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應(yīng)激耐受多系分化細(xì)胞的研究進(jìn)展

2018-09-10 07:22張坤李芳延冰肖東杰汪運山劉華
新醫(yī)學(xué) 2018年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:生物學(xué)特性干細(xì)胞

張坤 李芳 延冰 肖東杰 汪運山 劉華

【摘要】應(yīng)激耐受多系分化(Muse)細(xì)胞是一種具有自我更新和多向分化潛能、可向3個胚層分化的細(xì)胞,并且具有非致瘤性和低端粒酶活性,其在維持人體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。該文就Muse細(xì)胞的分離培養(yǎng)、生物學(xué)特性等研究進(jìn)展作一介紹。

【關(guān)鍵詞】應(yīng)激耐受多系分化細(xì)胞;生物學(xué)特性;臨床前研究;干細(xì)胞

Research progress on multilineagedifferentiating stress enduring cellsZhang Kun, Li Fang, Yan Bing, Xiao Dongjie, Wang Yunshan, Liu HuaLaboratory of Cell Therapy and Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Research Center of Transplantation and Tissue, Jinan 250013, China

Corresponding author, Liu Hua, Email:liuhuagreen@126com

【Abstract】Multilineagedifferentiating stress enduring (Muse)cells possess selfrenewal and multiple differentiation potential Muse cells are able to differentiate into all three germ layers, and exhibit nontumorigenicity and low telomerase activity Muse cells play a significant role in maintaining homeostasis This review summarizes the research progress on the isolation, culture and biological characteristics of Muse cells

【Key words】Multilineagedifferentiating stress enduring cell; Biological characteristics;

Preclinical research; Stem cell

應(yīng)激耐受多系分化(Muse)細(xì)胞是從骨髓間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞和皮膚纖維母細(xì)胞中分離出的一種新型的多能干細(xì)胞[1]。Muse細(xì)胞被認(rèn)為是人體內(nèi)唯一的多能干細(xì)胞,能夠維持人體的穩(wěn)態(tài)。Muse細(xì)胞具備與胚胎干細(xì)胞及誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞相似的生物學(xué)特性,能夠多向分化為3個胚層,并具有自我更新能力,同時Muse細(xì)胞又具有自身的特性——低端粒酶活性和非致瘤性[2]。Muse細(xì)胞的特性使其在組織的再生與修復(fù)方面有著巨大的應(yīng)用潛能。筆者通過以下幾點進(jìn)行概述。

一、Muse細(xì)胞的分離培養(yǎng)及表面標(biāo)志

一般情況下,組織干細(xì)胞僅存在于干細(xì)胞所屬的組織中,例如,神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞僅存在大腦中,造血干細(xì)胞在骨髓中。但Muse細(xì)胞是一類獨特的干細(xì)胞,其分布在整個人體而非局限于某個特定的器官或組織中。Muse細(xì)胞能直接從骨髓、脂肪、真皮及結(jié)締組織中分離,也能夠從培養(yǎng)的成纖維細(xì)胞及間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞中獲得[1,34]。Muse細(xì)胞最初被認(rèn)為是壓力耐受細(xì)胞,將間充質(zhì)或成纖維細(xì)胞在胰酶或無血清培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)過夜后發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分細(xì)胞死亡,而剩余的存活細(xì)胞中Muse細(xì)胞的比例很高[4]。目前Muse細(xì)胞的分離培養(yǎng)尚無統(tǒng)一的方法,一般采用最開始的胰蛋白酶長時間消化法進(jìn)行分離培養(yǎng),也可用磁珠分離或流式分選得到。

因在組織中比例較少,組織來源的Muse細(xì)胞并不是臨床應(yīng)用的最好來源,成纖維細(xì)胞和間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞中Muse細(xì)胞比例相對較多。例如骨髓組織中,CD105/SSEA3雙陽的Muse細(xì)胞的比例為003%,而成纖維細(xì)胞和骨髓間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞中Muse細(xì)胞的比例為1%~6%[1]。所以就臨床應(yīng)用而言,從培養(yǎng)的成纖維細(xì)胞或間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞中分離得到Muse細(xì)胞更具前景。

