吳景 王婧婧 李曉潔
[摘要] 目的 探討惡性腫瘤相關(guān)基因IMP3、唾液酸黏蛋白CD164在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(GBM)組織中的表達(dá)及臨床意義。 方法 收集2011年1月~2015年7月安徽省立醫(yī)院119例GBM石蠟包埋樣本,進(jìn)行全自動免疫組化檢測IMP3、CD164的表達(dá),并與臨床病理因素以及患者的生存情況進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。 結(jié)果 IMP3、CD164的高表達(dá)率分別為69.7%(83/119)、81.5%(97/119),二者表達(dá)水平呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.252,P = 0.006)。在與臨床資料關(guān)系的分析中,IMP3表達(dá)與表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.242,P = 0.008),與患者性別、年齡、腫瘤大小、腫瘤部位、Ki67增殖指數(shù)均無顯著相關(guān)性(P > 0.05)。CD164表達(dá)與患者年齡(r = 0.285,P = 0.002)、EGFR(r = 0.249,P = 0.006)呈正相關(guān),與其他不相關(guān)(P > 0.05)。CD164高表達(dá)者總生存期(OS)明顯短于低表達(dá)者(P = 0.004),單獨分析IMP3與OS無顯著相關(guān)性(P = 0.056)。年齡、CD164是GBM的獨立預(yù)后因素(P = 0.036、0.005)。 結(jié)論 GBM中CD164的表達(dá)與IMP3關(guān)系密切,CD164可作為預(yù)測GBM預(yù)后不良的獨立因素。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤;IMP3;CD164;總生存期
[中圖分類號] R739.41 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)05(a)-0004-05
Expression and clinical significance of IMP3 and CD164 in glioblastomas
WU Jing1,2 WANG Jingjing2 LI Xiaojie2 HE Jie2,3
1.College of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, He'nan Province, Xinxiang 453000, China; 2.Pathology Department, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China; 3.Pathology Department, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of the oncogene IMP3 and sialomucin CD164 in glioblastoma (GBM) tissues. Methods One hundred and nineteen GBM paraffin-embedded samples from January 2011 to July 2015 in Anhui Provincial Hospital were collected. The expression of IMP3 and CD164 was detected by automated immunohistochemistry. The results were analyzed with clinical and pathological factors and the survival of patients. Results The high expression rates of IMP3 and CD164 were 69.7% (83/119) and 81.5% (97/119) respectively. There was a positive correlation between the two expression levels (r = 0.252, P = 0.006). In the connected analysis with clinical data, the expression of IMP3 was positively correlated with EGFR state (r = 0.242, P = 0.008), and was not significantly related to the gender, age, tumor size, tumor location and Ki67 proliferation index (P > 0.05). CD164 expression was positively correlated with age (r = 0.285,P = 0.002) and EGFR (r = 0.249,P = 0.006), not other factors (P > 0.05). The overall survival (OS) of patients with CD164 high expression were significantly shorter than those with low expression (P = 0.004). There was no significant correlation between IMP3 and OS alone (P = 0.056). Age and CD164 were independent prognostic factors of GBM (P = 0.036, 0.005). Conclusion The expression of CD164 in GBM is closely related to IMP3, and CD164 can be used as an independent predictor of poor prognosis of GBM.
