鄧少鋒,葉佐東,范雙旗,陳金頂,張靜遠(yuǎn),朱夢(mèng)嬌,趙明秋
?
PK-15細(xì)胞中與CSFV感染相關(guān)的microRNAs篩選及 miR-214的功能研究
鄧少鋒,葉佐東,范雙旗,陳金頂,張靜遠(yuǎn),朱夢(mèng)嬌,趙明秋
(華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)獸醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣州 510642)
【目的】利用制作的豬的miRNA表達(dá)譜芯片篩選豬瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus,CSFV)感染PK-15細(xì)胞后表達(dá)有差異的miRNA,并進(jìn)一步探討其中表達(dá)差異較明顯的miRNA的作用和功能,從miRNA的角度探究CSFV的致病機(jī)制,為豬瘟(classical swine fever,CSF)的防控提供新依據(jù)?!痉椒ā繛榱搜芯緾SFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后miRNA表達(dá)的變化情況,根據(jù)miRBase version 19.0數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中326條豬的miRNA合成探針,采用原位合成技術(shù)制作表達(dá)譜芯片,篩選得到CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后表達(dá)有差異的miRNA。挑選CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后表達(dá)差異最明顯的miR-214作為進(jìn)一步研究對(duì)象,研究miR-214在CSFV感染過(guò)程中的功能和作用。CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后,用熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)miR-214的mRNA表達(dá)水平。為了進(jìn)一步研究miR-214對(duì)CSFV感染的影響,合成miR-214模擬物及抑制物,并分別轉(zhuǎn)染PK-15細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)染后24 h感染CSFV,感染后48h用熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)CSFV的基因拷貝數(shù),用間接免疫熒光方法檢測(cè)CSFV的病毒滴度。為了進(jìn)一步探究miR-214參與調(diào)控CSFV復(fù)制的機(jī)制,通過(guò)生物信息學(xué)軟件預(yù)測(cè)miR-214參與調(diào)控CSFV復(fù)制的靶蛋白,并用熒光素酶報(bào)告基因系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步確證miR-214能夠靶向作用于凋亡通路中重要分子TNFR1 相關(guān)的死亡區(qū)域蛋白(TNF Receptor-Associated Death Domain,TRADD),因此猜測(cè)miR-214通過(guò)影響靶蛋白TRADD的表達(dá)水平從而影響PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡,將miR-214模擬物及抑制物分別轉(zhuǎn)染PK-15細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)染后24 h感染CSFV,同步設(shè)立不感染CSFV的細(xì)胞對(duì)照,感染后48 h用熒光定量PCR和Western blot分別檢測(cè)TRADD的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)量的變化,同時(shí)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)miR-214對(duì)CSFV感染的PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡的影響?!窘Y(jié)果】CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后,通過(guò)表達(dá)譜芯片技術(shù)篩選得到69條表達(dá)有差異的miRNA,其中miR-214表達(dá)量上調(diào)且差異最明顯。qRT-PCR結(jié)果顯示,CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后miR-214的mRNA表達(dá)量上調(diào),驗(yàn)證了表達(dá)譜芯片的結(jié)果。將miR-214模擬物轉(zhuǎn)染PK-15細(xì)胞后再感染CSFV, CSFV的基因拷貝數(shù)及病毒滴度均顯著下降;轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214抑制物后再感染CSFV,CSFV的基因拷貝數(shù)及病毒滴度均顯著上升,表明miR-214促進(jìn)了CSFV的復(fù)制。為了進(jìn)一步探究miR-214促進(jìn)CSFV復(fù)制的機(jī)制,用生物信息學(xué)軟件預(yù)測(cè)TRADD為miR-214的靶蛋白,熒光素酶報(bào)告基因系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)證了miR-214能夠靶向作用于TRADD。轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214模擬物后,PK-15細(xì)胞中TRADD的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)量均顯著上升,而轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214抑制物后,PK-15細(xì)胞中TRADD的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)量均顯著下降,表明miR-214抑制TRADD的表達(dá)。通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞術(shù),驗(yàn)證了CSFV感染PK-15抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,miR-214抑制CSFV感染的PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡?!窘Y(jié)論】CSFV感染PK-15后,上調(diào)細(xì)胞內(nèi)miR-214的表達(dá)。miR-214能通過(guò)靶向抑制TRADD蛋白的表達(dá),從而抑制PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡,促進(jìn)CSFV在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的復(fù)制。
