吳挺豐 黎潔瑤 王思儀 許稷豪 陳其奎 于濤
【摘要】目的探討表現(xiàn)為胃腸道癥狀(GIS)的脊柱結(jié)核患者的發(fā)病部位及臨床表現(xiàn)。方法選取住院就診的脊柱結(jié)核患者。根據(jù)是否表現(xiàn)為GIS,將患者分為GIS組和非GIS(NGIS)組。比較2組患者脊柱感染節(jié)段分布和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。結(jié)果共納入36例GIS組患者和162例NGIS組患者。GIS組患者脊柱病變椎體節(jié)段主要在胸7~11,占病變椎體節(jié)段總數(shù)的598%(64/107),而NGIS組患者病變椎體節(jié)段主要在胸12~腰5,占總數(shù)的573%(231/403),2組脊柱病變節(jié)段分布差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0001)。GIS組和NGIS組分別有10例(278%)和13例(80%)患者出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)根壓迫,組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0001);GIS組有23例患者(639%)出現(xiàn)椎旁、腰大肌冷膿腫,高于NGIS組(469%,P=0032)。椎管內(nèi)膿腫發(fā)生率在2組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(83% vs 37%, P=0445)。結(jié)論表現(xiàn)為GIS的脊柱結(jié)核患者,其脊柱病變節(jié)段主要位于低位胸段,且有更高的脊柱神經(jīng)根壓迫、椎旁和腰大肌冷膿腫并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】脊柱結(jié)核;胃腸道癥狀;病變椎體;并發(fā)癥
Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics of spinal tuberculosis patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptomsWu Tingfeng, Li Jieyao, Wang Siyi, Xu Jihao, Chen Qikui, Yu Tao Department of Gastroenterology, Sun YatSen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
Corresponding author, Li Jieyao, Email: 173745022@qqcom
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the onset site and clinical symptoms of spinal tuberculosis patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptom(GIS) MethodsPatients with spinal tuberculosis who were hospitalized at Sun Yatsen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yatsen University from January 2003 to December 2016 were selected Based upon the incidence of GIS, all patients were divided into the GIS and nonGIS (NGIS) groups The distribution of infected spinal segments and the incidence of complications were statistically compared between two groups ResultsIn this study, 36 patients were assigned into the GIS group and 162 into the NGIS group In the GIS group, the affected spinal segments were predominantly located from thoracic (T) 7 to 11, accounting for 598% (64/107), and 573% (231/403) from T12 to lumber (L) 5 in the NGIS group The distribution of the infected segments significantly differed between two groups (P<0001) In the GIS group, the incidence rate of spinal cord compression was 278% (10/36), significantly higher compared with 80% (13/162) in the NGIS group (P=0001) In the GIS group, 639% patients (23/36) presented with paravertebral or psoas abscess, considerably higher than 469% (76/162) in the NGIS group (P=0032) The incidence of intraspinal abscess did not significantly differ between the GIS and NGIS groups (83% vs 37%, P=0445) ConclusionsFor spinal tuberculosis patients presenting with GIS, the lower thoracic segments are primarily affected Moreover, the incidence of spinal cord compression, paravertebral and psoas abscess is significantly higher compared with their counterparts without GIS
【Key words】Spinal tuberculosis; Gastrointestinal symptom; Affected vertebrae; Complication
脊柱結(jié)核是由于結(jié)核桿菌感染所引起的脊柱及其周圍組織的炎癥,也被稱為Potts disease,是一種常見的肺外結(jié)核疾病,其發(fā)病例數(shù)約占骨結(jié)核病的50%[1]。肺外結(jié)核疾病患者,尤其是脊柱結(jié)核的患者,當無合并肺結(jié)核感染時,因?qū)Ω腥静课欢ㄎ淮嬖诶щy,不能有效地檢出患病的人群,所以往往得不到重視[2]。另一方面,脊柱結(jié)核患者通常并不表現(xiàn)出明顯癥狀或體征,直到疾病發(fā)展到晚期,患者才會開始出現(xiàn)不適,最常見的癥狀是腰痛[3]。但有時脊柱結(jié)核患者主訴的癥狀并不典型,有的患者會表現(xiàn)為胃腸道癥狀(GIS)如上腹痛、腹脹、胸骨后不適感等,求醫(yī)就診,這使得診斷的難度提高,患者也因此接受不必要的檢查、無效的治療,以及支付額外的診療費用[47]。到目前為止,一些研究報道了相關(guān)的案例,認為GIS與脊柱結(jié)核有關(guān),是結(jié)核感染相應脊柱部位引起的神經(jīng)牽涉痛所導致[810]。
