍有待實(shí)證研究的檢驗(yàn)。”
換句話說,除非有人給你發(fā)送像長(zhǎng)篇小說那么長(zhǎng)的電子郵件(按道理他們不應(yīng)該這么做),否則你不需要急著去打印,因?yàn)樵谄聊簧祥喿x小段的信息或許不會(huì)妨礙記憶的留存或理解。
紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀可以和平共存
在綜合了大腦和人類認(rèn)知的方方面面之后,曼根也強(qiáng)調(diào),宣稱從紙質(zhì)書獲取的信息總是在記憶和理解方面與從數(shù)字媒體獲取的信息一樣好(如果不是更好的話),這也是不對(duì)的。
“這不是——也不應(yīng)該是—— 一個(gè)“二選一”的問題,而是關(guān)乎在特定的情況下,為了特定的材料/內(nèi)容和閱讀目的,使用最合適的媒體的問題?!彼f道,并且指出一個(gè)“好的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是要記住,所有媒體/技術(shù)(無論新舊)都有截然不同的用戶界面,而在某些情況下和為了某些目的,紙質(zhì)書的用戶界面可以比數(shù)字設(shè)備更好地支持閱讀(記住復(fù)雜信息)或者學(xué)習(xí)(做旁注)的關(guān)鍵方面。”
但是對(duì)于其他的閱讀目的,例如用視聽材料進(jìn)行演示,曼根承認(rèn)像平板電腦這樣的數(shù)字設(shè)備顯然效果要好得多?!安⒉淮嬖谶m用于所有情況的萬(wàn)能格式/媒體解決辦法(甚至電子郵件也不是萬(wàn)能的),選擇何種媒體要取決于與內(nèi)容/文本、讀者、閱讀目的、情境等相關(guān)的諸多因素,”她說道。
數(shù)字閱讀時(shí)請(qǐng)放慢
如果你無法忍受放棄數(shù)字閱讀,也不是沒有辦法。正如上述研究中所提到的,像其他數(shù)字讀者一樣,你可能高估了自己吸收信息的能力,從而讀起來更快。
一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的解決辦法就是慢點(diǎn)兒讀而且多花點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間閱讀材料,這樣就像那些自然而然就花更多時(shí)間閱讀紙質(zhì)書的讀者一樣,你也可能同樣好地吸收信息了。
1. analog: 類似的,此處結(jié)合語(yǔ)境與“數(shù)字”相對(duì)應(yīng),應(yīng)指“實(shí)物”。
2. longhand: (非打字打出來的)普通書寫。
3. reticular: 網(wǎng)狀的,錯(cuò)綜的;bring...to the fore: 使……突出,涌現(xiàn)。
4. retention: 保留。
5. interdisciplinary: 跨學(xué)科的。
6. outperform: 比……表現(xiàn)更好。
7. page turner: 令人欲罷不能的書,扣人心弦的讀物,盡管可能并不具備嚴(yán)肅的文學(xué)性,例如驚悚小說等。
8. empirically: 以科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)為根據(jù)地。
9. snippet: 片段。
10. glean: 費(fèi)力地收集,四處搜集(信息、知識(shí)等)。
11. audiovisual: 視聽的;concede: 承認(rèn)(某事屬實(shí)、合乎邏輯等);tablet: 平板電腦。
12. pertain: 關(guān)于。
閱讀感評(píng)
∷秋葉 評(píng)
本文作者M(jìn)ichael Grothaus基本上是屬于所謂的“網(wǎng)絡(luò)原生代”:少年時(shí)代恰逢互聯(lián)網(wǎng)開始普及的20世紀(jì)90年代,新千年(new millennium)后進(jìn)入青年時(shí)代不久,又迎來了方方面面改變著我們?nèi)粘I罘绞降闹悄苁謾C(jī)。他在一篇文章中坦言,像許多同齡人那樣,他的智能手機(jī)依賴癥癥狀不輕,以至于身為新聞?dòng)浾叩乃痪们霸鲞^“休克”試驗(yàn),即整整一周時(shí)間故意棄用手機(jī),并寫了篇詳述其感受的文章——“What happened when I gave up my smart-phone for a week.(我棄用智能手機(jī)一周,發(fā)生了什么?)”。副標(biāo)題給出了答案——“Shockingly, I survived.(讓人震驚的是,我幸存下來了)”。緊接著,他又發(fā)表了“What happened when I ditched my smart-phone for a paper planner(我棄用智能手機(jī)而換回紙質(zhì)工作日歷,發(fā)生了什么?)”,副標(biāo)題為“Would two weeks of writing everything down improve my life? Kind of.(兩周時(shí)間都用筆寫日志,生活將變得更有質(zhì)量?差不多?。?;以及本文“This is how the way you read impacts your memory and productivity.(你閱讀的方式就是這樣影響了你的記憶與效率)”。接下來的導(dǎo)言明確指出:“Studies show that reading printed material instead of on screens helps you better retain information.(研究表明閱讀印刷物比看屏幕更能幫助記憶)”。顯然,在作者看來,數(shù)字化潮流浩浩蕩蕩、鋪天蓋地,但未必是“順之者昌,逆之者亡”,有時(shí)候回到過去、守住傳統(tǒng),還會(huì)有意想不到的良效。