豬瘟病毒;miRNA;復(fù)制;TRADD;凋亡
【研究意義】豬瘟(classical swine fever, CSF)是由豬瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus, CSFV)引起的豬的一種重大烈性傳染性疾病[1],被世界動(dòng)物衛(wèi)生組織(Office International Des Epizooties,OIE)列為法定報(bào)告動(dòng)物傳染病之一[2],嚴(yán)重危害著我國(guó)養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的健康發(fā)展,造成重大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。CSFV的致病機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,因此,從不同角度深入研究其致病過(guò)程有利于促進(jìn)對(duì)CSFV致病機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí)。microRNA(miRNA)是一類非編碼單鏈小分子RNA,通過(guò)與其靶mRNA分子的3′端非編碼區(qū)域互補(bǔ)匹配抑制該mRNA分子的翻譯,從而對(duì)靶蛋白表達(dá)進(jìn)行調(diào)控[3]。miRNA在病毒致病性以及病毒與宿主的相互作用方面發(fā)揮重要作用,但是對(duì)CSFV相關(guān)的miRNA研究較少。本研究通過(guò)生物信息學(xué)等試驗(yàn)方法篩選出可能與豬瘟病毒相關(guān)的miRNA,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行功能研究,從宿主細(xì)胞的角度研究豬瘟病毒與細(xì)胞之間相互作用的關(guān)系,為豬瘟病毒的致病機(jī)理提供理論依據(jù)。【前人研究進(jìn)展】研究證實(shí)miRNA參與許多重要生物學(xué)過(guò)程,包括調(diào)控信號(hào)通路[4-6]、促進(jìn)機(jī)體發(fā)育[7]、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[8-10]、參與免疫反應(yīng)[11-13]以及在病毒感染中發(fā)揮作用。研究表明,有些miRNA能夠直接以病毒基因組為靶位,調(diào)節(jié)病毒的復(fù)制[14-15]。有些miRNA能介導(dǎo)宿主的抗病毒活性[16-17]。目前對(duì)于CSFV相關(guān)的miRNA研究較少,如miRNA-let-7c可下調(diào)CSFV的RNA復(fù)制水平[18]。作為與CSFV同屬黃病毒科的HCV的相關(guān)miRNA的研究已經(jīng)十分深入[14, 19-20],對(duì)研究CSFV相關(guān)miRNA的作用有很大指導(dǎo)意義。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】miRNA在病毒感染中發(fā)揮重要作用,但目前對(duì)于CSFV相關(guān)的miRNA研究較少,而作為與CSFV同屬黃病毒科的HCV的研究已十分成熟,對(duì)研究CSFV相關(guān)miRNA的作用有很大指導(dǎo)意義?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】通過(guò)生物信息學(xué)和試驗(yàn)方法篩選出可能與CSFV感染相關(guān)的miRNA及其功能研究,從宿主細(xì)胞的角度來(lái)研究CSFV與細(xì)胞相互作用的關(guān)系,為研究其致病機(jī)理提供有價(jià)值的科學(xué)資料。
試驗(yàn)于2015年9月至2016年5月在華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)獸醫(yī)學(xué)院完成。
豬源腎臟細(xì)胞(PK-15)、CSFV石門株和大腸桿菌DH5α感受態(tài)細(xì)胞由華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)獸醫(yī)學(xué)院微生物學(xué)與免疫學(xué)教研室保存。pmirGLO Dual-Luciferase miRNA Target Expression Vector由華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院王翀教授惠贈(zèng)。
1.2.1 病毒接種和滴度測(cè)定 PK-15細(xì)胞傳代于培養(yǎng)瓶中生長(zhǎng)到80%—90%時(shí),用PBS洗滌細(xì)胞2次,加入CSFV病毒液,置于含5% CO2的37℃培養(yǎng)箱中孵育4—6 h后,棄去病毒液,用PBS洗滌細(xì)胞2次,加入細(xì)胞維持培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),72 h后收獲病毒液,于-80℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
用無(wú)血清無(wú)抗生素的DMEM將上述所獲得的CSFV病毒液分別做10倍連續(xù)梯度稀釋至10-10,再分別將每個(gè)梯度的病毒液按0.1 mL/孔接種4孔細(xì)胞,同時(shí)設(shè)空白細(xì)胞對(duì)照。接種CSFV后繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)5 d,取出細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板進(jìn)行間接免疫熒光檢測(cè),并計(jì)算CSFV感染滴度。
1.2.2 細(xì)胞總RNA的提取與檢測(cè) 棄去細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液,用PBS洗滌細(xì)胞2次,加1 mL的胰酶消化并收集細(xì)胞至1.5 mL離心管中,參考Omega公司的總RNA提取試劑盒說(shuō)明書提取細(xì)胞總RNA,再經(jīng)過(guò)1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳鑒定提取的總RNA的完整性,并用超微量分光光度計(jì)測(cè)定RNA的濃度和純度。
1.2.3 制作miRNA表達(dá)譜芯片 miRNA表達(dá)譜芯片試驗(yàn)是由廣州銳博公司完成。根據(jù)miRBase version 19.0數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中326條豬miRNA合成探針,采用原位合成技術(shù)制作表達(dá)譜芯片。miRNA表達(dá)譜芯片制作完成后進(jìn)行掃描。
