王依妮 何玥 吳玉梅
[摘要] 高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(HR-HPV)感染是發(fā)生宮頸鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(SIL)和宮頸癌發(fā)生及發(fā)展的必要條件。宮頸高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(HSIL)及宮頸鱗癌ⅠA1期在錐切術(shù)后殘留與復(fù)發(fā),甚至進(jìn)展為更嚴(yán)重病變的情況仍然存在。HR-HPV的轉(zhuǎn)歸與宮頸病變轉(zhuǎn)歸高度相關(guān),HSIL及宮頸鱗癌ⅠA1期行錐切術(shù)后的處理及隨訪應(yīng)參考HR-HPV監(jiān)測情況。HR-HPV感染指標(biāo)在隨訪中對宮頸病變轉(zhuǎn)歸的具體指導(dǎo)意義和影響HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸的高危因素仍需深入研究。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 高危型人乳頭瘤病毒;宮頸高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變;錐切術(shù);轉(zhuǎn)歸
[中圖分類號] R737.33 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)04(b)-0025-04
Research progress on the prognosis of high-risk human papillomavirus infection after conization of cervical lesions and its related factors
WANG Yini HE Yue WU Yumei
Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, China
[Abstract] High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is a necessary condition in the occurrence and development of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) and cervical cancer. There are cases that high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and cervical squamous cancer at stageⅠA1 remain or reoccur, or even become more severe after conization. The prognosis of HR-HPV has high correlation with the prognosis of cervical lesion. The treatment and follow-up of HSIL and cervical squamous cancer at stageⅠA1 after conization should be consulted in the monitoring conditions of HR-HPV. It is worthwhile making further study in the specific practical significance of HR-HPV infection indices for the prognosis of cervical lesion during follow-up, as well as the high-risk factors that influence the prognosis of HR-HPV.
[Key words] High-risk human papillomavirus; High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; Conization; Prognosis
目前已公認(rèn),高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(high risk-human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)感染是發(fā)生宮頸鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(squamous intraepithelial lesion,SIL)和宮頸癌發(fā)生及發(fā)展的必要條件[1-2]。中國癌癥基金會(huì)研究顯示,中國城市婦女感染率為15.2%,農(nóng)村婦女感染率為14.6%。錐切術(shù)針對某些宮頸病變診斷的準(zhǔn)確性及治愈病變的有效性已達(dá)成共識(shí),宮頸高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion,HSIL)常規(guī)診療方式為錐切術(shù)[3],部分年輕且有生育要求的宮頸鱗癌ⅠA1期患者也可考慮錐切術(shù)[4]。然而,其徹底清除HR-HPV感染的效果,目前仍存在爭議。而且,宮頸病變在CKC術(shù)后殘留與復(fù)發(fā),甚至進(jìn)展為更嚴(yán)重病變的情況仍然存在。越來越多的研究證實(shí),HR-HPV持續(xù)感染在其中發(fā)揮著決定性的作用。近年來,伴HR-HPV感染的HSIL和宮頸鱗癌ⅠA1期錐切術(shù)后的處理及隨訪愈發(fā)引起關(guān)注,HR-HPV感染指標(biāo)在隨訪中對宮頸病變轉(zhuǎn)歸的指導(dǎo)意義也亟待進(jìn)一步明確。本文主要探討了在該類患者術(shù)后隨訪中,監(jiān)測HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸的臨床意義、HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸情況及影響HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸的因素。
1 HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸與宮頸病變轉(zhuǎn)歸的關(guān)系
