李文波 方心俞 白國昌 陳勐 陳樹強 張文明
[摘要] 目的 探討超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺在假體周圍抽取關(guān)節(jié)液的應(yīng)用價值。 方法 將需行髖關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺的病例隨機分為A組和B組,A組為傳統(tǒng)的C臂透視引導(dǎo)下穿刺,B組為超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺;同時將需行人工膝關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺的病例隨機分為C組和D組,C組為盲穿法,D組為超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺。每個病例記錄是否取得關(guān)節(jié)液,獲取關(guān)節(jié)液量,穿刺次數(shù),關(guān)節(jié)液是否混有血液。 結(jié)果 在人工髖關(guān)節(jié)周圍穿刺,A組8例患者中有3例穿刺獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率為37.5%,B組10例患者中9例穿刺獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率為90.0%;A組平均穿刺(4.8±1.2)次,B組平均穿刺(6.1±1.2) 次,兩組對比有顯著性差異(P<0.01);B組抽的關(guān)節(jié)液量(6.1±1.2)mL也較A組(2.4±0.4)mL多,兩組對比有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。膝關(guān)節(jié)組C組13例患者中有8例穿刺獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率為61.5%,D組11例患者中全部穿刺獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率為100.0%,兩組對比具有顯著性差異(P<0.01);C組平均穿刺(2.5±0.9)次,D組平均穿刺(6.1±1.2)次,兩組對比有顯著性差異(P<0.01);C組抽的關(guān)節(jié)液量(4.6±0.9)mL,也較D組(8.7.4±5.0)mL多,兩組對比具有顯著性差異(P<0.01)。 結(jié)論 超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺可作為人工關(guān)節(jié)周圍穿刺獲取關(guān)節(jié)液的首選方法。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 超聲;人工關(guān)節(jié);假體感染;穿刺;關(guān)節(jié)液
[中圖分類號] R445.1 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2018)18-0098-03
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the value of ultrasound-guided puncture in the extraction of joint fluid around the prosthesis. Methods Randomly divided the cases that need to be punctured around hip prosthesis into group A and group B. Group A took the traditional C-arm fluoroscopy-guided puncture, and group B took the ultrasound-guided puncture; at the same time, the patients requiring peripheral puncture of artificial knee joints were randomly divided into groups C and D. C group took blind puncture, and group D was ultrasound-guided puncture. Each case records whether synovial fluid was obtained, the amount of fluid in the joint, the number of punctures and whether the synovial fluid was mixed with blood. Results Peripheral puncture was performed around the hip joint. Three of the eight patients in group A had punctures to obtain synovial fluid with a success rate of 37.5%. In group B, 10 of 10 patients had punctures to obtain synovial fluid with a success rate of 90.0%. The average puncture times in group A was(4.8±1.2)times, average puncture times in group B was(6.1±1.2), there was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01); the amount of joint fluid(6.1±1.2) mL in group B was also higher than group A:(2.4)±0.4)mL, there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05). Eight of 13 patients in group C of the knee group received puncture for synovial fluid with a success rate of 61.5%. All 11 patients in group D received puncture for synovial fluid with a success rate of 100.0%. There was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01). The average puncture in group C was(2.5±0.9) times, and the average puncture times in group D was(6.1±1.2)times. There was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01); the amount of joint fluid extracted in group C was(4.6±0.9) mL. It was also more than group D(8.7.4±5.0)mL, there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided puncture can be used as the preferred method for obtaining joint fluids around the artificial joints.