1.2.4 熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)基因的表達(dá) 分別采用相應(yīng)的反應(yīng)體系和條件,根據(jù)PrimeScript miRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit說(shuō)明書和PrimeScript? RT Master Mix說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)合成miRNA cDNA和病毒基因或蛋白基因cDNA。然后根據(jù)SYBR? Premix Ex Taq? II說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行qRT-PCR檢測(cè)基因的表達(dá)。
1.2.5 生物信息學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)miRNA的靶標(biāo)蛋白 根據(jù)miRNA表達(dá)譜芯片篩選出來(lái)CSFV感染PK-15后表達(dá)變化的miRNA,用Target Scan、RNA22、Pictar等生物信息學(xué)軟件預(yù)測(cè)miRNA的靶蛋白。
1.2.6 重組質(zhì)粒的構(gòu)建 提取PK-15細(xì)胞總RNA并反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA作為模板,以上游引物:5′CCGCTCG AGGCGGCCGCCTGAGTACCAGAGAAAGAGG3′,下游引物:5′TGCTCTAGA TCAGAGTACCAT ACTG AGTG3′,擴(kuò)增TRADD 3′UTR基因。膠回收PCR產(chǎn)物和表達(dá)載體,以I和I進(jìn)行雙酶切。酶切產(chǎn)物用1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分離并回收目的片段。按T4 DNA連接酶說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行目的片段與載體質(zhì)粒的連接,連接產(chǎn)物轉(zhuǎn)化DH5α感受態(tài)細(xì)胞,挑取單菌落進(jìn)行菌落PCR,同時(shí)送測(cè)序公司測(cè)序。選取菌落PCR和測(cè)序正確的菌落,按照Omega無(wú)內(nèi)毒素質(zhì)粒抽提試劑盒說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行質(zhì)粒抽提。
1.2.7 雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因檢測(cè)試驗(yàn) 將PK-15細(xì)胞接種至24孔培養(yǎng)板,待細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)密度至80%左右時(shí),按照Lipofectamine 2000試劑說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染。將合成的miRNA 模擬物、模擬物對(duì)照、miRNA 抑制物、抑制物對(duì)照分別與pmirGLO-TRADD 3′UTR質(zhì)粒共轉(zhuǎn)染,以單獨(dú)轉(zhuǎn)染pmirGLO-TRADD 3′UTR質(zhì)粒重組質(zhì)粒為對(duì)照。轉(zhuǎn)染24 h后,用GloMax生物化學(xué)發(fā)光儀檢測(cè)熒光素酶活性。
1.2.8 免疫印跡試驗(yàn)(Western blot) 裂解細(xì)胞提取總蛋白,用BCA蛋白濃度測(cè)定試劑盒對(duì)蛋白樣品進(jìn)行定量。蛋白樣品與含有5%的β-巰基乙醇上樣緩沖液充分混合后,放入95℃水浴鍋中加熱5 min,進(jìn)行蛋白變性。變性后的蛋白80 V電泳2 h,采用濕法轉(zhuǎn)膜(200 mA、1 h)將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)印到PVDF膜上,用含5%吐溫的PBS(PBST)室溫漂洗轉(zhuǎn)印后的PVDF膜3次,每次10 min,加入含5%脫脂奶粉的PBST封閉液37℃搖床搖動(dòng)封閉1 h。用PBST洗滌3次后4℃過(guò)夜孵育一抗,次日取出孵育后的PVDF膜用PBST漂洗3次,37℃條件下孵育HRP標(biāo)記的熒光二抗1 h,漂洗3次后,掃描PVDF膜。
1.2.9 流式細(xì)胞術(shù) 按照Annexin V-FITC細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒說(shuō)明書方法,檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡率。用PBS洗滌細(xì)胞2次,加入適量胰酶消化后,棄去胰酶,用1 mL細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液吹打混勻細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)移到離心管內(nèi),1 000 r/min離心5 min,棄上清,收集細(xì)胞,用PBS輕輕重懸細(xì)胞并計(jì)數(shù)。取5—10萬(wàn)重懸的細(xì)胞,1 000 r/min離心5 min,棄上清,加入200 μL Annexin V-FITC結(jié)合液和10 μL碘化丙錠(PI)染色液,輕輕混勻,室溫避光孵育10—20 min,隨后置于冰浴中。進(jìn)行流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè),Annexin V-FITC為綠色熒光,PI為紅色熒光。
1.2.10 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)與分析 所有實(shí)驗(yàn)都至少重復(fù)3次,獲得的數(shù)據(jù)用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,利用GraphPad Prism軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)作圖和差異顯著性分析。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析采用檢驗(yàn)(<0.05;<0. 01;<0.001),當(dāng)<0.05時(shí)認(rèn)為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
