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非清髓預(yù)處理及人臍帶血造血干細(xì)胞移植對(duì)小鼠生精功能的影響

2018-09-03 10:45張萌姚觀平何方
關(guān)鍵詞:環(huán)磷酰胺

張萌 姚觀平 何方

[摘要] 目的 探討化療藥非清髓預(yù)處理與人臍帶血造血干細(xì)胞移植(HSCT)對(duì)小鼠生精功能的影響。 方法 將30只Balb/c小鼠按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為三組,每組10只,分別為對(duì)照組、白消安(BU)聯(lián)合環(huán)磷酰胺(CY)非清髓預(yù)處理(BU+CY)組、HSCT組。除對(duì)照組外,BU+CY組和HSCT組使用BU 10 mg/kg和CY 120 mg/kg預(yù)處理造成睪丸損傷,HSCT組進(jìn)行人臍帶血HSCT。HSCT移植3周后,稱重法計(jì)算睪丸指數(shù),進(jìn)行小鼠精液質(zhì)量常規(guī)分析及睪丸、附睪的病理組織學(xué)檢查。 結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組比較,BU+CY組小鼠睪丸指數(shù)、精子密度和精子活力均顯著降低,而精子畸形率升高(P < 0.01)。HSCT組小鼠移植物抗宿主?。℅VHD)評(píng)分較高,睪丸指數(shù)、精子密度和活力均高于BU+CY組(P < 0.05),精子畸形率低于BU+CY組(P < 0.01)。病理學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),BU+CY組小鼠睪丸體積較小,生精小管破壞明顯,生精細(xì)胞腫脹、排列紊亂,生精上皮變薄,生精小管與附睪管內(nèi)精子數(shù)目大大減少;與BU+CY組比較,HSCT組睪丸體積增大,生精小管完整性較好,生精小管內(nèi)精子數(shù)量較高,但生精上皮層數(shù)和精母細(xì)胞數(shù)量仍較少。 結(jié)論 BU+CY非清髓預(yù)處理可造成明顯睪丸損傷,輕度急性GVHD情況下,臍帶血HSCT可一定程度促進(jìn)睪丸生精功能的恢復(fù)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 白消安;環(huán)磷酰胺;臍帶血造血干細(xì)胞;睪丸損傷

[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.21 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)05(a)-0009-05

The effects of non-myeloablative conditioning and cord blood hematopoietic stem cells transplantation on spermatogenic function in mice

ZHANG Meng1* YAO Guanping2* HE Fang1 LI Yuxiang3 FAN Zhenhai1 YU Limei1

1.Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering in Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China; 2.Human Reproductive Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China; 3.Department of Phylaxiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs non-myeloablative pretreatment and human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) on the spermatogenic function in mice. Methods Thirty Balb/c mice were divided into 3 groups by random digital table method, with 10 mice in each group, which contained control group, Busulfan (BU) combined with Cyclophosphamide (CY) non-myeloablative conditioning (BU+CY) group and HSCT group. In addition to the control group, BU+CY group and HSCT group were pretreated with BU 10 mg/kg and CY 120 mg/kg to induce testicular lesion, and HSCT group was taken human umbilical cord blood HSCT. After HSCT for three weeks, the testicular index was calculated by weighting method. The routine quality analysis of semen and histopathological examination of the testis and epididymis were carried out. Results Compared with the control group, the testicular index, sperm density and sperm viability in BU+CY group were significantly decreased, but the sperm malformation rate was significantly increased (P < 0.01). The graft versus host disease (GVHD) score was higher in HSCT group. The testicular index, sperm density and sperm viability in HSCT group were higher than those in BU+CY group (P < 0.05), while the sperm malformation rate was lower than that of BU+CY group (P < 0.01). The pathological examination found that the testicular volume in BU+CY group was smaller, the seminiferous tubules were obviously impaired, the spermatogenic cells were swelled and arranged in disorder, the seminiferous epithelia was thinned, the number of sperm was significantly reduced in seminiferous tubule and epididymal tubule. Compared with the BU+CY group, the testicular volume in HSCT group was increased, the seminiferous tubule was more integrity, and the number of sperm was increased, but the number of layers seminiferous epithelia cells and spermatocyte were still less. Conclusion BU+CY non-myeloablative conditioning can cause obvious testis injury. Cord blood HSCT can promote a certain extent recovery of testicular spermatogenesis in mild acute GVDH mice.