Muse細(xì)胞表達(dá)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的表面標(biāo)志CD105以及胚胎干細(xì)胞的表面標(biāo)志[特異性胚胎抗原3(SSEA3)]。Muse細(xì)胞在普通培養(yǎng)板中呈成纖維細(xì)胞樣形態(tài),單個Muse細(xì)胞懸浮培養(yǎng)后,能形成和胚胎干細(xì)胞的擬胚體類似的細(xì)胞團,并表達(dá)多能干細(xì)胞相關(guān)標(biāo)志物,如Oct3/4、Sox2、Nanog和堿性磷酸酶等,但不表達(dá)其他干細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志物,如造血干細(xì)胞(CD34)、皮膚前體細(xì)胞(Snail)、神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞(CD271)、血管周細(xì)胞(CD146)和內(nèi)皮前體細(xì)胞(CD31)等[5]。

二、Muse細(xì)胞的胚層分化及自我更新能力

Muse細(xì)胞是多能干細(xì)胞,能自發(fā)分化為3個胚層的細(xì)胞,也可以在細(xì)胞因子的誘導(dǎo)下分化成為3個胚層的細(xì)胞[6]。 Muse細(xì)胞自發(fā)分化的效率并不高,但在特定的誘導(dǎo)條件下其分化效率可增高,Wakao等(2011年)的一項研究顯示,在肝細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞特定培養(yǎng)條件下,Muse細(xì)胞能夠有效分化。并不需要轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)外源性的基因。盡管Muse細(xì)胞具有多能性,但其在自發(fā)分化時更趨向于分化為中胚層細(xì)胞[1]。2013年Yang等將單個Muse細(xì)胞懸浮培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞集落轉(zhuǎn)移到明膠中培養(yǎng)擴增,可見3個胚層的表面標(biāo)志物均有表達(dá)。細(xì)胞重新進(jìn)行黏附培養(yǎng)時可見新的細(xì)胞集落生成。重復(fù)3次后對細(xì)胞集落進(jìn)行分析依然可見3個胚層的表面標(biāo)志物,證明Muse細(xì)胞能夠自我更新并保持分化為3個胚層的能力。

三、Muse細(xì)胞的非致瘤性和低端粒酶活性

Muse細(xì)胞與胚胎干細(xì)胞及誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞相似,均表達(dá)Nanog、Oct3/4和Sox2等多能基因。不同的是,Muse細(xì)胞端粒末端轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性較低,在體內(nèi)不會形成腫瘤[7]。將胚胎干細(xì)胞和誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞接種到免疫缺陷小鼠中,8~12 周后可形成畸胎瘤,然而將Muse 細(xì)胞移植至免疫缺陷小鼠體內(nèi),6個月后卻無形成畸胎瘤[1]。研究證明Muse 細(xì)胞具有較低水平的端粒酶活性,與胚胎干細(xì)胞及誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞的基因表達(dá)相比,Muse 細(xì)胞的基因表達(dá)與細(xì)胞周期性進(jìn)展有關(guān),其端粒酶活性和基因表達(dá)水平與體細(xì)胞水平相當(dāng)[8]。2011年Wakao等發(fā)現(xiàn),與胚胎干細(xì)胞及誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞相比,Muse 細(xì)胞表達(dá)的“Yamanaka因子”低105倍,“Yamanaka因子”已被證明賦予細(xì)胞多能性和致瘤性,這或許可以解釋 Muse 細(xì)胞如何保持其多能性,而不會形成畸胎瘤。

四、Muse細(xì)胞和非Muse細(xì)胞的不同角色

Muse細(xì)胞和非Muse細(xì)胞之間存在明顯的差異。首先,非Muse細(xì)胞不能在懸浮條件下形成Muse細(xì)胞樣的細(xì)胞簇[1]。非Muse細(xì)胞貼壁培養(yǎng)才能存活。其次,Muse細(xì)胞表達(dá)多能性基因,而非Muse 細(xì)胞并不表達(dá),因此,非Muse細(xì)胞不具有多能性,不能分化為神經(jīng)細(xì)胞(外胚層)、肝細(xì)胞(內(nèi)胚層)甚至是同為中胚層的骨骼肌細(xì)胞等[9]。研究證明,人類成纖維細(xì)胞來源的Muse細(xì)胞能夠跨過中胚層和外胚層的界限,分化為有功能的黑色素細(xì)胞。而非Muse細(xì)胞不能分化為有功能的黑色素細(xì)胞。證明Muse細(xì)胞在多能性方面顯著高于非Muse細(xì)胞[10]。研究顯示將皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞分為Muse細(xì)胞及非Muse細(xì)胞,非Muse細(xì)胞不能像Muse細(xì)胞一樣被誘導(dǎo)為誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞,因此間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的多向分化和組織修復(fù)作用可能主要通過其中的Muse細(xì)胞實現(xiàn)[11]。與 Muse細(xì)胞相反,非Muse細(xì)胞扮演的角色是復(fù)雜而多面的。盡管非Muse細(xì)胞無Muse細(xì)胞的3個胚層分化能力,但其具有營養(yǎng)、抗炎和免疫抑制作用,可以協(xié)同 Muse細(xì)胞發(fā)揮組織修復(fù)作用[12]。