為了檢測(cè)CSFV體外感染PK-15細(xì)胞后miRNA表達(dá)的變化,用CSFV石門株感染PK-15,24 h后進(jìn)行miRNA表達(dá)譜芯片試驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞miRNA差異表達(dá)。與未感染CSFV的對(duì)照組相比,CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞共引起69條miRNAs表達(dá)變化,其中包括39條miRNAs表達(dá)量上調(diào),30條miRNAs表達(dá)量下調(diào)(表1、表2)。這表明CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后,宿主細(xì)胞miRNA表達(dá)發(fā)生變化。
miRNA表達(dá)譜芯片的結(jié)果顯示,在上調(diào)的39條miRNAs中,miR-214表達(dá)差異最明顯,故選取miR-214作為研究對(duì)象,研究其在CSFV體外感染中的功能與作用。為了驗(yàn)證基因芯片數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果,采用qRT-PCR方法驗(yàn)證miR-214在CSFV感染的PK-15細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果顯示,CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后,隨著時(shí)間推移,miR-214表達(dá)水平逐漸升高(圖1),與表達(dá)譜芯片結(jié)果一致,表明CSFV感染促進(jìn)了miR-214的表達(dá)。
根據(jù)miRBase下載miR-214的序列并合成其模擬物及對(duì)應(yīng)的抑制劑。將miR-214模擬物和抑制劑分別轉(zhuǎn)染PK-15,24 h后提取細(xì)胞總RNA,qRT-PCR檢測(cè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)miR-214的表達(dá)量。結(jié)果顯示,miR-214模擬物轉(zhuǎn)染能夠極顯著提高細(xì)胞內(nèi)miR-214的表達(dá)水平(圖2-A),抑制劑則相應(yīng)的顯著抑制miR-214的表達(dá)水平(圖2-B)。表明合成的miR-214模擬物及抑制劑可以進(jìn)行后續(xù)試驗(yàn)。
圖1 CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后miR-214的表達(dá)水平
為了確定miR-214對(duì)CSFV復(fù)制的影響,將miR-214 模擬物和抑制劑分別轉(zhuǎn)染PK-15細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)染后24 h,以MOI=0.1接種CSFV石門株,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h后,提取細(xì)胞總RNA,用qRT-PCR方法檢測(cè)CSFV NS5B mRNA表達(dá)水平。收集細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液上清,間接免疫熒光(IFA)檢測(cè)病毒滴度。結(jié)果表明,miR-214模擬物能夠顯著促進(jìn)CSFV的復(fù)制及病毒滴度(圖3-A),而miR-214抑制劑顯著抑制了CSFV的復(fù)制及病毒滴度(圖3-B),表明miR-214促進(jìn)了CSFV RNA復(fù)制。
為了進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)miR-214能夠靶向作用于TRADD,將TRADD的3′UTR區(qū)域構(gòu)建入熒光素酶報(bào)告基因表達(dá)載體。分別共轉(zhuǎn)染重組質(zhì)粒與miR-214模擬物和miR-214抑制劑,24 h后檢測(cè)熒光素酶活性。結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214 模擬物能夠顯著下調(diào)熒光素酶報(bào)告基因的表達(dá)(圖4-A),而轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214抑制劑能夠顯著上調(diào)熒光素酶報(bào)告基因的表達(dá)(圖4-B),表明miR-214能夠靶向作用于TRADD的3′UTR,進(jìn)一步證明了miR-214對(duì)TRADD的靶向作用。
表1 CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后表達(dá)量上調(diào)的miRNA
表2 CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后表達(dá)下調(diào)的miRNA
通過(guò)TargetScan、RNA22、Pictar等生物信息學(xué)軟件預(yù)測(cè)miRNA的靶蛋白,發(fā)現(xiàn),TRADD的3′UTR區(qū)域存在miR-214潛在作用靶點(diǎn)(圖5)。
通過(guò)上述試驗(yàn),證明了miR-214對(duì)TRADD的靶向作用。為了進(jìn)一步探究miR-214對(duì)TRADD表達(dá)的影響,將miR-214 模擬物及其抑制劑轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞,24 h后以MOI=0.1接種CSFV石門株,同步設(shè)立不感染組作為對(duì)照。 48 h后收集細(xì)胞提取總RNA,用qRT-PCR方法檢測(cè)潛在靶蛋白TRADD的mRNA表達(dá)水平,驗(yàn)證miR-214對(duì)TRADD表達(dá)的影響。結(jié)果顯示,miR-214模擬物能夠顯著下調(diào)TRADD mRNA表達(dá)(圖6-A),而miR-214抑制劑則顯著上調(diào)TRADD mRNA表達(dá)(圖6-B)。同時(shí)裂解細(xì)胞提取總蛋白,用鼠源TRADD單抗和鼠源β-actin單抗進(jìn)行Western blot,檢測(cè)TRADD的蛋白表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果顯示,miR-214模擬物抑制了TRADD的蛋白表達(dá)水平,而miR-214抑制劑則促進(jìn)了TRADD的蛋白表達(dá)(圖7)。綜上試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,miR-214能抑制TRADD的表達(dá)。
A. miR-214模擬物轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞后miR-214的表達(dá)量;B. miR-214抑制劑轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞后miR-214的表達(dá)量
A. miR-214對(duì)CSFV NS5B mRNA表達(dá)量的影響;B. miR-214對(duì)CSFV病毒滴度的影響
