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語法填空的主要考點與解題思路

2018-07-20 10:17陳慧玲
廣東教育·高中 2018年5期
關鍵詞:連接詞連詞謂語

陳慧玲

語法填空題有純空格題和給提示詞題兩大類型,解答語法填空的兩大基礎是句子結(jié)構分析和句間邏輯關系。現(xiàn)將其主要考點和解題方法分述如下。

一、純空格題

考點與思路

思維與方法

1. 主格人稱代詞和it。

句子缺主語時,填人稱代詞主格或it;句子缺賓語時一般填it。如:

(2017年全國Ⅱ卷) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ________ every day.

解析:并列分句中more than 25,000 people(兩萬五千多人)是主語,were using(在使用)是謂語,顯然were using缺賓語,故填代詞;兩萬五千多人在使用什么?指前文中的the railway,故填it。

2. 冠詞。

在“(形容詞+)名詞”前,填冠詞。如:

(2017年全國Ⅲ卷) Instead, she is earning £6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.

解析:在名詞model(模特)前,應填冠詞;表示職業(yè)身份的單數(shù)名詞前,通常用不定冠詞,表示“一個”模特,故填a。

(2014年全國Ⅰ卷) ... this river is one of __________most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

解析:在“形容詞+名詞(most outstanding examples)”前應填冠詞,由most可知是形容詞的最高級,故填the。

3. 連詞

(1)并列連詞。

在并列的兩個單詞、短語或句子之間,或并列的多個單詞、短語或句子的最后兩個之間,沒有連詞時,要填連詞。如:

(2016年全國III卷)... especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, ________Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.

解析:在并列的China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam四個國家的最后兩個國家之間沒有連詞,應填連詞,并列關系用and。

(2014年全國Ⅰ卷) But the river wasnt changed in a few days __________ even a few months.

解析:句中并列的a few days 與a few months 之間沒有連詞,應填連詞;兩者之間需要“或者”之意,意義才通順,故填or。

(2014年全國II卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, __________ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.

解析:前后是兩個句子,之間沒有連詞,應填連詞,并列關系,填and。

(2)從句連接詞。

在主、從句之間沒有連接詞(指引導定語從句的關系詞,引導狀語從句的從屬連詞,引導名詞性從句的連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞)時,要填連接詞;根據(jù)各類從句的性質(zhì)和連接詞的意義和用法特點,選用恰當?shù)倪B接詞。如:

(2017年全國Ⅰ卷) Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃點心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food ... Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________is not good for the health.

解析:因空格前后均為句子,后句是補充說明前句的,之間沒有連接詞,應填連接詞;“對健康不好”是指“吃太多的脂肪和食鹽”,即前句話的內(nèi)容;指代前句內(nèi)容又在本句中作主語,故填which,引導非限制性定語從句。

(2016年全國III卷)... ________the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces.

解析:前后是兩個句子,之間沒有連接詞,應填連接詞;根據(jù)兩句的邏輯關系,應為“隨著人口的增加,人們開始將食物切成小塊”,表示“隨著”通常用as,也可填when,表示“當……時”。

4. 介詞。

當空格后是名詞、代詞或動名詞,該詞在句中不是作主語或動詞賓語時,該名詞很可能是作介詞的賓語,即空格處填介詞。如:

(2017年全國Ⅰ卷) This trend, which was started by the medical community (醫(yī)學界) ________a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease...

解析:空格后a method 是名詞,顯然不是主語,也不是在動詞后作賓語,故填介詞;表示“作為”,用as。

二、給提示詞題

考點與思路

思維與方法

1. 謂語動詞。

沒有別的謂語動詞,所給動詞為謂語動詞;考慮其時態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致,甚至虛擬語氣等。如:

(2017年全國Ⅱ卷) Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道) which became known as the Tube. This development was only possible...

解析:在主語engineers后,manage應為謂語動詞;根據(jù)其后的became和was可知,用一般過去時,故填managed。

(2017年全國Ⅰ卷) Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required to process the food that we eat ... When fat and salt ________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.