當(dāng)然,作者并非指責(zé)這些現(xiàn)代工具一無是處,而只是提醒使用時(shí)要悠著點(diǎn),別讓潮流淹沒自己。他用“研究實(shí)證”加“自身經(jīng)驗(yàn)”來驗(yàn)證以下事實(shí):傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代工具各有優(yōu)勢(shì),只是要把最合適的工具用在最適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)機(jī)。例如,與其在電腦或手機(jī)上記會(huì)議筆記,還不如在本子上寫,后者會(huì)讓你記住更多要點(diǎn)。相比于電子閱讀器,閱讀紙質(zhì)口袋書后在回答諸如具體時(shí)間、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短和前后順序問題時(shí),將有更好的表現(xiàn)。也就是說,紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字化閱讀相比,前者在內(nèi)容記憶和文本理解上均勝過后者。但這僅是相對(duì)于篇幅大如書本而言的,也就是說信息的長(zhǎng)度和復(fù)雜性是得出以上結(jié)論的必要條件,像電子郵件以及報(bào)刊類文章甚至通俗小說一類的材料則不盡然。這就給了我們一個(gè)啟發(fā),諸如教材、經(jīng)典讀物等需要精讀、細(xì)讀的“厚重”文本,我們最好還是堅(jiān)持“捧讀卷頁(yè)”,即便沉甸甸、不時(shí)尚也要做到不離不棄,即便聞點(diǎn)油墨味、吃點(diǎn)灰塵也認(rèn)了,而對(duì)于那些碎片化、表面化的輕松瀏覽材料,盡可以怎么方便怎么來。
作者最后指出,紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀可以共存,“這不是,也不應(yīng)該是一個(gè)‘非此即彼的問題,而是在某種時(shí)機(jī)為了某種閱讀目的,面對(duì)某種文本內(nèi)容采用最合適媒介的問題?!憋@然,這是一種折中的結(jié)論,在筆者看來也是個(gè)明智的處理方法。
很多年前,有位出版人大聲疾呼,不出五到十年,紙質(zhì)出版將從地球上消失,代之而起的是電子與網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版。十余年過去了,我們中國(guó)也成為了世界上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與智能手機(jī)的大國(guó),但那位出版人的預(yù)言并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。我們現(xiàn)在的出版還是以紙質(zhì)為主,教材與名作尤其如此,而那些所謂新媒體的圖書絕大部分是紙質(zhì)書的復(fù)制版,是原創(chuàng)性傳統(tǒng)出版的替身。據(jù)筆者所知,國(guó)外的情況也大致如此。商業(yè)上的存在必然說明它有市場(chǎng)與之呼應(yīng),而有市場(chǎng)即表明其有生命力,這是個(gè)顛撲不破的真理。紙質(zhì)書的閱讀有利于讀者對(duì)內(nèi)容的整體把握,上下融會(huì)貫通,形成全局觀與系統(tǒng)性,恐怕有些嚴(yán)肅的報(bào)刊雜志甚至地圖也是如此。然而,如果要搜索某些特定的關(guān)鍵詞、內(nèi)容與篇章,當(dāng)然數(shù)字化媒介有其得天獨(dú)厚的便利性,更不必說其容量與便攜等優(yōu)點(diǎn)了。筆者認(rèn)識(shí)一位留美歸國(guó)女學(xué)者,她把所有自備與借閱的圖書均拆開掃描做成PDF文件存入電腦,據(jù)說已存了數(shù)千部書了。我問她為什么樂此不疲,她的回答直截了當(dāng)——“圖方便!我前幾年開始就不看紙質(zhì)書了?!狈奖阕匀徊谎远?,她帶著一臺(tái)幾斤重的筆記本電腦,就相當(dāng)于帶著一屋子的藏書,可以到處旅行了。不過,我想她如果僅執(zhí)著于媒介的“方便”,那就很有可能在形式與內(nèi)容之間“撿了芝麻丟了西瓜”了??磥?,在合適的時(shí)機(jī)、以合適的方式、用適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容,達(dá)到理想的目標(biāo),確實(shí)是個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程,難有一蹴而就的辦法,在新技術(shù)、新工具面前尤其如此。在我們這個(gè)什么都要冠以“智能(digitally smart)”的時(shí)代,其實(shí)最重要的不是工具的“智能”,而是人內(nèi)在的智慧。