有研究表明,CSFV在體外感染過(guò)程中通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞凋亡實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)感染[21]。在本研究中,首先驗(yàn)證CSFV對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。PK-15細(xì)胞在6孔板中培養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)至80%,接種CSFV(MOI=1),同步設(shè)立未感染為對(duì)照組,感染24 h后,收集細(xì)胞,用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡情況。結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后抑制了細(xì)胞的凋亡(圖8)。
試驗(yàn)證明CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,有研究表明,TRADD與腫瘤壞死因子受體相互作用,能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[22-23],而miR-214能抑制TRADD的表達(dá)。為了驗(yàn)證在CSFV體外感染過(guò)程中,miR-214是否參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡,PK-15細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214模擬物,用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡情況。結(jié)果顯示,miR-214模擬物能夠抑制細(xì)胞凋亡(圖9-A)。為了進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證在CSFV感染過(guò)程中,miR-214對(duì)凋亡的影響,將miR-214 模擬物和抑制劑及其相應(yīng)的陰性對(duì)照轉(zhuǎn)染PK-15細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)染24 h后,以MOI=0.1接種CSFV石門株,48 h后用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡情況。結(jié)果顯示,在未感染CSFV的PK-15細(xì)胞中,轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214模擬物下調(diào)了細(xì)胞凋亡率,而轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214抑制劑能夠上調(diào)細(xì)胞凋亡率。同樣,在CSFV感染組中,得到一致的結(jié)果,即轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214模擬物能夠下調(diào)細(xì)胞凋亡率,而轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214抑制劑能夠上調(diào)細(xì)胞凋亡率(圖9-B、C)。由此推測(cè),在CSFV感染過(guò)程中,miR-214可能參與抑制細(xì)胞凋亡。
圖4 miR-214對(duì)pmirGLO-TRADD 3′UTR熒光素酶活性的影響
圖中紅色標(biāo)注部分為miR-214與TRADD的3′非翻譯區(qū)互補(bǔ)配對(duì)的堿基對(duì)
A.轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214 對(duì)TRADD mRNA表達(dá)的影響;B.轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214抑制物對(duì)TRADD mRNA表達(dá)的影響
A.轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214模擬物對(duì)TRADD 蛋白表達(dá)的影響;B.轉(zhuǎn)染miR-214抑制劑對(duì)TRADD 蛋白表達(dá)的影響;C和D分別為A和B光密度比值的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
A. PK-15細(xì)胞未感染CSFV的凋亡率;B. PK-15細(xì)胞感染CSFV的凋亡率;C.CSFV感染組與對(duì)照組凋亡率的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
A. miR-214對(duì)PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡的影響;B. miR-214對(duì)在CSFV感染條件下PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡的影響;C. miR-214抑制劑對(duì)在CSFV感染條件下PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
miRNA是一類調(diào)節(jié)性非編碼RNA分子,廣泛存在于植物、動(dòng)物以及動(dòng)物病毒的基因組,主要參與基因轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控。近年來(lái)大量研究表明,細(xì)胞內(nèi)的miRNA在調(diào)控宿主細(xì)胞基因及病毒復(fù)制中發(fā)揮重要作用[20,24],但是大部分研究都是基于人和小鼠等模式動(dòng)物上,對(duì)豬源miRNA的研究較少。此外,對(duì)于HCV的miRNA的研究較為深入,為HCV致病機(jī)理研究方面提供了很多理論支持。展開(kāi)對(duì)CSFV相關(guān)miRNA的研究,為揭示其致病機(jī)理開(kāi)辟了新的方向,也為防控CSFV及尋找藥物靶位提供了新的策略。
本研究中,以PK-15細(xì)胞為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)表達(dá)譜篩選出與CSFV密切相關(guān)的差異表達(dá)的細(xì)胞miRNA,為研究miRNA介導(dǎo)調(diào)控CSFV感染致病機(jī)制打下前期基礎(chǔ)。表達(dá)譜試驗(yàn)共篩選出69條差異表達(dá)的miRNA,但是與未感染CSFV的細(xì)胞組相比,大部分miRNA表達(dá)變化差異不大,差異水平在1.5倍左右,最多達(dá)到4倍,與其他病毒的miRNA表達(dá)譜結(jié)果相比,變化差異不是非常明顯。推測(cè)其原因,可能跟病毒及種屬有關(guān),也可能細(xì)胞miRNA表達(dá)量相對(duì)較高,導(dǎo)致病毒感染后表達(dá)雖然有變化,但是變化比例較小。如果聯(lián)合全基因組小RNA高通量測(cè)序,得到的差異結(jié)果可能更明顯。另外,也可能與CSFV病毒自身感染PK-15細(xì)胞的特性有關(guān),miRNA的調(diào)控水平可能較微弱。