[Key words] Ultrasound; Artificial joints; Prosthesis infection; Puncture; Synovial fluid
人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)是治療各種嚴重關(guān)節(jié)疾患的有效方法,但關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍感染(periprosthetic joint infection,PJI)是關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)嚴重的并發(fā)癥之一[1],PJI在初次人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的發(fā)生率約1%~2%,在人工關(guān)節(jié)翻修術(shù)后的發(fā)生率約1%~10%[2-3]。因此,快速準(zhǔn)確獲取盡量多的關(guān)節(jié)液,對臨床具有較大的指導(dǎo)意義。
超聲引導(dǎo)下操作臨床運用廣泛,但是用于PJI診斷性穿刺較少報道[4]。本研究旨在探討:(1)比較超聲引導(dǎo)下和傳統(tǒng)的C臂透視引導(dǎo)下在髖關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺的優(yōu)缺點;(2)比較超聲引導(dǎo)下和盲穿法在膝關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺的優(yōu)缺點。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究的病例來自2014年1月~2015年12月需要行關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺的病例,包括需要行翻修的病例。采用不同的方法獲取關(guān)節(jié)液而進行分組,需要行髖關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺的病例隨機分為A組和B組。A組為采用傳統(tǒng)的在C臂透視引導(dǎo)下穿刺,B組為采用超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺。需要行人工膝關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺的病例隨機分為C組和D組,C組采用盲穿法,D組采用超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺。A組8例,年齡:50~78歲,平均(62.7±7.1)歲,其中男5例,女3例,均為單側(cè)。B組10例,B組例61~80歲,平均(66.4±8.9)歲,其中男5例,女5例,均為單側(cè)。C組13例,C組年齡63~76歲,平均(67.7±8.2)歲,其中男2例,女11例,均為單側(cè)。D組11例,D組年齡62~78歲,平均(64.3±8.2)歲,其中男1例,女10例,均為單側(cè)。四組患者的一般資料比較差異無顯著性(P>0.05),具有可比性。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]:(1)人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后需要排除感染需要進行關(guān)節(jié)穿刺者;(2)人工關(guān)節(jié)需要進行翻修手術(shù)者;(3)告知風(fēng)險,同意進行人工關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺者;排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]:(1)初次人工關(guān)節(jié)置換診斷術(shù)前診斷為類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、強直性脊柱炎等全身炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)病者;(2)身體其他部位存在惡性腫瘤影響結(jié)果者;(3)不同意進行關(guān)節(jié)穿刺者。
1.2 方法
(1)髖關(guān)節(jié)透視組在無菌室進行穿刺部位常規(guī)消毒鋪巾,透視引導(dǎo)下行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺;超聲組先行超聲檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)液性暗區(qū)后,進行穿刺部位常規(guī)消毒鋪巾,在其引導(dǎo)下抽取關(guān)節(jié)穿刺液(圖1)。膝關(guān)節(jié)組對照組在無菌條件下,按照髕上囊、髕骨關(guān)節(jié)、髁間窩的順序進行穿刺;超聲組先行超聲檢查,在液性暗區(qū)進行穿刺(圖2)。(2)取2 mL關(guān)節(jié)液以上標(biāo)為成功(可以進行關(guān)節(jié)液常規(guī)檢測項目),并把所得的標(biāo)本進行關(guān)節(jié)液常規(guī)檢查及普通細菌培養(yǎng)。每個病例記錄是否取得的關(guān)節(jié)液,獲取的關(guān)節(jié)液量,記錄穿刺次數(shù),關(guān)節(jié)液是否混有血液。有進行翻修手術(shù)的病例,打開關(guān)節(jié)囊時盡量抽留取關(guān)節(jié)液,并記錄取得的量。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用 SPSS version 10.0 軟件(SPSS,Chicago,IL,USA)進行分析,計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料以[n(%)] 表示,采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
