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開化紙,紙上有乾坤

2019-08-23 05:29胡昊
文化交流 2019年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:集郵四庫(kù)全書郵票

胡昊

曾是皇宮用紙,幾近失傳后登上國(guó)際郵展

斯德哥爾摩國(guó)際郵展的主辦方是鼎鼎大名的英國(guó)倫敦皇家集郵協(xié)會(huì),這是世界上第一個(gè)集郵協(xié)會(huì)。今年正好度過150周年慶典的倫敦皇家集郵協(xié)會(huì),把慶典活動(dòng)放在了瑞典首都斯德哥爾摩。瑞典國(guó)王古斯塔夫六世和英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世還專門為這次慶典活動(dòng)提供了贊助。慶典上展覽的郵集全部來自倫敦皇家集郵協(xié)會(huì)的全球會(huì)員,因此規(guī)??涨?。

馬丁·默克在業(yè)內(nèi)同樣鼎鼎大名。他是國(guó)際著名鋼版雕刻師,除了郵票和紙鈔雕刻外,還涉獵插畫、水彩畫和油畫創(chuàng)作,為許多國(guó)家以及聯(lián)合國(guó)創(chuàng)作過鈔郵和紀(jì)念藝術(shù)作品。此次,他選擇開化紙作為郵票的材質(zhì)。馬丁認(rèn)為只有這樣才能展現(xiàn)版刻的最佳效果。而成品證明,開化紙?jiān)卩]票行業(yè)的應(yīng)用前景非常樂觀。

“我國(guó)雖然發(fā)明了造紙,在郵票100多年的使用史上,國(guó)外郵票使用中國(guó)紙尚屬首次?!敝形魑墓偶票尽~版畫收藏家劉揚(yáng)是推動(dòng)開化紙參加國(guó)際郵展的直接促成者。近年來,他向很多國(guó)內(nèi)外公益大使推薦開化紙,“開化紙能夠被做成大師的印樣,前去參加國(guó)際展覽和比賽,與國(guó)際名牌紙同臺(tái)競(jìng)技,說明開化紙完全可以作為當(dāng)代國(guó)際郵票體裁作品的載體。一旦推廣使用,這種紙會(huì)在藝術(shù)品市場(chǎng)上散發(fā)獨(dú)特魅力?!?/p>

蜚聲海外的開化紙,在國(guó)內(nèi)也享有極高的聲譽(yù)。比如,用開化紙印制的徐永才大師的雕版凹印作品《齊白石》,就廣受各界好評(píng)。

許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)的大師在試用過開化紙之后,都與開化紙研究院進(jìn)行了深入交流。他們認(rèn)為,開化紙的白度高,紙張輕薄、通透,開化紙承載的作品線條干凈又不失厚重。

前世

盡管開化紙這幾年被大家重新認(rèn)識(shí),但在此之前,開化紙?jiān)划?dāng)作業(yè)已失傳的傳統(tǒng)技藝,即便在浙江省第三批非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄申報(bào)中,都提到開化紙“造紙作坊已經(jīng)全部停業(yè)”“造紙工藝只有一位91歲的老人有些技藝,后繼無人”。

既然紙質(zhì)優(yōu)良,為何“后繼無人”了呢?

其實(shí),開化紙以產(chǎn)地得名,大溪邊、小溪邊、封家和青陽(yáng)一帶遺有諸多古紙槽和抄紙工具。開化紙抄造起始于唐,盛于明清。

明成化年間,浙江右參政陸容在他的《菽園雜記》中,曾詳盡記載了當(dāng)時(shí)衢州常山、開化的造紙術(shù):“衢之常山、開化等縣人以造紙為業(yè)。其造法采楮皮蒸過,擘去粗質(zhì),糝石灰,浸漬三宿,蹂之使熟,去灰。又浸水七日,復(fù)蒸之。濯去泥沙。曝曬經(jīng)旬,舂爛,水漂,入胡桃藤等藥。以竹絲簾承之。俟其凝結(jié),掀置白上,以火干之。白者以磚板制為案卓狀,圬以石灰而厝火其下也?!边@段記載對(duì)于今天來了解明代衢州造紙的過程,從原料、配料到制作工藝,都有很高的經(jīng)濟(jì)史料價(jià)值。據(jù)說,當(dāng)時(shí)還記錄了洪武至成化年間,內(nèi)府使用開化紙作為榜紙的情況。

