周敏 胡鳴 何松明
[摘要] 目的 通過(guò)比較兩種不同的新生大鼠施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞(SCs)原代培養(yǎng)的方法(雙酶消化法與單酶消化法),探索出一種細(xì)胞純度更高、獲取時(shí)間更短的SCs細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)方法。方法 取4~5 d SD乳鼠雙側(cè)坐骨神經(jīng),分別采用單酶和雙酶消化法,聯(lián)合運(yùn)用半植塊法、差速消化法、差速貼壁法以及抗有絲分裂法原代培養(yǎng)純化SCs。培養(yǎng)SCs 48 h和6 d后倒置顯微鏡觀察兩組細(xì)胞形態(tài),7 d后分別進(jìn)行SCs消化與傳代,細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)板計(jì)數(shù)兩組的SCs總數(shù),傳代48 h后用免疫熒光標(biāo)記S-100蛋白對(duì)兩組細(xì)胞進(jìn)行鑒定,CCK-8測(cè)定細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)曲線。結(jié)果 用等量的神經(jīng)組織,與單酶消化法比較,雙酶消化法培養(yǎng)的SCs所獲得SCs數(shù)目遠(yuǎn)高于單酶消化法所獲得細(xì)胞數(shù)目(2倍以上)。免疫熒光結(jié)果顯示,雙酶消化法純度[(95.29±1.71)%]高于單酶消化法[(72.41±2.16)%](P < 0.05),兩種方法P3代細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)曲線差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 在短時(shí)間內(nèi),用雙酶消化法聯(lián)合半植塊法、差速消化法、差速貼壁法以及抗有絲分裂法可獲得足量和高純度的SCs。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞;原代培養(yǎng);雙酶消化法;單酶消化法
[中圖分類號(hào)] R329.21 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)05(a)-0014-04
Experimental study on culturing Schwann cells of neonatal rats in vitro
ZHOU Min HU Ming HE Songming HUANG Guotao CHEN Qian HONG Li
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, People's Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore a culture of SCs method with higher cell purity and shorter time by comparing the two methods including the double-enzyme digestion and single-enzyme digestion of primary culture of Schwann cells (SCs) using the neonatal rats. Methods Bilaterally sciatic nerves were dissected from 4 to 5-day-old neonatal SD rats and double-enzyme digestion method and single-enzyme digestion method which both combined with hemi-explants-culture method, differential digestion method, differential adhesion method, and cytosine arabinoside were used to culture and purify SCs, respectively. The morphology of the SCs was observed under the inverted microscope at 48 hours and 6 days of culture. Then the SCs were digested and passaged after 7 days in culture and counted under the cell counter. The purity of SCs was identified by S-100 immunofluorescence staining. CCK-8 was used to measure the P3 cells growth curve, respectively. Results With the same number of neonatal rats, double-enzyme digestion method acquired SCs at least twice than single-enzyme digestion method. (95.29±1.71)% of S-100 positive SCs cultured were shown by immunofluorescence staining in the double-enzyme digestion method group, and (72.41±2.16)% in the single-enzyme digestion method group (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the two cultures in the growth curve of P3 cells (P > 0.05). Conclusion The double-enzyme digestion combined with hemi-explants-culture method, differential digestion method, differential adhesion method, and cytosine arabinoside may obtain sufficient amount of high-purity SCs in a short time and be applied in the further cytological experimental research on peripheral nerve regeneration.