五、Muse細(xì)胞的組織修復(fù)功能

胚胎干細(xì)胞及誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞應(yīng)用于臨床之前需要滿足以下條件:①必須體外分化為目的細(xì)胞;②在移植之前必須將未分化的多能干細(xì)胞清除。需滿足上述準(zhǔn)備條件是因為胚胎干細(xì)胞及誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)能形成畸胎瘤,高效的分化體系也不能保證分化率達(dá)到100%,仍會有少量的未分化細(xì)胞存在,仍存在致畸的風(fēng)險。但對Muse細(xì)胞而言則無需上述條件, Muse細(xì)胞具有非致瘤性和低端粒酶活性,故其在臨床使用前不需要大規(guī)模的處理程序,使用較方便。同時Muse細(xì)胞有能力遷移并整合到受損區(qū)域,然后自發(fā)分化為與組織兼容的靶細(xì)胞,因此,Muse細(xì)胞能在眾多組織和器官中充當(dāng)“修復(fù)細(xì)胞”[13]。例如,將綠色熒光蛋白標(biāo)記的Muse細(xì)胞靜脈注射到皮膚、肌肉和肝組織受損的免疫缺陷小鼠體內(nèi),其能在小鼠體內(nèi)特異性分化,在移植后2~4周內(nèi)表現(xiàn)為極強大的組織再生能力,形成真皮、腓腸肌肌肉和肝臟組織[1,1415]。研究顯示,將Muse細(xì)胞分化的黑色素細(xì)胞移植到小鼠受損皮膚內(nèi),黑色素細(xì)胞色素化,檢測到人黑色素細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物陽性,這表明Muse細(xì)胞可能可作為一種理想的種子細(xì)胞而用于自體移植治療色素障礙性疾病,如白癜風(fēng)等[10,16]。最近的研究顯示Muse細(xì)胞可被誘導(dǎo)為角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞及黑色素細(xì)胞,并且Muse細(xì)胞來源的細(xì)胞可以分化為完整的皮膚組織,Muse細(xì)胞在皮膚再生方面有著廣闊的應(yīng)用前景[17]。有研究表明在急性心肌梗死患者中,急性期Muse細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加較多的患者相較Muse細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加較少的患者,其慢性期左心室功能的改善更明顯[18]。攜帶有自殺基因的Muse細(xì)胞在治療惡性膠質(zhì)瘤中也表現(xiàn)出較強的安全性及遷移殺傷作用,表明Muse細(xì)胞在異基因細(xì)胞藥物治療方面也有應(yīng)用潛力[19]。同時Muse細(xì)胞能夠歸巢于受損的腎小球,并在系統(tǒng)給藥后自發(fā)分化成腎小球細(xì)胞[20]。在卒中和腦出血模型中Muse細(xì)胞能與宿主腦微環(huán)境整合后高比例分化為神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞,并能重構(gòu)神經(jīng)元回路以減輕神經(jīng)受損癥狀[2122]。在免疫調(diào)節(jié)方面Muse細(xì)胞具有抗炎活性,能減少促炎性細(xì)胞因子如IFNγ和TNFα的分泌,Muse細(xì)胞可以潛在用作免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑來治療免疫相關(guān)疾病[23]。