[Key words] Glioblastoma; IMP3; CD164; Overall survival
膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)是成人顱內(nèi)惡性程度最高的原發(fā)性腫瘤,其浸潤性生長能力強,常侵犯鄰近腦組織,手術(shù)無法全部切除。術(shù)前病史短(半數(shù)以上<3個月),病程進(jìn)展迅速,術(shù)后即使輔以放療和化療,復(fù)發(fā)間隔期也很少超過1年,中位生存期約15個月[1]。為更深入地認(rèn)識GBM的臨床生物學(xué)行為以指導(dǎo)臨床預(yù)后,并尋求新的靶向治療分子而需要展開更充分的研究。
RNA結(jié)合蛋白(RNA-binding proteins,RBPs)介導(dǎo)的基因表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)錄控制對于確定腫瘤細(xì)胞命運至關(guān)重要,是癌癥發(fā)生的主要決定因素之一。胰島素樣生長因子Ⅱ mRNA結(jié)合蛋白3(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅱ mRNA-binding protein 3,IMP3,又稱IGF2BP3),最初在胰腺癌組織中高水平表達(dá)而被鑒定,后逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)在許多癌癥中被重新合成并顯著上調(diào),大量文獻(xiàn)報道IMP3參與多種組織細(xì)胞的增殖、黏附及遷移,被認(rèn)為與腫瘤整體預(yù)后差有關(guān)[2]。CD164糖蛋白(the cluster of differentiation 164,CD164,又稱MGC-24/endolyn)是唾液酸黏蛋白家族的成員。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CD164涉及人類多種惡性腫瘤的維持和進(jìn)展[3-6],然而CD164在GBM中的研究甚少報道。CD164與GBM腫瘤生物學(xué)行為的關(guān)系,仍未可知。本研究利用全自動免疫組化法檢測IMP3和CD164在119例GBM組織中的表達(dá),分析其與臨床病理特征及預(yù)后的關(guān)系,結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)探討其在GBM中的生物學(xué)意義。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2011年1月~2015年7月安徽省立醫(yī)院病理科存檔的GBM石蠟組織標(biāo)本119例(男79例,女40例,中位年齡55歲)及因腦血管畸形手術(shù)切除的非瘤腦組織20例。所有組織均經(jīng)10%中性甲醛固定,石蠟包埋。所有患者術(shù)前均未行放療、化療等抗腫瘤治療。GBM標(biāo)本的入選依據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織(2016)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)膠質(zhì)瘤分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],由兩位病理醫(yī)師經(jīng)雙盲法重新復(fù)診切片。采用電話聯(lián)系方式進(jìn)行定期隨訪,隨訪截止日期是2017年8月31日。隨訪內(nèi)容包括:①一般情況;②是否復(fù)發(fā)及復(fù)發(fā)后是否繼續(xù)治療;③是否存活,若死亡,具體死亡原因及時間。從患者第1次手術(shù)到GBM死亡日期或隨訪截止日期的時間間隔計為總生存期(OS)。全部患者的OS為22~1987 d,平均463 d,中位生存期372 d。本研究中使用的組織標(biāo)本經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 主要試劑
一抗:兔抗人多克隆抗體IMP3及CD164(工作濃度分別為1∶50和1∶100)購自北京博奧森生物技術(shù)公司;二抗試劑盒及脫蠟液、抗原修復(fù)液、清洗緩沖液均購自Ventana公司;蒸餾水、無水乙醇、二甲苯、0.01 mol/L磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)、中性樹膠均為國產(chǎn)試劑。
1.3 實驗方法
采用全自動免疫組化檢測。石蠟包埋樣本3 μm厚度連續(xù)切片,60℃恒溫箱烤片2 h,Ventana Bench Maker XT全自動免疫組化儀進(jìn)行染色。用已知陽性對照片作為陽性對照,PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照。