本試驗(yàn)選擇miR-214為研究對(duì)象,因?yàn)樵诤Y選CSFV上調(diào)的39條miRNA當(dāng)中,miR-214的表達(dá)差異最大。此外,miR-214的靶蛋白TRADD對(duì)凋亡具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。前期的研究表明豬瘟病毒能夠抑制凋亡,達(dá)到持續(xù)感染的目的[21,25]。已經(jīng)有大量的研究報(bào)道m(xù)iR-214參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡,如miR-214能直接靶向于Bcl2l2,通過(guò)抑制Bcl2l2蛋白表達(dá)水平,從而誘導(dǎo)凋亡[26];在鼻咽癌組織或細(xì)胞系中高表達(dá)miR-214,而抑制miR-214表達(dá),能夠上調(diào)Bim蛋白的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖[27]。因此推測(cè),宿主miR-214在CSFV感染的PK-15細(xì)胞中參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡。
細(xì)胞凋亡是細(xì)胞Ⅰ型死亡程序,細(xì)胞凋亡啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞程序性死亡后不利于病毒在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的存活和持續(xù)性感染[28]。有研究表明,CSFV感染細(xì)胞后,可以通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞凋亡從而促進(jìn)病毒的復(fù)制[21]。通過(guò)生物信息學(xué)手段預(yù)測(cè)miR-214的靶蛋白中,發(fā)現(xiàn)TRADD存在miR-214結(jié)合位點(diǎn),推測(cè)可能是miR-214的靶蛋白之一。死亡受體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡包括FASL- FAS、TRAIL-DR4以及TNFα-TNFR1途徑[29-30],TRADD作為TNFα-TNFR1途徑中一個(gè)接頭分子,對(duì)下游凋亡信號(hào)激活及分子招募至關(guān)重要。因此本試驗(yàn)對(duì)TNFα-TNFR1介導(dǎo)的凋亡進(jìn)行探討,結(jié)果證明在CSFV感染中高表達(dá)miR-214能夠一定程度上抑制TRADD表達(dá),抑制PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡。表明CSFV體外感染中抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的機(jī)制可能與CSFV上調(diào)的miR-214有關(guān)。
綜上所述,本研究篩選出CSFV感染誘導(dǎo)差異表達(dá)的miRNA,為以后研究miRNA介導(dǎo)調(diào)控CSFV感染和從miRNA方面揭示CSFV致病機(jī)理奠定了基礎(chǔ)。此外,細(xì)胞凋亡作為宿主抗病毒感染的第一道防線,是宿主細(xì)胞自身受外界刺激下啟動(dòng)的死亡程序,不利于病毒復(fù)制。但許多病毒卻可以利用細(xì)胞某些調(diào)控機(jī)制延遲或者抑制細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,從而有利于自身復(fù)制。本試驗(yàn)初步揭示了CSFV誘導(dǎo)的miR-214的功能和作用,表明在CSFV感染過(guò)程中miR-214可能參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡,從而有利于CSFV在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的復(fù)制和持續(xù)性感染,為了解CSFV的致病機(jī)制提供新的方向,也為防控CSFV感染尋找新的作用靶位提供一個(gè)新的思路。
利用miRNA表達(dá)譜芯片篩選CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后差異表達(dá)的miRNAs,結(jié)果表明,CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)69條差異表達(dá)的豬源miRNAs,其中包括上調(diào)表達(dá)的39條,下調(diào)表達(dá)的30條。
CSFV感染PK-15細(xì)胞后上調(diào)miR-214表達(dá),且miR-214抑制PK-15細(xì)胞凋亡,促進(jìn)CSFV RNA的復(fù)制。miR-214靶向于TRADD蛋白,作用于TRADD 3′UTR。即CSFV感染宿主細(xì)胞后,通過(guò)促進(jìn)miR-214的表達(dá)從而抑制TRADD的表達(dá)水平,達(dá)到抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的目的,使CSFV實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)感染。
[1] MOENNIG V. Introduction to classical swine fever: virus, disease and control policy.2000, 73 (2/3): 93-102.
[2] STEGEMAN A, ELBERS A, DE SMIT H. The 1997-1998 epidemic of classical swine fever in the netherlands.2000, 73 (2/3): 183-196.
[3] BARTEL D P. Micrornas: Target recognition and regulatory functions.2009, 136(2): 215-233.
[4] FLYNT A S, LI N, THATCHER E J,SOLNICA-KREZEL L, PATTON J G. Zebrafish Mir-214 modulates hedgehog signaling to specify muscle cell fate.2007, 39(2): 259-263.
[5] MICHAEL M Z, O' C S, VAN HOLST P N,YOUNG G P, JAMES R J. Reduced accumulation of specific micrornas in colorectal neoplasia.2003, 1 (12): 882-891.