[Key words] Busulfan; Cyclophosphamide; Cord blood hematopoietic stem cell; Testis injury

不孕不育的夫婦中,男性因素約占50%,且有60%~65%的男性不育為特發(fā)性,其中大部分被認(rèn)為是由遺傳缺陷和表觀遺傳學(xué)異常所致[1],也有相當(dāng)一部分患者存在由藥物和環(huán)境等因素所致病。白血病、再生障礙性貧血等疾病治療中常用較大劑量白消安(Busulfan,BU)和環(huán)磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide,CY)進(jìn)行清髓或非清髓預(yù)處理,殺死大量腫瘤細(xì)胞,清除受者大量免疫細(xì)胞的同時(shí),也會(huì)造成包括生殖器官在內(nèi)的多種組織器官損傷[2]。單次腹腔注射較大劑量的CY或BU及二者聯(lián)用也是建立非梗阻性無精癥動(dòng)物模型的常用方法[3],一次性腹腔注射BU 10 mg/kg和CY 120 mg/kg,第4周小鼠出現(xiàn)睪丸生精小管內(nèi)精子及精子細(xì)胞消失、睪丸指數(shù)下降,直至第12周產(chǎn)生間質(zhì)纖維化和20周仍處于無精子狀態(tài)[4]。非清髓處理后進(jìn)行異基因臍帶血造血干細(xì)胞移植(hematopoietic stem cells transplantation,HSCT),不但可明顯促進(jìn)骨髓造血免疫功能恢復(fù),同時(shí)對(duì)大劑量化療藥物所致多組織器官的損傷具有促進(jìn)再生修復(fù)的作用[2,5,6],也有少數(shù)患者2年內(nèi)恢復(fù)生育能力的報(bào)道,更多的研究認(rèn)為HSCT受者睪丸生精功能及其精子質(zhì)量會(huì)受到慢性移植物抗宿主?。╣raft-versus-host disease,GVHD)嚴(yán)重程度的影響,從而與受者不育癥發(fā)生有關(guān)[7],因此本研究在建立非清髓預(yù)處理致睪丸損傷的基礎(chǔ)上,主要觀察了臍帶血HSCT后急性GVHD內(nèi)對(duì)雄性小鼠生精功能的影響。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料

1.1.1 臍血標(biāo)本 經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦或家屬知情同意,HBSAg、梅毒、HIV血清學(xué)檢測(cè)陰性者,無菌采集足月剖宮產(chǎn)新生兒臍血,200 U/mL肝素抗凝,4 h內(nèi)密度梯度離心分離人臍帶血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞,流式檢測(cè)臍帶血CD34+造血干細(xì)胞含量0.4%~0.7%。

1.1.2 藥物 BU(Sigma公司,美國(guó))和CY(江蘇恒瑞有限公司,0.2 g/瓶)均以生理鹽水溶解,分別配制為1%和0.2%的儲(chǔ)存液,冷凍保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

1.1.3 動(dòng)物 30只雄性Balb/c小鼠4~6周齡,體重18~22 g,購(gòu)于解放軍陸軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué),動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào):SCXK(渝)2012-0005,動(dòng)物批號(hào):0000523。飼養(yǎng)于貴州省麻醉與器官保護(hù)基礎(chǔ)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室SPF級(jí)動(dòng)物房,溫度20~25℃,相對(duì)濕度40%~70%。按照中華人民共和國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)部2006年頒布的《關(guān)于善待實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的指導(dǎo)性意見》飼養(yǎng)和處理動(dòng)物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