由兩位病理醫(yī)師對染色結(jié)果進(jìn)行判讀。IMP3染色定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì),CD164定位于細(xì)胞核。每張切片選取10個高倍視野,以最高得分納入統(tǒng)計。評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括:按比例評分(每個高倍視野計數(shù)100個腫瘤細(xì)胞中陽性細(xì)胞所占比例):≤10%,計1分;>10%~50%,計2分;>50%~75%,計3分;>75%,計4分。按染色強度評分:無染色、淺黃色、棕黃色、棕褐色分別計0、1、2、3分。將兩項分值相加得到最終得分:0~3分為低表達(dá),4~7分為高表達(dá)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或百分比表示,不同組間差異性比較采用χ2檢驗及Fisher精確檢驗法。相關(guān)性分析采用Spearman相關(guān)分析。采用Kaplan-Meier法估計生存曲線,并使用Log-rank檢驗比較生存曲線是否有差異。采用Cox比例風(fēng)險模型進(jìn)行單因素和多因素預(yù)后分析,并計算風(fēng)險比(HR)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 IMP3、CD164在GBM組織中的表達(dá)
IMP3免疫組化染色定位于腫瘤細(xì)胞胞質(zhì),CD164染色定位于腫瘤細(xì)胞核。見圖1(封三)。119例GBM組織中,IMP3的高表達(dá)率為69.7%(83/119),CD164的高表達(dá)率為81.5%(97/119),IMP3和CD164均高表達(dá)的比率為61.3%(73/119),兩者的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)(P = 0.006)。見表1。20例因腦血管畸形手術(shù)切除的非瘤腦組織中,IMP3和CD164均不染色或局灶微弱染色,高表達(dá)率均為0(0/20)。
2.2 IMP3、CD164與GBM臨床病理因素的相關(guān)性
為闡明GBM中IMP3和CD164的臨床意義,分析119例GBM組織中IMP3、CD164的表達(dá)與患者臨床病理因素的相關(guān)性。見表2。結(jié)果顯示IMP3與EGFR呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.242,P = 0.008),與患者性別、年齡、腫瘤大小、腫瘤部位、Ki67增殖指數(shù)均無明顯相關(guān)性(P > 0.05)。CD164表達(dá)與患者年齡(r = 0.285, P = 0.002)、表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)(r = 0.249,P = 0.006)呈正相關(guān),與其他指標(biāo)無明顯相關(guān)性(P > 0.05)。
2.3 IMP3及CD164表達(dá)與GBM預(yù)后的關(guān)系
為進(jìn)一步確定IMP3和CD164與預(yù)后的關(guān)系,采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank檢驗分析119例GBM患者IMP3、CD164表達(dá)水平與OS的關(guān)系。分析結(jié)果顯示IMP3與GBM患者OS無明顯相關(guān)性(P = 0.056); CD164高表達(dá)患者,OS明顯短于CD164低表達(dá)者(P = 0.004)。見圖2。
2.4 GBM生存
對OS有顯著影響的因素為患者年齡(P = 0.038)、CD164(P = 0.005),而患者性別、腫瘤直徑、腫瘤部位、EGFR、Ki67及IMP3表達(dá)情況對患者OS均無顯著影響。將單因素分析差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的因素以及可能的影響因素IMP3納入多因素Cox回歸模型中,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者年齡(P = 0.036)、CD164(P = 0.005)是GBM預(yù)后的獨立危險因素。見表3。
3 討論
GBM的侵襲性、高復(fù)發(fā)率及普遍耐藥性是其預(yù)后不良的主要原因,與膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞(glioblastoma stem-like cells,GSC)的生物特性有關(guān)。GSC是GBM亞群,以高遷移潛能和治療耐藥性而著稱[8],對GBM的生長、放化療的敏感性和腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的可能性具有重要作用[9]。研究證明CD164參與調(diào)節(jié)造血干細(xì)胞和祖細(xì)胞的增殖、黏附和遷移,并維持祖細(xì)胞的未分化狀態(tài)[10],且增加人臍血CD133+細(xì)胞遷移[11],而CD133+也是GSC特異性分子標(biāo)志物。另據(jù)報道,CD164過表達(dá)顯著增加肺上皮細(xì)胞的致瘤性及干細(xì)胞性質(zhì),促進(jìn)腫瘤生長和增強藥物抵抗性[12]。我們檢測CD164在GBM組織中高水平表達(dá),因而猜測CD164可能與GSC的自我更新、遷移及耐藥機制相關(guān),從而導(dǎo)致GBM的不良預(yù)后。