[6] CAMERON J E, YIN Q, FEWELL C, LACEY M, MCBRIDE J, WANG X, LIN Z, SCHAEFER B C, FLEMINGTON E K. Epstein- barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces cellular microrna mir-146a, a modulator of lymphocyte signaling pathways.2008, 82(4): 1946-1958.
[7] ZHAO H, WEN G, HUANG Y,YU X, CHEN Q, AFZAL T A, LUONG LE A, ZHU J, YE S, ZHANG L, XIAO Q. Microrna-22 regulates smooth muscle cell differentiation from stem cells by targeting methyl cpg-binding protein 2.2015, 35(4): 918-929.
[8] YANG M, LIU R, LI X,LIAO J, PU Y, PAN E, YIN L, WANG Y. Mirna-183 suppresses apoptosis and promotes proliferation in esophageal cancer by targeting pdcd4., 2014, 37(12): 873-880.
[9] XU P, VERNOOY S Y, GUO M, HAY B A. The drosophila micrornamir-14 suppresses cell death and is required for normal fat metabolism., 2003, 13(9): 790-795.
[10] BOUTLA A, DELIDAKIS C, TABLER M. Developmental defects by antisense-mediated inactivation of micro-rnas 2 and 13 in drosophila and the identification of putative target genes.2003, 31(17): 4973-4980.
[11] NEILSON J R, ZHENG G X, BURGE C B, SHARP P A. Dynamic regulation of mirna expression in ordered stages of cellular development., 2007, 21(5): 578-589.
[12] LI Q J, CHAU J, EBERT P J, SYLVESTER G, MIN H, LIU G, BRAICH R, MANOHARAN M, SOUTSCHEK J, SKARE P, KLEIN L O, DAVIS M M, CHEN C Z. Mir-181a is an intrinsic modulator of t cell sensitivity and selection.2007, 129 (1): 147-161.
[13] VIGORITO E, PERKS K L, ABREU-GOODGER C,BUNTING S, XIANG Z, KOHLHAAS S, DAS PP, MISKA E A, RODRIGUEZ A, BRADLEY A, SMITH KG, RADA C, ENRIGHT A J, TOELLNER K M, MACLENNAN I C, TURNER M. Microrna-155 regulates the generation of immunoglobulin class-switched plasma cells., 2007, 27(6): 847-859.
[14] KUMAR A. Rna interference: a multifaceted innate antiviral defense.2008, 5: 17.
[15] LECELLIER C H, DUNOYER P, ARAR K, LEHMANN-CHE J, EYQUEM S, HIMBER C, SA?B A, VOINNET O. A Cellular microrna mediates antiviral defense in human cells., 2005, 308(5721): 557-560.
[16] TILI E, MICHAILLE J J, CIMINO A, COSTINEAN S, DUMITRU C D, ADAIR B, FABBRI M, ALDER H, LIU C G, CALIN G A, CROCE C M. Modulation of Mir-155 and Mir-125B levels following lipopolysaccharide/Tnf-Alpha stimulation and their possible roles in regulating the response to endotoxin shock.2007, 179 (8): 5082-5089.
[17] TAGANOV K D, BOLDIN M P, CHANG K J, BALTIMORE D. Nf-kappab-dependent induction of microrna mir-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses.2006, 103 (33): 12481-12486.
[18] 張旭, 張彥明, 張倩, 程媛媛, 譚曉妮. 穩(wěn)定表達(dá)豬Mirna Let-7C細(xì)胞株的建立及其對(duì)CSFV的調(diào)控作用. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2010(12): 1-6.
ZHANG X, ZHANG Y M, ZHANG Q, CHENG Y Y, TAN X N. Establishment of cell line expressing miRNA let-7c and regulation on classical swine fever virus., 2010(12): 1-6. (in Chinese)
[19] CHEN Y, CHEN J, WANG H, SHI J, WU K, LIU S, LIU Y, WU J. Hcv-induced Mir-21 contributes to evasion of host immune system by targeting Myd88 and Irak1., 2013, 9(4): e1003248.
[20] JOPLING C L, NORMAN K L, SARNOW P. Positive and negative modulation of viral and cellular mrnas by liver-specific microrna Mir-122., 2006, 71: 369-376.
[21] BENSAUDE E, TURNER J L, WAKELEY P R M,SWEETMAN D A, PARDIEU C, DREW T W, WILEMAN T, POWELL P P. Classical swine fever virus induces proinflammatory cytokines and tissue factor expression and inhibits apoptosis and interferon synthesis during the establishment of long-term infection of porcine vascular endothelial cells.2004, 85 (Pt 4): 1029-1037.
[22] HSU H, XIONG J, GOEDDEL D V. The TNF Receptor 1-associated protein tradd signals cell death and Nf-Kappa B activation.1995, 81(4): 495-504.
[23] MICHEAU O, TSCHOPP J. Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes.2003, 114(2): 181-190.