[Key words] Schwann cell; Primary culture; Double-enzyme digestion method; Single-enzyme digestion method
施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞(Schwann cells,SCs)是一類特殊的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,其包裹著外周神經(jīng)軸突形成有髓神經(jīng)纖維的髓鞘。當(dāng)周圍神經(jīng)受損后,SCs與神經(jīng)元之間的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)對(duì)神經(jīng)軸突的生長(zhǎng)和維持有重要作用[1-2]。SCs主要通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)突觸前神經(jīng)軸突末梢的活動(dòng)、產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,以及清除軸突、髓鞘碎片,在基底膜形成有效的基板,形成再生的神經(jīng)元軸突生長(zhǎng)的通道,從而促進(jìn)軸突再生[3-6]。因此,研究周圍神經(jīng)再生就要求能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)高效率提供足量高純度的SCs[7]。盡管當(dāng)前SCs的原代分離、純化和培養(yǎng)技術(shù)趨于成熟,但其獲取細(xì)胞過(guò)程普遍存在復(fù)雜、耗時(shí)甚至純度達(dá)不到要求等缺點(diǎn)。本文主要結(jié)合多種純化方法比較兩種消化方法體外培養(yǎng)SCs的純度、數(shù)量及時(shí)間,探索出一種更加經(jīng)濟(jì),便捷高效的原代施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的分離,純化培養(yǎng)方法,為后續(xù)細(xì)胞學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 主要試劑
SD鼠嬰(出生4~5 d),由武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供(NO.42009800002680)。DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基、D-Hanks液(中國(guó)吉諾生物有限公司);胎牛血清(美國(guó)Gemini公司);兩性霉素、阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)(美國(guó)Amresco公司);Ⅰ型膠原酶、0.25%胰蛋白酶和多聚賴氨酸(PLL)(美國(guó)Sigma公司);兔抗S-100蛋白抗體(美國(guó)Abcam公司);CCK8試劑盒(中國(guó)碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 SCs原代培養(yǎng)
選取出生4~5 d的SD鼠嬰12只,冰凍處死,無(wú)菌分離坐骨神經(jīng)后在解剖顯微鏡下剝?nèi)ネ饽?,分別用含2.5 μg/mL的兩性霉素的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液、含5%雙抗的D-Hanks液和純D-Hanks液浸泡5 min,然后置于配制好的全培養(yǎng)基(含20% FBS和1%雙抗的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基)中,組織剪剪碎至1~2 mm3大小,等體積均分為兩組,離心收集組織塊。第1組為單酶消化培養(yǎng)法組:組織中加入0.25%胰蛋白酶4 mL,置于37℃,5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)30 min,期間每隔10 min取出置于混勻器混勻30 s,然后離心棄上清,再加入0.25%胰蛋白酶4 mL于培養(yǎng)箱中消化60 min,每隔20 min混勻30 s。第2組為雙酶消化培養(yǎng)法組:加入0.2%Ⅰ型膠原酶1 mL和0.25%胰蛋白酶3 mL,置于培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)30 min,期間每隔10 min混勻30 s,離心棄上清,再加入0.2%Ⅰ型膠原酶4 mL于培養(yǎng)箱中消化60 min,每隔20 min混勻30 s。消化后兩組均離心棄上清后用全培養(yǎng)基終止消化,再次離心棄上清,各加入全培養(yǎng)基3 mL,分別均勻接種于預(yù)鋪有PLL的60 mm3培養(yǎng)皿。
1.2.2 SCs純化和傳代
差速貼壁去除成纖維細(xì)胞,在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)30 min后吸出上清液體轉(zhuǎn)入預(yù)鋪PLL新的培養(yǎng)皿,培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h,然后將兩組均更換為含10 μmol/L Ara-C的全培養(yǎng)基,24 h后更換為新鮮全培養(yǎng)基,3 d后換液。待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)滿80%,加入1 mL 0.25%胰蛋白酶差速消化,待部分細(xì)胞變圓后,終止消化,離心棄上清液,加入全培養(yǎng)基吹打混勻后接種于預(yù)鋪PLL的培養(yǎng)皿中,差速貼壁純化2次,計(jì)數(shù)后將上清液置于T25培養(yǎng)瓶和鋪有爬片的六孔板中于培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 SCs的鑒定