解析:在when引導的從句中,fat and salt 是主語,remove應為謂語動詞;又因fat and salt與remove是被動關系,即脂肪和鹽被移走,故用被動語態(tài);由前后謂語動詞的時態(tài)可知,用一般現(xiàn)在時,主語是復數(shù),故填are removed。

(2016年全國II卷)... whatever it is, ________ (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. (make)

解析:主句沒有主語,顯然是祈使句,應以用動詞原形開頭,故填make。

2. 非謂語動詞。

當句中已有謂語動詞且所給動詞前又沒有并列連詞時,應為非謂語動詞,考慮用現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞或不定式。如:

(2015年全國Ⅰ卷) Abercrombie & Kent ... says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people __________ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

解析:賓語從句中已有謂語動詞arranges,所以live應為非謂語動詞;又因people與live是主動關系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語,填living。

(2015年全國Ⅰ卷) A study of travelers__________ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as...

解析:句中已有謂語動詞names,所以conduct應為非謂語動詞;又因study與conduct是被動關系,加上有by的提示,故用過去分詞短語作后置定語,填conducted。

(2017年全國Ⅰ卷) Fast food is full of fat and salt; by ________ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

解析:作介詞的賓語,用動名詞,故填eating。

(2017年全國Ⅰ卷) Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required ________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.

解析:由require sb to do sth可知,用不定式作補語,故填to progress。

3. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。

(1)副詞。

修飾動詞、形容詞、全句,用副詞作狀語。如:

(2016年全國Ⅰ卷) I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be ________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.

解析:修飾動詞be given用副詞,故填officially。

(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.

解析:修飾形容詞unpleasant,用副詞,故填fairly。

(2)形容詞。

在系動詞后作表語或在名詞前作定語,用形容詞。

(2017年全國Ⅰ卷) However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.

解析:作表語用形容詞,故填careful。

(2015年全國Ⅱ卷)As __________ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days. (natural)

解析:在名詞前作定語,用形容詞,故填natural。

(3)名詞。

作主語、賓語、表語,用名詞,或者說,在形容詞性物主代詞后或“冠詞(+形容詞)”后用名詞。如:

(2015年全國Ⅱ卷) In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their__________ (able)to “air condition”a house without using electric equipment.

解析:在形容詞性物主代詞their后用名詞,故填ablity。

(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.

解析:作介詞的賓語,或者說,在冠詞the后又在of前,用名詞,故填introduction。

4. 名詞。

主要考查名詞的單復數(shù)。括號中所給詞是名詞,又是在句中作主語、賓語,很可能就是填其復數(shù)形式。名詞的所有格雖然沒有考過,但也是可能要考的。

(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)This trend, ... , has had some unintended side ________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.

解析:所給詞effect是名詞,句中has had后缺賓語,注意some unintended side是定語,缺賓語就用名詞,故考慮用其復數(shù)形式;又由some和such as后的兩個例子,可知填effects。指一些未曾料想到的副作用。

5. 比較等級。

(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)Even ________ (bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.

解析:根據(jù)前后語境和even常修飾比較級可知,填worse。Even worse意為“更糟糕的是”。

6. 非主格人稱代詞和it。

即不是人稱代詞的主格或it,而是形容詞性物主代詞、名詞性物主代詞、反身代詞以及人稱代詞賓語等,這時,命題者一般會在括號中給出人稱代詞的主格形式給予提示。如:

(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ________ (it) mother.

解析:在名詞mother前作定語,用形容詞性物主代詞,填its。

(2014年全國Ⅱ卷) “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear! Its ________ (I).”

解析:意思是“是我的”,即Its my suitcase.代替“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”用名詞性物主代詞,故填mine。

此外,也有可能考查表示疑問或強調(diào)的助動詞do, does, did, 強調(diào)結(jié)構it is...that中的it或that等。如:

(2014年全國Ⅱ卷)Then the driver stood up and asked, “_______ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”

解析:由asked可知引號是一個疑問句,又由at the last stop 可知是過去時,而lose是原形,故填Did,構成一般疑問句。

責任編輯 蔣小青

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