[24] SONG L, LIU H, GAO S, JIANG W, HUANG W. Cellular micrornas inhibit replication of the H1N1 influenza a virus in infected cells.2010, 84(17): 8849-8860.
[25] JOHNS H L, BENSAUDE E, LA ROCCA S A,SEAGO J, CHARLESTON B, STEINBACH F, DREW T W, CROOKE H, EVERETT H. Classical swine fever virus infection protects aortic endothelial cells from Pipc-Mediated apoptosis.2010, 91 (Pt 4): 1038-1046.
[26] WANG F, LIU M, LI X, TANG H. Mir-214 reduces cell survival and enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity via down-regulation of Bcl2L2 in cervical cancer cells., 2013, 587(5): 488-495.
[27] ZHANG Z C, LI Y Y, WANG H Y, FU S, WANG X P, ZENG M S, ZENG Y X, SHAO J Y. Knockdown of miR-214 promotes apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma., 2014, 9(1): e86149.
[28] GRIFFIN D E, HARDWICK J M. Regulators of apoptosis on the road to persistent alphavirus infection., 1997, 51: 565-592.
[29] KROEMER G, GALLUZZI L, BRENNER C. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death.2007, 87(1): 99-163.
[30] KUROKAWA M, KORNBLUTH S. Caspases and kinases in a death grip.2009, 138 (5): 838-854.
Screen of MicroRNAs in Classical Swine Fever Virus-Infected PK-15 Cells and the Regulation of Virus Replication by miR-214
DENG ShaoFeng, YE ZuoDong, FAN ShuangQi, CHEN JinDing , ZHANG JingYuan, ZHU MengJiao, ZHAO MingQiu
(College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642)
【Objective】In this study, differential expression of miRNAs in CSFV-infected PK-15 cells were determined by miRNA expression array, and further explore the function of miRNAs in the pathogenic of Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and provide some new basis for the prevention and control of Classical swine fever (CSF) .【Method】In order to investigate the changes of the miRNAs expression in CSFV-infected PK-15 cells, we synthesized probes of 326 miRNAs of pig according to the miRBase database version 19.0, and screening of differential expression of miRNAs in CSFV-infected PK-15 cells using miRNA expression array. Then, miR-214, the most obvious difference in expression of CSFV-infected PK-15 cells, was selected as the further study object to investigate the function of miR-214 in the infection process of CSFV. We detected mRNA expression of miR-214 in CSFV-infected PK-15 cells using qRT-PCR. In order to further study the effect of miR-214 of CSFV infection, we synthesized miR-214 analog and inhibitor and transfected into PK-15 cells respectively, follow with CSFV infection at 24 h post-transfection, and then detected CSFV titers and quantity of CSFV genomic copies. In order to further explore the mechanism of miR-214 participate in the regulation of CSFV replication, we predicted the target protein of miR-214 using bioinformatics software and confirmed it by luciferase reporter gene system. Given TRADD can specific interacts with TNFR1 intracellular dead zones and participate in the programmed cell death, we assume that miR-214 influencing apoptosis of PK 15 cells by influencing expression level of target protein TRADD. PK 15 cells transfected with miR-214 and inhibitor respectively, follow with CSFV infection at 24 h post-transfection. At 48 h post-infection, the expression levels of TRADD were detected, and the effect of miR-214 on the apoptosis of CSFV-infected PK-15 cells was detected by flow cytometry. 【Result】69 miRNAs with different expressions were screened by miRNA expression array in CSFV-infected PK-15 cells. Among which the expression changes of miR-214 were most obvious and up-regulated, and confirmed it by qRT-PCR. After transfected with miR-214 to PK-15 cells, CSFV titers and quantity of CSFV genomic copies decreased significantly, while transfected with miR-214 inhibitor, CSFV titers and quantity of CSFV genomic copies were increased significantly, which suggested that miR-214 promoted the replication of CSFV. In order to further explore the mechanism of miR-214 promoting CSFV replication, we confirmed TRADD is the target protein of miR-214. After transfected miR-214 to PK-15 cells, mRNA and protein expression of TRADD were increased significantly, while transfected with miR-214 inhibitor, that were decreased significantly, suggesting that miR-214.inhibits the expression of TRADD. And then, we verified that CSFV infection inhibits apoptosis of PK-15 cells, and miR-214 inhibits apoptosis of CSFV-infected PK-15 cells. 【Conclusion】The expression of miR-214 in cells was up-regulated after CSFV infected PK-15. miR-214 inhibits the apoptosis of PK-15 cells and promote the replication of CSFV in cells by targeting inhibits the expression of TRADD protein.
CSFV; miRNA; replication; TRADD; apoptosis
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.014
2018-04-18;
2018-09-07
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2017YFD0501104,2017YFD0500600)、廣州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(201803020005)、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(U1405216,31472200,31672590)
鄧少鋒,E-mail:dsf4530@126.com。通信作者趙明秋,E-mail:zmingqiu@scau.edu.cn
(責(zé)任編輯 林鑒非)