1.2.2.1 SCs形態(tài)觀察 每天定點(diǎn)在普通倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài),并拍照記錄。
1.2.2.2 S-100免疫熒光染色鑒定 傳代培養(yǎng)48 h后,取出爬片,PBS浸洗后,經(jīng)過(guò)4%多聚甲醛固定,0.5% Triton-X100透化,山羊血清室溫封閉30 min,anti-S-100一抗(1︰500)4℃孵育過(guò)夜,Alexa Fluor 594熒光二抗(1︰2000)濕盒避光37℃孵育1 h,DAPI染核5 min,封片,使用熒光顯微鏡觀察并采集圖像。
1.2.3 CCK8法檢測(cè)SCs生長(zhǎng)
將兩組第3代(P3)的SCs細(xì)胞懸液等量分別接種于96孔板中,設(shè)置7組,每組5個(gè)復(fù)孔,培養(yǎng)箱孵育24 h,待細(xì)胞貼壁以后任取一組加入10 μL CCK8試劑,37℃孵育1 h后,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定450 nm波長(zhǎng)的吸光度,并做好記錄,然后每隔24 h任取剩余組中的一組細(xì)胞,測(cè)定吸光度,取均值后繪制SCs增殖曲線。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用Prism graphpad 5.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 SCs倒置顯微鏡觀察
雙酶法培養(yǎng)48 h后,即可觀察到少量細(xì)小組織塊及細(xì)胞爬出,在普通顯微鏡視野下可以看到爬出來(lái)的細(xì)胞中多數(shù)細(xì)胞體積較小,胞體邊緣強(qiáng)透光性,呈現(xiàn)亮?xí)炋卣?,且多?shù)有兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)突起的梭形樣細(xì)胞,有的細(xì)胞甚至有3個(gè)突起呈三角形樣,這類細(xì)胞即為SCs。而剩下一些形狀不規(guī)則、體積較大且透光性差,沒(méi)有亮?xí)灥募?xì)胞為成纖維細(xì)胞。單酶法培養(yǎng)48 h后可見(jiàn)大塊組織塊及少數(shù)細(xì)胞呈輻射狀爬出,且成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)目比雙酶法較高。雙酶法細(xì)胞增殖速度比較單酶法速度更快。接種6 d后,雙酶組較單酶消化組長(zhǎng)得更快,在25 cm培養(yǎng)瓶中,分別長(zhǎng)滿80%和40%(圖1)。
2.2提取細(xì)胞數(shù)
兩組細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)7 d后,分別消化后計(jì)數(shù),單酶法可獲得(0.69±0.12)×106個(gè)細(xì)胞,雙酶法可獲得(1.67±0.03)×106個(gè)細(xì)胞,兩種培養(yǎng)方法比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。
2.3 P0代SCs的獲得時(shí)間
雙酶法和單酶法培養(yǎng)SCs的收獲時(shí)間分別是(8.0±0.5)、(12.0±0.5)d,兩種培養(yǎng)方法比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),雙酶法收獲SCs時(shí)間增快。
2.4 S-100免疫熒光鑒定
所有細(xì)胞核發(fā)出藍(lán)色熒光,其中胞漿呈紅色的為S-100陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞,即SCs,部分細(xì)胞核大,顏色淺,且胞漿無(wú)紅色熒光者為雜細(xì)胞。通過(guò)對(duì)視野細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)雙酶法紅色熒光比例較單酶法多,經(jīng)計(jì)數(shù)后雙酶法細(xì)SCs純度可達(dá)(95.29±1.71)%,單酶法細(xì)胞純度為(72.41±2.16)%,兩種培養(yǎng)方法比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖2(封三)。
2.5 細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)特征
通過(guò)CCK8方法分析兩種方法下P3SCs生長(zhǎng)曲線,結(jié)果顯示兩種方法比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。即:兩組細(xì)胞在接種同樣的數(shù)量前提下,其生長(zhǎng)曲線相似。說(shuō)明兩種酶消化對(duì)細(xì)胞損傷無(wú)差異,均不影響細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)活力。見(jiàn)圖3。
3 討論
分離培養(yǎng)原代SCs常選擇SD大鼠鼠嬰的雙側(cè)坐骨神經(jīng),新生2 d內(nèi)的鼠嬰來(lái)源的周圍神經(jīng)較為柔嫩、細(xì)小、易斷且與周圍組織難以分離,而來(lái)源6 d后的以及成年的SD大鼠的SCs存在分裂增殖能力較弱的缺點(diǎn)且伴隨著較多的雜細(xì)胞[8]。鑒于取材便捷和分離純化后細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)活力,本實(shí)驗(yàn)取材于出生4~5 d的SD鼠嬰[9]。