王雁等[5]有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),錐切術(shù)應(yīng)用于宮頸病變,在組織學(xué)上的治愈率很高,可達(dá)93.7%;錐切術(shù)亦對HR-HPV有一定的清除作用,病毒的轉(zhuǎn)陰率可達(dá)68.1%。在宮頸病變已清除但病毒未轉(zhuǎn)陰的患者中,HR-HPV可以通過隱匿感染的形式重新侵入移行帶,造成術(shù)后HR-HPV的持續(xù)感染。考慮到高危型HPV感染,不能僅以傳統(tǒng)的細(xì)胞學(xué)評估方法,來判斷術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)歸情況。陳穎穎等[6]Meta分析結(jié)合中、法、韓等近年來多項(xiàng)研究提出,HR-HPV感染是錐切術(shù)后殘留和復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素,其OR值高達(dá)43.67。歐洲生殖器感染和腫瘤研究組織(European research organization on genital infection and neoplasia,EUROGIN)提出,針對各級宮頸病變,應(yīng)以HR-HPV監(jiān)測結(jié)果為基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)行不同的處理[7]。近年來,有學(xué)者甚至預(yù)測,術(shù)后隨訪重心將從傳統(tǒng)的細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查轉(zhuǎn)移到病原學(xué)檢測上[8]。有研究稱,術(shù)后復(fù)查HR-HPV持續(xù)陽性同時(shí)伴有TCT異常者,殘留或復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較陰性者更高,甚至預(yù)示治療的失敗[9]。
目前,CKC術(shù)后的常規(guī)處理現(xiàn)狀原則上將CKC術(shù)后病理作為進(jìn)一步處理的主要依據(jù)。對于LSIL的患者,予以隨診;HSIL者若切緣陰性亦可隨診,若切緣陽性則需重復(fù)CKC;宮頸鱗癌ⅠA1期若患者有強(qiáng)烈生育需求,進(jìn)一步處理方案可同HSIL。根據(jù)美國陰道鏡和宮頸病理協(xié)會(huì)(American society for colposcopy and cervical pathology,ASCCP)的2013年指南,患者應(yīng)在錐切術(shù)后密切隨訪HR-HPV和細(xì)胞學(xué),若檢查結(jié)果異常則及時(shí)行陰道鏡下活檢[10]。具體隨診方式為:術(shù)后病理為LSIL的患者,應(yīng)6個(gè)月后復(fù)診,若無異???年后復(fù)診,若仍無異常則可停止復(fù)診,若具備細(xì)胞學(xué)異?;騂R-HPV陽性任一項(xiàng),則應(yīng)陰道鏡下活檢;而對于HSIL患者,應(yīng)在此基礎(chǔ)上增加復(fù)診次數(shù),即在術(shù)后2年增加1次復(fù)診,若無異常則3年后復(fù)診,若仍無異常則應(yīng)以每5年的頻率,持續(xù)復(fù)診至術(shù)后20年。Massad等[11]在術(shù)后隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),復(fù)發(fā)多在錐切術(shù)后2年內(nèi),復(fù)發(fā)率為5%~25%。故在2年內(nèi)密切監(jiān)測HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸對判斷預(yù)后有重要意義[12-13]。
2 伴有HR-HPV感染的HSIL及宮頸鱗癌ⅠA1期患者錐切術(shù)后HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸情況
2.1 HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸
術(shù)前感染HR-HPV的宮頸病變患者在錐切術(shù)后,其HR-HPV的轉(zhuǎn)歸模式大致可分為6種,即早期清除、晚期清除、波動(dòng)、持續(xù)感染、進(jìn)展、復(fù)發(fā)[14]。臨床觀察指標(biāo)可簡化為3種,即轉(zhuǎn)陰、一過性感染及持續(xù)性感染[15]。針對HSIL患者,張忠明等[16]樣本量為806例的研究稱,宮頸環(huán)形電切術(shù)(loop electrosurgical excision procedure,LEEP)術(shù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)陰率為86.17%,曾燕等[17]另一樣本量為205的研究稱,宮頸冷刀錐切術(shù)(cold knife conization,CKC)術(shù)后6個(gè)月HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)陰率為63.2%~67.8%,2年轉(zhuǎn)陰率為88.4%~94.7%。Costa等[18]對于宮頸鱗癌ⅠA1期患者,2年轉(zhuǎn)陰率約為78%。
2.2 HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸與宮頸病變復(fù)發(fā)關(guān)系
HR-HPV的不同感染狀態(tài)導(dǎo)致宮頸病變復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不同。多重感染較單一感染者復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[19]。持續(xù)性感染將意味著復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,有研究顯示,De Vuyst等[20]術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)者中HR-HPV持續(xù)感染者占77.5%,而一過性感染與復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系尚無定論。同一HR-HPV亞型在2年內(nèi)持續(xù)感染者復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加,而感染過程中HR-HPV亞型更改對復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)尚不明確[15]。不同亞型的HR-HPV感染導(dǎo)致宮頸病變復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亦不同,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,HPV16單一感染及HPV16合并其他亞型的多重感染,在術(shù)后病理復(fù)發(fā)者的HR-HPV感染模式中居首位[14]。
3 影響HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸相關(guān)因素