另外,CD164已被證明參與多種實體癌癥的增殖和侵襲,包括肺癌、卵巢癌、結(jié)腸癌和前列腺癌。Huang等[4]評估了CD164在97例患者卵巢表面上皮細(xì)胞中的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)高表達(dá)CD164與高級別卵巢腫瘤、晚期疾病和腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān)。他們提出通過基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子1α/趨化因子受體4型(SDF-1α/CXCR4)軸參與卵巢癌進(jìn)展,CD164表達(dá)增加,促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生。CD164在人卵巢上皮細(xì)胞中的過表達(dá)促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞增殖和抑制凋亡,并在小鼠異種移植模型中證實了CD164的致瘤性效應(yīng)。Tang等[5]揭示在人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞系中CD164表達(dá)的降低顯著抑制了細(xì)胞增殖,遷移和轉(zhuǎn)移。Havens等[6]分析了CD164在前列腺癌細(xì)胞系中的作用,阻斷CD164削弱了前列腺癌細(xì)胞黏附到骨髓內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞并侵入細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的能力。此外,最近報道,在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系U87的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),CD164 mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)水平均顯著增加,敲低CD164抑制U87細(xì)胞增殖并促進(jìn)凋亡[13]。這些研究表明CD164可能作為調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤進(jìn)展的關(guān)鍵分子。雖然CD164的具體作用機制還不清楚,本研究中CD164作為GBM預(yù)后不良的獨立因子,提示CD164與GBM的進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。
IMP3是進(jìn)化上保守的mRNA結(jié)合蛋白家族的成員,其調(diào)節(jié)mRNA轉(zhuǎn)運、翻譯和轉(zhuǎn)化。越來越多的研究證實,RBP在調(diào)節(jié)RNA剪接、穩(wěn)定性、定位、修飾和翻譯中的作用[14]。IMP3是一種腫瘤胚胎性RBP,與腫瘤遷移、侵襲、血管生成、癌癥干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞(cancer stem-like cells,CSCs)維持有關(guān),并與腫瘤惡性程度和復(fù)發(fā)性有關(guān)[15-16]。已報道IMP3在多種人類惡性腫瘤中過表達(dá),包括卵巢癌[17]、結(jié)直腸癌[18]、頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[19]、肺癌[20]、食管癌[21]、胃癌[22]等。一項對8877個人類癌癥組織的微陣列研究結(jié)果顯示,IMP3表達(dá)是大多數(shù)人類實體癌類型的共同特征[23]。另一項關(guān)于腫瘤預(yù)后的薈萃分析顯示,IMP3高表達(dá)與大多數(shù)實體瘤預(yù)后不良有關(guān)[24]。最新的研究,在膠質(zhì)瘤中,IMP3與p65(轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB的異二聚體亞基)mRNA的3′非編碼區(qū)(UTR)結(jié)合并增強其翻譯,促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞遷移[25]。IMP3作為一種RBP,可以和多種目標(biāo)mRNA結(jié)合[26]。在這里,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)GBM中IMP3與CD164具有顯著相關(guān)性,筆者懷疑在GBM中,IMP3除了和p65 mRNA結(jié)合以外,有可能同時與CD164的mRNA結(jié)合,在翻譯層面的調(diào)控促進(jìn)GBM的腫瘤進(jìn)展。
總結(jié)本研究,IMP3和CD164在GBM組織中高表達(dá),且CD164與GBM患者OS顯著相關(guān),CD164可作為GBM預(yù)后不良的預(yù)測因素。此外,CD164與IMP3表達(dá)顯著正相關(guān),提示GBM中CD164的表達(dá)與IMP3密切相關(guān),推測可能由IMP3作為轉(zhuǎn)錄后的調(diào)控因子,介導(dǎo)了CD164在GBM中的表達(dá)。然而,這只是一個初步現(xiàn)象學(xué)研究,并沒有具體的分子機制的研究,需要進(jìn)一步探索在GBM中IMP3與CD164轉(zhuǎn)錄物的相互作用。
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(收稿日期:2018-02-02 本文編輯:張瑜杰)