1.2 方法

采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將30只Balb/c小鼠分為三組,每組10只,分別為對(duì)照組、BU聯(lián)合CY非清髓預(yù)處理(BU+CY)組和HSCT組。除對(duì)照組給予等量生理鹽水外,其余兩組先連續(xù)灌胃給予BU混懸液16 mg/(kg·d),4 d,再連續(xù)3 d腹腔注射CY溶液150 mg/(kg·d),第8天HSCT組進(jìn)行HSCT,小鼠尾靜脈移植臍帶血造血干細(xì)胞0.3 mL(臍帶血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞懸液5×106個(gè)細(xì)胞/只),對(duì)照組和BU+CY組尾靜脈注射等量磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

1.3.1 一般狀況和急性GVHD評(píng)分 給予BU后的第28天,稱取小鼠體重,并密切觀察小鼠活動(dòng)、精神狀態(tài)及皮毛疏密、光澤、飲食和存活情況,計(jì)算存活率,同時(shí)依照文獻(xiàn)[8]進(jìn)行急性GVHD評(píng)分,通過體重、體位、活動(dòng)能力、毛發(fā)、皮膚完整性5個(gè)指標(biāo),每項(xiàng)指標(biāo)按正常、輕、中、重度改變?cè)u(píng)定為0、1、2分,總分不超過10分。

1.3.2 睪丸指數(shù) BU+CY預(yù)處理后第28天,麻醉后處死小鼠,稱體重、雙側(cè)睪丸(含附睪)重量,按公式計(jì)算,睪丸指數(shù)=雙側(cè)睪丸重量(mg)/體重(g)。

1.3.3 組織病理學(xué)檢查 留取兩側(cè)睪丸,肉眼觀察睪丸大小和外觀,取左側(cè)睪丸和附睪,經(jīng)4%多聚甲醛液固定后,送遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院病理科,HE染色,顯微鏡下觀察睪丸和附睪組織病理學(xué)變化。

1.3.4 精子檢查 參照文獻(xiàn)[9]的方法,將雙側(cè)附睪置于37℃、15 mL精子營(yíng)養(yǎng)液的平皿中,剪碎附睪組織,靜置2 h,使精子充分游離、釋放出來,取5 μL精子懸液滴于精子計(jì)數(shù)板上,全自動(dòng)精子分析儀(北昂醫(yī)療)檢測(cè)出精子密度、活力。另取0.5 μL精子懸液滴于Testsimpletes玻片上,油鏡下觀測(cè)精子形態(tài),計(jì)數(shù)200個(gè)精子,計(jì)算精子畸形率。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 BU+CY及HSCT對(duì)一般狀況和睪丸指數(shù)的影響

給予BU后第5天,除對(duì)照組外,其余兩組小鼠逐漸表現(xiàn)出精神萎靡、體毛稀疏、無光澤、食欲及體重下降;第28天,BU+CY組和HSCT組小鼠體重開始逐漸恢復(fù),兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。BU+CY組和HSCT組小鼠睪丸重量和睪丸指數(shù)均明顯低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),而HSCT組睪丸指數(shù)高于BU+CY組(P < 0.05),見表1。HSCT以后,動(dòng)物發(fā)生較強(qiáng)烈的移植物抗宿主反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致HSCT組小鼠死亡,對(duì)照組、BU+CY組、HSCT組小鼠存活率依次為100%、100%和50%。

2.2 BU+CY及HSCT對(duì)精子質(zhì)量的影響

BU+CY組的精子密度、精子活力均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),而精子畸形率均顯著高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),HSCT組的精子密度顯著低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),精子畸形率顯著高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),而精子活力與對(duì)照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);HSCT組的精子密度和精子活力明顯高于BU+CY組(P < 0.05),而精子畸形率明顯低于BU+CY組(P < 0.01),但HSCT組的精子密度與畸形率均未恢復(fù)到對(duì)照組水平(表2、圖1)。