目前關(guān)于SCs培養(yǎng)方法有很多,主要包括了酶消化法[10],經(jīng)典植塊法[11]和免疫選擇法[12],但是上述培養(yǎng)方法均有缺陷。經(jīng)典植塊法通過(guò)反復(fù)貼壁獲得SCs耗時(shí)較長(zhǎng)且培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中伴有SCs分裂增殖能力的下降;單純的酶消化法很難獲得預(yù)期的純度的SCs,容易摻雜其他細(xì)胞污染,如成纖維細(xì)胞;免疫選擇法存在成本高且培養(yǎng)效率低下的缺點(diǎn),因此難以達(dá)到研究需求的細(xì)胞量[13]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)基于大多研究人員報(bào)道的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,用同樣多的鼠嬰,在細(xì)胞數(shù)量與純度、培養(yǎng)時(shí)間上比較了半植塊單酶消化法和半植塊雙酶消化法。結(jié)果顯示在數(shù)量上雙酶法有著比單酶法更好的優(yōu)勢(shì),極大縮短了獲得第一代細(xì)胞的時(shí)間,主要原因可能是利用胰蛋白酶消化去除組織中的間質(zhì),分散組織使細(xì)胞單層排列,結(jié)合Ⅰ型膠原酶消化成纖維細(xì)胞相對(duì)于SCs更為敏感,且對(duì)SCs細(xì)胞損傷較小的特性。雙酶(胰蛋白酶和Ⅰ型膠原酶)法能夠在保證細(xì)胞活力的前提下,將組織中成纖維細(xì)胞大量消化下來(lái)從而更加有利于SCs爬出,因此在數(shù)量上會(huì)比單酶法要有優(yōu)勢(shì),有效的改善了SCs體外培養(yǎng)所獲P0時(shí)間長(zhǎng),獲得的SCs量少的不足且細(xì)胞能夠多次傳代后仍保持良好的增殖能力。此外,在體外接種同樣數(shù)量比較P3代細(xì)胞增殖曲線發(fā)現(xiàn),兩種方法生長(zhǎng)曲線基本重合,表明兩種方法對(duì)細(xì)胞的損傷無(wú)差異,即SCs有著相似的活力,以上證據(jù)表明在同等損傷條件下,雙酶法比單酶法能夠更快獲得P0代細(xì)胞,極大縮短獲取預(yù)期純度和數(shù)量的細(xì)胞的時(shí)間。
此外,為了分離純度更高的具有高活力的SCs,除酶消化法結(jié)合半植塊法之外,本研究還結(jié)合了其他常用的細(xì)胞純化培養(yǎng)技術(shù)方法:①差速消化法[14]。差速消化法基于成纖維細(xì)胞比SCs對(duì)胰蛋白酶更耐受的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分離純化。SCs主要依賴突起黏附在皿底,而成纖維整個(gè)胞體都可以緊貼瓶底,因此對(duì)胰蛋白酶更加耐受,較SCs更難消化下來(lái)。因此只需要在傳代時(shí)候快速胰酶消化下SCs,留下成纖維細(xì)胞在皿底就可以達(dá)到純化目的[15]。②差速貼壁法[16]。差速貼壁法的原理是基于成纖維細(xì)胞比SCs對(duì)PLL黏附力較強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)來(lái)進(jìn)行分離純化,細(xì)胞接種半小時(shí)后,將上清收集離心培養(yǎng),為了最大限度減少SCs損失,可以采用雙向差速貼壁法[17]。③Ara-C是一種有絲分裂抑制劑,能夠?qū)μ幱赟期增殖的細(xì)胞起到特異抑制作用,其主要原理是能夠阻止和干擾DNA的合成和復(fù)制過(guò)程[18]。因此Ara-C可以特異殺傷增殖較快的成纖維細(xì)胞從而達(dá)到純化目的。由于Ara-C毒性大,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間培養(yǎng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致SCs的活力受到影響,因此作用24 h后應(yīng)更換培養(yǎng)基[19]。此外,有些研究報(bào)道為了去除雜細(xì)胞的污染,如成纖維細(xì)胞,利用相應(yīng)的抗體來(lái)消除,但帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題也很明顯,由于抗體的非特異性損傷會(huì)影響SCs后續(xù)生長(zhǎng)活力,且多數(shù)抗體的成本較高,不能重復(fù)利用,因此想要獲得大量的SCs顯然是不可取的[20]。
綜上所述,本研究采用的半植塊雙酶消化法培養(yǎng)SCs優(yōu)于當(dāng)前比較普遍的單酶消化方法。相比較于單酶法,雙酶法能夠在更短的時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得更多的高純度的SCs,極大地縮短了細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)周期,且培養(yǎng)成本與單酶法相差無(wú)幾??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),雙酶法完全可以替代當(dāng)前的單酶法,是一種方便、快捷、高效的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)方法,為后續(xù)細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)提供保障。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-12 本文編輯:任 念)