六、結(jié)語

自干細(xì)胞被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來,其多向分化潛能被學(xué)者們期待能用來治療各種疾病[24]。因倫理和致瘤性問題,胚胎干細(xì)胞及誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞的臨床應(yīng)用受到限制。間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞雖然無致瘤的相關(guān)報道,但其在組織再生與功能修復(fù)方面仍存在很大爭議。Muse細(xì)胞能從皮膚、脂肪、骨髓中獲得,也可從間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞中分離得到,有不斷自我更新的能力、低端粒酶活性和非致瘤性,而且其在體內(nèi)能整合到損傷部位,具有較強的組織修復(fù)能力。Muse細(xì)胞在維持人體內(nèi)在穩(wěn)態(tài)過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用,下一步的研究重點在于明確Muse細(xì)胞維持人體內(nèi)在穩(wěn)態(tài)過程的機制。

總之,Muse細(xì)胞來源廣泛、取材方便、在不同的理化環(huán)境和細(xì)胞因子的誘導(dǎo)下具有多向分化潛能,是組織工程、細(xì)胞移植及基因治療領(lǐng)域的理想靶細(xì)胞,為臨床上多種疾病的治療提供了廣闊的前景。

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[14]Iseki M, Kushida Y, Wakao S, Akimoto T, Mizuma M, Motoi F, Asada R, Shimizu S, Unno M, Chazenbalk G, Dezawa M Muse cells, nontumorigenic pluripotentlike stem cells, have liver regeneration capacity through specific homing and cell replacement in a mouse model of liver fibrosis Cell Transplant, 2017, 26(5):821840

[15]Katagiri H, Kushida Y, Nojima M, Kuroda Y, Wakao S, Ishida K, Endo F, Kume K, Takahara T, Nitta H, Tsuda H, Dezawa M, Nishizuka SS A distinct subpopulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, muse cells, directly commit to the replacement of liver components Am J Transplant, 2016, 16(2):468483

[16]Yamauchi T, Yamasaki K, Tsuchiyama K, Koike S, Aiba SA quantitative analysis of multilineagedifferentiating stressenduring (Muse) cells in human adipose tissue and efficacy of melanocytes induction J Dermatol Sci, 2017, 86(3):198205

[17]Hu MS, Longaker MT A Muse for skin regeneration J Invest Dermatol, 2017, 137(12):24712472

[18]Tanaka T, Nishigaki K, Minatoguchi S, Nawa T, Yamada Y, Kanamori H, Mikami A, Ushikoshi H, Kawasaki M, Dezawa M, Minatoguchi S Mobilized muse cells after acute myocardial infarction predict cardiac function and remodeling in the chronic phase Circ J, 2017, 82(2):561571

[19]Yamasaki T, Wakao S, Kawaji H, Koizumi S, Sameshima T, Dezawa M, Namba H Genetically engineered multilineagedifferentiating stressenduring cells as cellular vehicles against malignant gliomas Mol Ther Oncolytics, 2017, 6:4556

[20]Uchida N, Kushida Y, Kitada M, Wakao S, Kumagai N, Kuroda Y, Kondo Y, Hirohara Y, Kure S, Chazenbalk G, Dezawa M Beneficial effects of systemically administered human muse cells in adriamycin nephropathy J Am Soc Nephrol, 2017, 28(10):29462960

[21]Uchida H, Niizuma K, Kushida Y, Wakao S, Tominaga T, Borlongan CV, Dezawa MHuman Muse cells reconstruct neuronal circuitry in subacute lacunar stroke model Stroke, 2017, 48(2):428435

[22]Shimamura N, Kakuta K, Wang L, Naraoka M, Uchida H, Wakao S, Dezawa M, Ohkuma HNeuroregeneration therapy using human Muse cells is highly effective in a mouse intracerebral hemorrhage model Exp Brain Res, 2017, 235(2):565572

[23]Gimeno ML, Fuertes F, Barcala Tabarrozzi AE, Attorressi AI, Cucchiani R, Corrales L, Oliveira TC, Sogayar MC, Labriola L, Dewey RA, Perone MJ Pluripotent nontumorigenic adipose tissuederived muse cells have immunomodulatory capacity mediated by transforming growth factorβ1 Stem Cells Transl Med, 2017, 6(1):161173

[24]蔡亮鳴,王昭妮, 陳壯桂間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對重癥支氣管哮喘治療作用的研究進(jìn)展 新醫(yī)學(xué), 2017,48(5):285292

(收稿日期:20180120)

(本文編輯:洪悅民)

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