脊柱結(jié)核所造成的脊柱炎和周圍組織的冷膿腫有引起嚴重神經(jīng)損傷性并發(fā)癥,甚至出現(xiàn)截癱的風險[11]。因此,脊柱結(jié)核的早期診斷十分重要,其不僅可以讓患者提前接受治療,提高診療效率,同時還可以降低嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[12]。早期有效的治療可減少患者因疾病而帶來的各種不適,提高患者生活質(zhì)量,并改善預后,減少脊柱損傷引起的畸形、癱瘓等后遺癥??菇Y(jié)核藥物治療是治療脊柱結(jié)核的基礎(chǔ),但對于有椎體結(jié)構(gòu)破壞和嚴重的神經(jīng)壓迫癥狀的患者,即需要進行手術(shù)治療[1314]。有報道指出,對表現(xiàn)癥狀為GIS的脊柱結(jié)核,仍缺乏病理生理學及癥狀學的進一步研究[15]。本研究旨在探討表現(xiàn)為GIS的脊柱結(jié)核患者的發(fā)病部位及臨床表現(xiàn),藉此引起臨床工作者對不典型的脊柱結(jié)核病例診斷及鑒別診斷的重視。
對象與方法
一、研究對象
選取2003年1月至2016年12月在中山大學孫逸仙紀念醫(yī)院住院就診的脊柱結(jié)核患者。納入標準:接受影像學檢查(CT、MRI)符合影像學結(jié)核的表現(xiàn),或有感染部位的病理活檢(脊柱細針穿刺活檢或手術(shù)中組織活檢)證據(jù)支持,確診為脊柱結(jié)核的患者。排除標準:合并有脊柱其他非結(jié)核病原體感染的患者;存在脊柱腫瘤、脊柱外傷性骨折、脊柱原發(fā)性畸形的患者;合并有引起癥狀的脊柱退行性病變的患者;合并肺部、心臟等相關(guān)疾病可能引起類似GIS的患者。本研究得到我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會許可。
二、方法
1 分組
根據(jù)脊柱結(jié)核引起的癥狀的不同,將研究對象分成GIS組和非GIS(NGIS)組。對滿足以下條件的納入GIS組:經(jīng)腹部超聲、腹部影像學相關(guān)檢查(X線片、CT、MRI)、胃鏡、結(jié)腸鏡檢查排除胃腸道器質(zhì)性病變;出現(xiàn)GIS 1周內(nèi)未使用可引起癥狀的藥物、食物;排除器質(zhì)性胃腸疾病、藥物、食物引起的GIS,按照功能性胃腸疾病規(guī)律治療后,GIS無明顯緩解的患者。其余患者納入NGIS組。
2數(shù)據(jù)收集
通過查閱研究對象病案資料,獲取研究對象的年齡、性別。同時根據(jù)影像學診斷及手術(shù)報告確定患者脊柱病變椎體,并確認有無并發(fā)神經(jīng)根受壓、椎旁及腰大肌冷膿腫。
三、統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 190進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料以±s表示,組間比較使用獨立樣本t檢驗。分類變量用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。P<005表示差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
結(jié)果
一、GIS組和NGIS組脊柱結(jié)核患者一般情況比較
本次研究共納入198例脊柱結(jié)核患者,其中男97例、女101例。患者年齡3~86歲、平均年齡為(447±191)歲。GIS組36例,男21例、女15例,年齡3~85歲、平均年齡為(438±201)歲。NGIS組162例,男86例、女76例,年齡4~86歲、平均年齡為(449±190)歲。GIS組和NGIS組年齡和性別構(gòu)成比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P均>005),見表1。表1GIS組和NGIS組脊柱結(jié)核患者一般情況比較組別例數(shù)年齡(歲)性別(例)男女GIS組36447±1912115NGIS組162449±1908676t/χ2值00891537P值07650215二、GIS組和NGIS組脊柱結(jié)核患者病變椎體的分布
GIS組36例患者共107個脊柱病變椎體,NGIS組162例患者共403個病變椎體(一例患者可有多個病變椎體)。其中GIS組患者的脊柱病變節(jié)段主要在胸7(84%)、胸8(150%)、胸9(131%)、胸10(122%)、胸11(112%),共占總數(shù)的598%(64/107);NGIS組脊柱病變節(jié)段主要在胸12(82%)、腰1~5(491%),占總數(shù)的573%(231/403);2組患者脊柱病變節(jié)段分布差異比較有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=75395,P<0001),見圖1。
討論
脊柱結(jié)核是一種常見的骨結(jié)核疾病,患者多表現(xiàn)出腰痛的癥狀,但有相當一部分癥狀不典型的患者,可以GIS為主訴就診。本研究中,以GIS為主要癥狀的患者在總的脊柱結(jié)核患者中占有一定的比例,值得引起重視。
從表1中可見,GIS組與NGIS組的患者之間,并無明顯的性別與年齡差異,提示不典型GIS的發(fā)生與患者年齡及性別無明顯關(guān)系,其發(fā)生由其他因素造成。
在本次研究中可見,GIS組患者脊柱病變椎體節(jié)段集中于胸7~11,這可能是造成疾病癥狀不典型的原因之一。脊柱低位的胸段病變,脊椎結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞引起神經(jīng)壓迫或損傷。脊椎結(jié)構(gòu)破壞使脊柱穩(wěn)定性下降,不僅引起患者疼痛,還影響患者軀體的活動。另外,結(jié)核桿菌感染脊柱骨質(zhì)、韌帶和周圍軟組織引起的干酪樣變、單核細胞浸潤,造成局部水腫,同樣可引起神經(jīng)壓迫。上述病變所產(chǎn)生的牽涉痛會更多地放射至下胸壁及上腹部[1617]。
Ortega 等[18]報道的一個病例中指出,椎旁膿腫可于腰大肌腱鞘內(nèi)或腹肌的后方形成,最后形成竇道引流至回腸所在的區(qū)域,引起患者的不適。本研究中,GIS組患者比NGIS組患者有更高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,因而一些脊柱結(jié)核患者表現(xiàn)出GIS,可能與他們并發(fā)椎旁及腰大肌冷膿腫有關(guān)。脊柱接近腰段的低位胸段穩(wěn)定性較其他節(jié)段低,受到結(jié)核桿菌感染后結(jié)構(gòu)破壞更為嚴重,考慮為GIS組患者更高比例出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)根受壓現(xiàn)象的原因。
綜上所述,脊柱椎體病變節(jié)段與其他典型的脊柱結(jié)核患者存在差別,是GIS患者出現(xiàn)不典型癥狀、體征的重要原因之一。另一方面,更高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率也影響了患者疾病的臨床表現(xiàn)。
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(收稿日期:20180123)
(本文編輯:鄭巧蘭)