影響HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸的主要相關(guān)因素可能為術(shù)前HR-HPV感染狀態(tài)、病變級別、術(shù)后病理提示是否累腺、手術(shù)方式,此外,年齡及孕產(chǎn)次也可能影響HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸。由于術(shù)后病理提示切緣陰性方可隨診,若切緣陽性則病變殘留風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高,需重復(fù)錐切[21],故切緣情況不在討論范圍之內(nèi)。
3.1 術(shù)前HR-HPV感染情況
有多項(xiàng)研究稱,術(shù)前HR-HPV分型與術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)歸情況密切相關(guān)。HPV16單一感染及HPV16合并其他亞型的多重感染較其他亞型感染更常發(fā)生于術(shù)后2年HR-HPV持續(xù)感染患者,Giuliano等[7]在全部術(shù)后2年HR-HPV未轉(zhuǎn)陰者中高達(dá)71.4%。李寧等[15]有研究稱術(shù)后陽性率最高的亞型為16、58、52,León等[22]也有研究認(rèn)為最難轉(zhuǎn)陰的亞型為18及31。但不同地區(qū)的宮頸病變所最常伴隨的高危型HPV亞型并不相同,在歐洲,HPV16、31、33感染最常發(fā)現(xiàn)于HSIL及宮頸鱗癌患者中;在美國,HPV16、18、45在HSIL及宮頸鱗癌患者中感染率最高;在日本,HPV52、58、16感染位列HSIL及宮頸鱗癌患者中前三位;而在中國則為HPV16、52、58,故研究成果的不同也可能是由該分布差異性導(dǎo)致的。術(shù)前HR-HPV多重感染與單一感染在術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)陰率上未體現(xiàn)出明顯差異。
3.2 病變級別
關(guān)于宮頸病變級別與HR-HPV的關(guān)系,目前尚存爭議。有研究調(diào)查了HSIL術(shù)后6個(gè)月的HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)陰情況,稱HR-HPV術(shù)后6個(gè)月轉(zhuǎn)陰率隨宮頸病變級別升高而降低[23],也有研究稱HR-HPV在術(shù)后6個(gè)月~2年的轉(zhuǎn)陰率均與宮頸病變級別無明顯關(guān)聯(lián)[24]。已有研究的樣本量較小,尚需更大樣本的臨床研究。
3.3 是否累腺
徐曉燕等[25]在術(shù)后隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后病理提示累腺者較未累腺者在術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月的短期清除率低,但在術(shù)后18個(gè)月~2年的長期隨訪中,二者的HR-HPV清除率分別為74.3%和71.9%,未顯示明顯差別。但該研究同時(shí)指出,累腺者仍需比未累腺者更長期的隨訪。另有研究稱,累腺者在術(shù)后HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)陰率和未累腺者無明顯差別,但隨訪情況反映,累腺者較未累腺者HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)陰時(shí)間長[17]。
3.4 手術(shù)方式
臨床上常用的錐切術(shù)主要為LEEP和CKC兩種術(shù)式[4]。El-Nashar等[26]薈萃分析綜合了26項(xiàng)研究后顯示,在HSIL診療中,LEEP和CKC對宮頸病變治愈率及HR-HPV清除率相近,其RR值為0.7,無明顯差異。有回顧性分析稱,CKC與全子宮切除術(shù)在術(shù)后6個(gè)月的HR-HPV清除率分別為68.1%和71.2%,未表現(xiàn)出明顯差異[5]。
3.5 年齡
有研究將患者按每10年為一年齡段分組進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)大于50歲的患者在錐切術(shù)前的HR-HPV陽性率低于較年輕者,而術(shù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)HR-HPV陽性率則遠(yuǎn)大于較年輕者[27]。此外,術(shù)前與術(shù)后檢測到的HR-HPV亞型一致率與年齡增長成正相關(guān),表明隨著年齡的增長,錐切術(shù)后HR-HPV清除率降低[27]。Zhang等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)錐切術(shù)后平均HR-HPV清除率為72.96%~89.4%,大于55歲者在術(shù)后2年內(nèi)的HR-HPV清除率低于較年輕者,僅為50%,且與是否絕經(jīng)無關(guān)。也有研究將此界值定為60歲[29]。但分析較年輕者可因性行為更活躍、攝取更多酒精、使用更多免疫抑制劑等其他因素而影響HR-HPV清除或新感染HR-HPV。
3.6 孕產(chǎn)次
Kim等[29]有研究指出,孕產(chǎn)次可能與預(yù)測HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)歸有關(guān),但其指導(dǎo)性尚不明確,僅發(fā)現(xiàn)孕產(chǎn)次≥3~4次者在術(shù)后2年的HR-HPV清除率低于未孕未育者,并分析其可能因?yàn)樵衅诟邼舛却圃屑に丶芭c分娩相關(guān)的宮頸創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致了宮頸柱狀上皮外翻,增加了其暴露在HR-HPV中的概率,也可能與妊娠導(dǎo)致的免疫抑制有關(guān)[29]。也有研究在術(shù)后跟蹤1年后提出孕產(chǎn)次與HR-HPV轉(zhuǎn)陰情況無明顯關(guān)聯(lián)[30]。
4 HR-HPV感染規(guī)范化隨訪的研究前景與展望
近年來,隨著對HR-HPV的重視和深入研究,其對宮頸病變進(jìn)展及術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)歸的指導(dǎo)意義也日趨明確。目前,將HR-HPV檢測與TCT聯(lián)合應(yīng)用作為錐切術(shù)后常規(guī)隨訪內(nèi)容,已達(dá)成共識(shí)。而對于錐切術(shù)后HR-HPV各分型的轉(zhuǎn)陰時(shí)間以及影響轉(zhuǎn)陰的高危因素,很多學(xué)者仍在不斷探索,試圖找到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)范化的隨訪流程及診斷指標(biāo),以更好地評估治療效果,監(jiān)測轉(zhuǎn)歸情況。因此,HR-HPV感染的規(guī)范化隨訪,尚需更多的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)予以指導(dǎo)。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-24 本文編輯:張瑜杰)