小樣
Zhao Mengfu was the 11th generation descendant of Zhao Kuangyin, Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty (960-1279). After the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) died out, he began to serve for the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) with a smooth official career and in his old age was awarded very high position in office and gained renowned reputation. Being successful in his official career, however, he was regarded as a truly treacherous official by righteous men. In particular, he was reviled due to serving for the Yuan Dynasty as a descendant of the Song Dynasty. But Zhao was considered as one of the four greatest Kai calligraphy masters in the Chinese calligraphy field, gaining the worship of by later generations.
今人提起趙孟頫,無不高山仰止,殊不知他也曾度過一段黑暗時(shí)期。那時(shí)候沒人喜歡他、喜歡他的字,說起他的書法作品,竟全是惡語相向,以否定其在書法史上的地位。
趙孟頫為宋太祖趙匡胤十一世孫,秦王德芳之后。南宋滅亡后,他回故鄉(xiāng)閑居。后元世祖忽必烈搜羅天下俊才,有人將其上薦,忽必烈竟驚呼其為“神仙中人”。從此,以宋室遺逸的身份入仕元廷的趙孟頫一路仕途平坦,平步青云,晚年時(shí)“官居一品,名滿天下”。
然而,趙孟頫雖然官場(chǎng)得意,在正義之士眼中確是個(gè)不折不扣的“貳臣”。尤其他以宋朝宗室的身份仕敵,遭受的唾罵更甚。有史料記載,宋亡后,趙孟頫堂兄、與其同為書畫大家的趙孟堅(jiān)對(duì)其閉門不納,甚為鄙視,待其走后還命人清洗他坐過的地方,由此兄弟情絕。趙孟堅(jiān)以善畫蘭著稱,其筆下墨蘭清冷孤高,正如其人品之正直、不屈;而相形之下,趙孟頫那豐腴、流婉的字體則被人鄙為諂媚、無骨,字無骨而人亦無骨,世人“薄其人遂薄其書”。
事實(shí)上,文人趙孟頫并沒有多么奸惡,除了仕元,他一生從未作惡。相反,從他與友人的詩詞通信中,倒可見其對(duì)所處境況的矛盾與掙扎。因?yàn)椴凰銐娜耍云鋵?shí)在趙孟頫身后的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間,大家對(duì)他的書作還是較為寬容的,贊譽(yù)有加,爭(zhēng)相寶之。
直到明朝晚期,大概因?yàn)槭艿綕M族的威脅,使人回憶起當(dāng)初元蒙統(tǒng)治的歷史,逐漸出現(xiàn)了貶抑趙孟頫其人其書的文人。項(xiàng)穆在《書法雅言》中說:“若夫趙孟頫之書,溫潤(rùn)閑雅,似接右軍正脈之傳,妍媚纖柔,殊乏大節(jié)不奪之氣。所以天水之裔,甘心仇敵之祿也?!备瞪秸f趙孟頫“只緣學(xué)問不正,遂流軟美一途”,加之他提出的“寧拙毋巧,寧丑毋媚,寧支離毋輕滑,寧真率毋安排”這“四寧四毋”,更是對(duì)趙氏書風(fēng)的極大否定。
然而,真金不怕火煉,細(xì)察趙書,筆畫圓潤(rùn),結(jié)體優(yōu)美,氣息平和,透著一股華美、富麗的色彩,沿襲“二王”一脈而秀美、典雅更過之。聯(lián)系其一生衣食無憂的富足生活,書寫出雍容華貴的書作也就不足為怪了。清代鼎盛時(shí)期的乾隆皇帝就非常喜歡趙孟頫,蓋因其字有著非凡的盛世氣象。
傅山有句評(píng)論一直被人斷章取義,即“予極不喜趙子昂,薄其人遂惡其書”,其實(shí)這句話并沒有說完,后面是“近細(xì)視之,亦未可厚非,熟媚綽約,自是賤態(tài),潤(rùn)秀圓轉(zhuǎn),尚屬正脈。蓋自蘭亭內(nèi)稍變而至此,與時(shí)高下,亦由氣運(yùn),不獨(dú)文章然也”,也算最終肯定了趙孟頫的成就。
時(shí)至今日,顏柳歐趙依然是人們頂禮膜拜的楷書四大家,學(xué)趙并不比學(xué)顏格調(diào)低。1987年,國際天文學(xué)會(huì)以趙孟頫的名字命名了水星環(huán)形山,以紀(jì)念他對(duì)人類文化所做出的貢獻(xiàn)。
世界知識(shí)畫報(bào)·藝術(shù)視界2018年6期