到清康乾時(shí)期,開化紙?jiān)诨蕦m內(nèi)府的影響力達(dá)到了極致,許多名貴典籍均為開化紙的刻寫本。清代順治、康熙、雍正、乾隆時(shí)宮庭刊書以及揚(yáng)州詩(shī)局的書多用這種紙,比如揚(yáng)州詩(shī)局的《全唐詩(shī)》,康熙殿版《御纂周易折中》《周易本義》,乾隆四十七年抄成的正本《四庫(kù)全書》,乾隆刊《冰玉山莊詩(shī)集》,以及《芥子園畫傳》等典籍,均采用了當(dāng)時(shí)聞名遐邇的開化紙。開化紙也有了“貢紙”一說。

近代大藏書家周叔弢先生在全面收藏整理清代“開化紙”印本的基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)為乾隆朝的開化紙達(dá)到古代造紙之頂峰。由于開化紙印出的書籍高雅大方,美觀漂亮,所以歷來受到藏書家的追捧,價(jià)格也極其昂貴。

值得一提的是,現(xiàn)保存于國(guó)家圖書館地下的文津閣《四庫(kù)全書》用的也是開化紙。作為中國(guó)歷史上規(guī)模最大的叢書,這部盛世巨帙在修成至今的兩百多年間,歷經(jīng)坎坷,最初繕寫的7部現(xiàn)僅存3部半。其中,文津閣《四庫(kù)全書》保存最為完整,且是原架、原函、原書一體存放的唯一一部藏書。

58歲的國(guó)家圖書館研究館員趙前與文津閣《四庫(kù)全書》相守30多年?!皠偟金^里時(shí),館里的老先生就和我說,《四庫(kù)全書》用的都是可久藏的開化榜紙?!壁w前對(duì)于這部鴻篇巨制的評(píng)價(jià)是:“紙壽千年、細(xì)膩潔白、簾紋不顯、溫軟柔潤(rùn)……”那些關(guān)于開化紙風(fēng)華絕代的種種傳說,在彌漫奇香的《四庫(kù)全書》書庫(kù)中都有了現(xiàn)實(shí)印證。

到清咸豐后,開化成了太平天國(guó)在浙江西部的主戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),兵燹(xiǎn)降臨導(dǎo)致“紙槽荒圮,工匠流亡”,加之抄紙核心原料逐漸枯竭,到了清末,民間抄紙走向沒落,工藝也隨之失傳。

今生

2008年8月,開化當(dāng)?shù)卣块T開始著手申報(bào)開化貢紙制作技藝進(jìn)入第三批省級(jí)非遺保護(hù)名錄,并提出逐步加大投入,讓開化紙重新面世。

2012年,開化紙傳統(tǒng)技藝研究中心主任黃宏建開始研究恢復(fù)開化紙工藝,成立了“開化紙工藝恢復(fù)研究會(huì)”,搜集整理其工藝和配方資料,落實(shí)場(chǎng)地規(guī)劃,對(duì)開化紙進(jìn)行深入挖掘研究和傳統(tǒng)技藝恢復(fù),取得一定的進(jìn)展和成果。

近年來,在復(fù)旦大學(xué)中華古籍保護(hù)研究院、國(guó)家古籍保護(hù)中心、國(guó)家圖書館的大力支持下,開化紙傳統(tǒng)技藝研究取得了突破性進(jìn)展,紙樣也得到了國(guó)內(nèi)外業(yè)界的高度認(rèn)可?!翱梢赃@么說,我們已成功恢復(fù)了中華民族最好紙張之一的開化紙制作工藝,開化紙?jiān)趬勖现辽倏蛇_(dá)2800多年。”2017年底,在開化紙制作工藝及開化紙本文獻(xiàn)國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)上,中科院院士、復(fù)旦大學(xué)中華古籍保護(hù)研究院院長(zhǎng)楊玉良宣布說。

“一般印書用的輕型紙保存年限在20多年,而我們恢復(fù)的開化紙壽命長(zhǎng)達(dá)2800多年,這不得不令人驚嘆?!遍_化縣作家協(xié)會(huì)主席、長(zhǎng)篇小說《國(guó)楮》作者孫紅旗說。黃宏健告訴大家:“接下來,主要進(jìn)入試用階段,通過有關(guān)古籍單位的修復(fù)、印制實(shí)踐,來確定產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,讓‘開化紙更好地復(fù)興?!?/p>