人工髖關(guān)節(jié)A組8例患者中有3例穿刺成功獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率為37.5%,B組10例患者中有9例穿刺成功獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率為90.0%,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01); A組平均穿刺數(shù)為(4.8±1.2)次,B組平均穿刺數(shù)為(6.1±1.2) 次,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);B組抽的關(guān)節(jié)液量(6.1±1.2)mL也較A組(2.4±0.4)mL多(P<0.05)。A組穿刺成功獲取關(guān)節(jié)液中有2例混有血液,B穿刺成功獲取關(guān)節(jié)液中有5例混有血液,兩組無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。
人工膝關(guān)節(jié)C組13患者中有8例穿刺成功獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率61.5%,D組11例患者中全部穿刺獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率100.0%,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01); C組平均穿刺(2.5±0.9)次,D組平均穿刺(6.1±1.2)次,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),C組穿刺獲取的關(guān)節(jié)液量(4.6±0.9)mL,也較D組(8.74±3.01)mL少,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。附人工髖關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺示意圖(圖1)、人工膝關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍穿刺示意圖(圖2)。
3 討論
急慢性PJI對于關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的療效是重要的影響因素,準(zhǔn)確診斷并分別采用不同的治療方案,可以獲得滿意的療效,避免災(zāi)難的擴大[5]。對于人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后,排除感染除了檢測血沉、CRP,檢測關(guān)節(jié)液更有重要的臨床意義,假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)液的獲得并進行檢查,對于PJI的正確診斷和治療至關(guān)重要[6]。但是因為有金屬內(nèi)植物存在,PJI感染的特點,關(guān)節(jié)液量多少不定,并積聚不同的腔隙,所以關(guān)節(jié)液獲得比較困難。穿刺時除了無菌條件,準(zhǔn)確定位關(guān)節(jié)積液位置,快速獲得關(guān)節(jié)液,減少穿刺次數(shù),可以減少外源感染的風(fēng)險和患者的痛苦。
傳統(tǒng)行人工髖關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍進行穿刺,通常在C臂透視指引下,細針進行多部位穿刺,如果無法抽取關(guān)節(jié)液,為了培養(yǎng)需要,甚至有采用注射生理鹽水后,再抽取關(guān)節(jié)液送細菌培養(yǎng)[7]。穿刺抽液前通過超聲檢查,避開金屬的散射,先檢測關(guān)節(jié)假體周圍積液的位置,再行穿刺,比較容易成功。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)健側(cè)側(cè)臥位時,人工髖關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后的積液常積聚于髖關(guān)節(jié)假體后下,前方關(guān)節(jié)液較少,在假體的后內(nèi)下穿刺抽液容易獲得關(guān)節(jié)液。人工膝關(guān)節(jié)表面置換術(shù)后,超聲檢查顯示關(guān)節(jié)液常積聚于髕上囊,手術(shù)中見積液除了髕上囊,髁間窩及脛股關(guān)節(jié)間隙也是關(guān)節(jié)液好積聚部位,但是因為髕骨及假體阻擋因素,超聲無法探及,使用超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺可以準(zhǔn)確到達髕上囊關(guān)節(jié)液體最深部位。
在人工髖關(guān)節(jié)組中,10例患者通過超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺有9例成功獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率為90.0%;而在傳統(tǒng)C臂機引導(dǎo)下穿刺,8例患者僅有3例成功,成功率為37.5%;在人工膝關(guān)節(jié)組中,11例患者通過超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺全部成功獲取關(guān)節(jié)液,成功率為100.0%。Balog TP等[8]學(xué)者在一組48例超聲引導(dǎo)下髖關(guān)節(jié)穿刺中,有46例患者穿刺成功,成功率為96%[8-10]。因此,本研究建議在超聲引導(dǎo)下行人工關(guān)節(jié)周圍穿刺,可以提高關(guān)節(jié)液獲取的成功率及提高安全性。
綜上所述,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺能顯著提高人工關(guān)節(jié)周圍關(guān)節(jié)液的獲取成功率,減少穿刺次數(shù),縮短疾病的診斷周期,提高PJI的早期診斷率,避免誤診及漏診的發(fā)生,超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺可作為人工關(guān)節(jié)周圍穿刺獲取關(guān)節(jié)液的首選方法。但由于人工關(guān)節(jié)感染診斷仍有很多困難,病情發(fā)展多樣[11-15],少量液體在超聲探測仍存在困難。關(guān)節(jié)積液較多的時候,特別是膝關(guān)節(jié),并非非得借助超聲就可以獲取。本組研究樣本較少,獲得的數(shù)據(jù)可能沒有廣泛的代表性。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-21)