2.3 BU+CY及HSCT對(duì)小鼠睪丸和附睪組織學(xué)變化的影響

肉眼可見,HSCT組小鼠睪丸體積較BU+CY組大,但小于對(duì)照組,睪丸表面光滑、飽滿、色較粉潤(rùn),而BU+CY組色較蒼白(圖2)。鏡下可見,對(duì)照組小鼠睪丸生精小管完整,各級(jí)生精細(xì)胞排列整齊,層次清晰,管腔內(nèi)有大量精子,支持細(xì)胞形態(tài)、數(shù)量正常。BU+CY組睪丸組織中生精小管完整性遭破壞,生精細(xì)胞排列紊亂,細(xì)胞腫脹明顯,生精上皮層次減少雖不明顯,但次級(jí)精母細(xì)胞和精子極少,生精小管管腔內(nèi)滲出物較多。HSCT組睪丸組織細(xì)胞腫脹明顯減輕,生精小管各層細(xì)胞雖數(shù)量較少,但已可見到少量次級(jí)精母細(xì)胞和精子,間質(zhì)炎細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)增多(圖3)。三組附睪管官腔上皮細(xì)胞的組織學(xué)未見明顯差異,但對(duì)照組附睪管管腔內(nèi)精子數(shù)量較多,而BU睪管官組和HSCT明顯較少(圖4)。

3 討論

化療藥物可引起短期的無精癥,并使殘存的生殖干細(xì)胞的分化存在較長(zhǎng)的停滯期[9],BU特異性地?fù)p傷生精干細(xì)胞和精原細(xì)胞,破壞精子產(chǎn)生,直接損害生精上皮,減少精子密度,減弱精子活性。CY則主要通過烷化作用,造成DNA損傷,而周期特異性地阻滯細(xì)胞增殖,產(chǎn)生生殖毒性,導(dǎo)致睪丸損傷,引起無精子癥或少精子癥,造成不育[10-12]。臨床研究證實(shí),兒童期因白血病、實(shí)體腫瘤或自身免疫性疾病接受CY治療的男性患兒,成年后80.2%~92.6%為無精子癥或少精子癥,可導(dǎo)致不育或者出現(xiàn)子代遺傳性缺陷或畸形[13]。由此可見,非清髓預(yù)處理及異基因HSCT產(chǎn)生的睪丸生殖功能損傷,隨著異基因HSCT治療的逐漸增多,值得關(guān)注。

BU+CY非清髓預(yù)處理后,小鼠除一般狀態(tài)較差外,睪丸指數(shù)、精子密度、精子活力均顯著下降,而精子畸形率顯著增高,睪丸生精小管完整性受損,生精上皮排列紊亂、次級(jí)精母細(xì)胞和精子數(shù)量銳減,附睪管中精子數(shù)量明顯減少,表明BU+CY的處理,雖然滿足了HSCT的需要,但在一定時(shí)期內(nèi),對(duì)睪丸生精功能和附睪管中精子均造成了損傷,引起的少精癥、弱精癥和精子畸形與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相似[6]。

在BU+CY非清髓預(yù)處理基礎(chǔ)上移植臍帶血造血干細(xì)胞后,睪丸指數(shù)、精子密度和活力明顯增高,精子畸形率降低,睪丸組織的病理改變也得到一定改善,生精小管結(jié)構(gòu)完整性較好,次級(jí)精母細(xì)胞和精子數(shù)量有所增加,但仍低于正常對(duì)照水平,表明HSCT后,在小鼠急性GVHD較輕的情況下,受損的骨髓造血免疫功能和外周血血象短期內(nèi)得到明顯恢復(fù)的同時(shí)[14-15],還可減輕非清髓化療藥物處理造成的睪丸損傷或促進(jìn)損傷的修復(fù),一定程度上改善睪丸的生精功能,但是HSCT治療3周,睪丸的生精功能遠(yuǎn)不及正常對(duì)照,HSCT組的病理結(jié)果與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相似[12,16],表現(xiàn)出受鼠睪丸組織中存在明顯的睪丸生殖和支持細(xì)胞的不足,從HSCT組小鼠高達(dá)50%的死亡率及存活小鼠GVHD評(píng)分來看[15],HSCT后不同程度的GVHD可能也一定程度地影響了小鼠的生精功能。