Kaihua?Paper-making?Reborn

By?Hu?Hao

The?sensational?release?of?postage?stamp?Sailboat,?designed?by?world-renowned?stamp?engraver,?illustrator?and?artist?Martin?Morck,?at?the?International?Philatelic?Exhibition?in?Stockholm?from?May?29?to?June?2,?not?only?brought?the?“Belt-and-Road”?element?into?the?exhibition?but?marked?the?significant?debut?of?“Made?in?China”?Kaihua?paper?on?such?a?prestigious?philatelic?stage.?More?importantly,?the?paper?on?which?the?stamp?is?printed?also?brought?a?dying?paper-making?craft?from?a?small,?ancient?county?in?western?Zhejiang?Province?into?the?global?spotlight.

Sponsored?by?the?Royal?Philatelic?Society?London,?the?worlds?first?one?of?its?kind,?the?Stockholm?event?of?this?year?was?specially?designed?to?celebrate?the?organizations?150th?birthday,?and?received?enthusiastic?backing?from?the?King?of?Sweden?and?Queen?Elizabeth?II?of?the?United?Kingdom,?drawing?an?unprecedented?turnout?from?the?organizations?global?members.

Inspired?by?nature,?Morck?is?never?tired?of?engraving,?painting?and?illustrating.?The?Denmark-based?Norwegian?stamp-engraving?master?has?left?his?mark?in?memorial?works?made?for?the?United?Nations,?and?has?engraved?two?series?of?stamps?for?China?since?2010,?including?a?set?of?portraits?on?European?musicians.?His?work?has?created?a?lot?of?buzz?among?Chinas?stamp?collectors.?This?time,?he?chose?Kaihua?paper?for?his?creation?in?order?to?bring?about?the?best?of?the?art?of?stamp-engraving;?and?the?result?is?a?beautiful?masterpiece?that?shows?the?vast?possibilities?of?the?use?of?this?unique?paper-making?craftsmanship?in?such?a?demanding,?highly-specialized?field.

“Before?this,?China-made?paper?had?never?been?used?for?stamp-making?in?foreign?countries?in?the?hundred-year-long?history?of?postage?stamps,”?reveals?Liu?Yang,?a?Chinese?collector?specialized?in?copperplate?etching.?Liu?is?also?the?pusher?behind?the?marriage?of?Kaihua?paper?and?the?Stockholm?exhibition.?Over?the?past?few?years,?Liu?has?spared?no?effort?to?recommend?Kaihua?paper?to?public?welfare?ambassadors?for?possible?use?in?and?outside?China.

In?China,?Kaihua?paper?enjoys?a?fine?reputation,?and?adds?lust?to?Qi?Baishi,?a?masterpiece?named?after?the?art?master?(1864-1957)?by?master?engraver?Xu?Yongcai.?The?special?texture?and?superb?quality?of?the?paper?has?garnered?the?attention?of?many?artists?across?the?globe?for?its?purity,?thinness?and?an?ideal?level?of?transparency.?It?is?widely?regarded?as?a?fine?material?that?endows?the?art?work?it?carries?with?supreme?cleanness?and?stately,?enduring?beauty.

Expertise?in?making?Kaihua?paper?is?disappearing,?although?recent?years?have?seen?the?significance?of?this?hidden?gem?being?reevaluated.?In?Kaihua?County,?a?91-year-old?man?is?the?only?one?who?can?claim?to?have?the?complete?know-how.?And?there?is?almost?nowhere?to?learn?the?art.

Dating?back?to?the?Tang?Dynasty?(618-907)?of?China,?the?craftsmanship?peaked?during?the?Ming?(1368-1644)?and?Qing?(1644-1911)?dynasties?of?China.?The?paper-making?process?practiced?by?paper-makers?in?Changshan?and?Kaihua?during?the?Chenghua?years?of?the?Ming?Dynasty?was?recorded?in?great?detail?in?a?book?written?by?Lu?Rong,?then?a?government?affairs?chief.?The?book?also?reveals?that?for?a?long?time?the?paper?made?by?artisans?in?Kaihua?and?Changshan?was?used?to?make?imperial?edicts.

The?reputation?of?Kaihua?paper?peaked?in?the?years?Emperor?Kangxi?and?Emperor?Qianlong?of?Qing?Dynasty,?with?the?paper?used?for?rare?books,?such?as?Collected?Tang?Poems?published?by?Yangzhou?Poetry?Publishing?House,?which?was?run?by?the?imperial?court.

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