小鼠的生精周期為36 d左右,盡管HSCT組睪丸生精功能得到了一定改善,但精子進(jìn)入附睪及其發(fā)育成熟、活化尚未全部完成,而病理結(jié)果顯示BU+CY和HSCT對(duì)附睪組織結(jié)構(gòu)沒有明顯影響,但二者對(duì)精子活力及畸形率的改變,提示BU+CY可能對(duì)附睪管的功能有一定抑制,而HSCT一定程度提高了附睪管的功能。

此外,精子質(zhì)量受到睪丸支持細(xì)胞、生精細(xì)胞與睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞相互作用、性激素及其受體活化、微環(huán)境細(xì)胞因子變化等多環(huán)節(jié)、多因素的影響[17],且異基因HSCT后,嚴(yán)重的慢性GVHD也和受者的不育密切相關(guān),因此非清髓預(yù)處理基礎(chǔ)上HSCT對(duì)睪丸損傷保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步探討,針對(duì)靶點(diǎn),選擇既可提高HSCT效果,又能減輕急性GVHD,同時(shí)可治療不育癥、減輕精子損傷或調(diào)節(jié)垂體-睪丸內(nèi)分泌軸作用的藥物或干細(xì)胞[17-19],干預(yù)非清髓處理后HSCT受者的生精功能,可能是最為理想的策略。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[7] 薛紅麗,黨瑜慧,陳亞,等.丙烯腈對(duì)小鼠睪丸組織結(jié)構(gòu)及精子質(zhì)量的影響[J].毒理學(xué)雜志,2014,28(6):454-456.

[8] Cooke KR,Kobzik L,Martin TR,et al. An experimental model of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after bone marrow trans?鄄plantation:L the roles of minor H antigens and endotoxin [J]. Blood,1996,88(8):3230.

[9] Choi YJ,Okdw,Kwon DN,et al. Murine male germ cell apoptosis induced by busulfan treatment correlates with loss of c- kit- expression in a Fas/FasL- and p53- ind?鄄ependent manner [J]. FEBS Lett,2004,575(1-3):41-51.

[10] Codrington AM,Hales BF,Robaire B. Spermiogenic germ cell phase-specific DNA damage following cyclophos?鄄phamide exposure [J]. J Androl,2004,25(3):354-362.

[11] Kyriacou C,Kottaridis PD,Eliahoo J,et al. Germ cell damage and Leydig cell insufficiency in recipients of nonmyeloablative transplantation for haematological malignancies [J]. Bone Marrow Transplant,2003,31(1):45-50.

[12] Xu SF,Yu LM,F(xiàn)an ZH,et al. Improvement of ginsenoside Rg1 on hematopoietic function in cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression mice [J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2012,695(1-3):7-12.

[13] 何大維,李旭良,岳麗琴,等.環(huán)磷酰胺干擾精原干細(xì)胞功能的初步研究[J].中華男科學(xué)雜志,2006,12(5):387-393.

[14] 何方,余麗梅.人參皂苷Rg1對(duì)成體干細(xì)胞特性與功能的影響[J].中國(guó)藥理學(xué)通報(bào),2016,32(3):319-322.

[15] 何方.人參皂苷Rg1對(duì)人臍血干細(xì)胞移植Balb/c小鼠造血免疫功能及aGVHD的影響[D].遵義:遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院,2016:1-40.

[16] 吳勇,鄧瓊,張?jiān)?,?SEPT11基因在小鼠睪丸精子發(fā)生過程中的表達(dá)特征[J].中華生殖與避孕雜志,2017, 37(4):293-299.

[17] 董永蘭,張迎春,劉樹錚.人參皂甙對(duì)X線照射大鼠垂體-睪丸系統(tǒng)內(nèi)分泌功能的影響[J].中華放射腫瘤學(xué)雜志,1991,5(3):183-185.

[18] Kopalli SR,Cha KM,Jeong MS,et al. Pectinase-treated Panax ginseng ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in GC-2 sperm cells and modulates testicular gene expression in aged rats [J]. J Ginseng Res,2016,40:1856.

[19] Wang YJ,Yan J,Zou XL,et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair cadmium-induced rat testis injury by inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis [J]. Chem Biol Interact,2017,271:39-47.

(收稿日期:2018-01-25 本文編輯:張瑜杰)

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