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妊娠早期低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒搏動(dòng)指數(shù)與不良妊娠結(jié)局的關(guān)系

2019-09-07 07:55何碧媛周毓青
關(guān)鍵詞:胎盤(pán)早剝子癇前期

何碧媛 周毓青

[摘要] 目的 探討妊娠11~13+6周子宮動(dòng)脈血流的搏動(dòng)指數(shù)(UtA-PI)、阻力指數(shù)(UtA-RI)預(yù)測(cè)異常妊娠結(jié)局的可行性。 方法 隨機(jī)選取2017年1月1日~2017年6月31日在上海市長(zhǎng)寧區(qū)婦幼保健院正規(guī)產(chǎn)前檢查的2567例單胎妊娠孕婦為研究對(duì)象。于孕11~13+6周檢測(cè)每位孕婦的雙側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒血流波形,記錄子宮動(dòng)脈UtA-PI、及有無(wú)舒張?jiān)缙谇雄E。隨訪所有研究對(duì)象的妊娠過(guò)程及母胎結(jié)局等情況。 結(jié)果 2567例中,55例因結(jié)構(gòu)畸形或胎死宮內(nèi)于28周前終止妊娠者被剔除,2512例納入統(tǒng)計(jì)。2512例中,發(fā)生不良妊娠結(jié)局359例(占14.29%),包括99例妊娠期高血壓疾病、88例子癇前期、76例胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限、76例小于胎齡兒、11例胎盤(pán)早剝、及9例28周后胎死宮內(nèi)者;余2153例妊娠結(jié)局正常。不良妊娠結(jié)局組UtA-PI值的平均值(1.8)及第90百分位數(shù)(2.4)均高于正常妊娠結(jié)局組(1.68,2.19),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。以UtA-PI第90百分位數(shù)為界值,預(yù)測(cè)嚴(yán)重不良妊娠結(jié)局的敏感性為71%、特異性為75%,預(yù)測(cè)任意一種不良妊娠結(jié)局的敏感性雖低(27%)、但特異性較高(89%),并以預(yù)測(cè)胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限這一不良妊娠結(jié)局的敏感性最低(19%)、但特異性較高(91%)。以UtA-PI第90百分位數(shù)為界值,預(yù)測(cè)各種不良妊娠結(jié)局的陰性預(yù)測(cè)值均較高。 結(jié)論 妊娠11~13+6周時(shí)UtA-PI在低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群中預(yù)測(cè)不良妊娠結(jié)局有一定的臨床價(jià)值,但總體敏感性不高。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 超聲多普勒;子宮動(dòng)脈;子癇前期;胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限;胎盤(pán)早剝;早孕期

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R714.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)06(b)-0072-04

Association of first-trimester uterine artery pulsatility index with adverse outcomes in low-risk pregnancies

HE Biyuan? ?ZHOU Yuqing▲

Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai? ?200051, China

[Abstract] Objective To discuss the feasibility of uterine artery pulsatility indexes (UtA-PI) 11-13+6 weeks in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods From January 1, 2017 to June 31, 2567 singleton pregnancies presented for routine prenatal care in Shanghai Changning Maternity & Infant Health Hospital, who were recruited as the research object. Doppler blood flow waveforms of bilateral uterine arteries of each pregnant woman were detected at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation were measured, the UtA-PI and resistance indexes (UtA-RI), and the presence or absence of early diastolic notching were recorded. The maternal and neonatal outcomes were followed up. Results Among all the 2567 cases, 55 cases were excluded because of termination for fetal abnormalities or fetal death before 28 weeks of gestation, the other 2512 cases were enrolled in this analysis. Among the 2512 cases enrolled, there were 359 cases (14.29%) of adverse outcomes, including, 99 cases of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancies, 88 cases of preeclampsia, 76 cases of fetal growth restriction, 76 cases of small for gestational age, 11 cases of placental abruption, 9 cases of stillbirth; and the remaining 2153 cases had normal outcomes. The mean value and the 90th percentile of UtA-PI were higher in the adverse outcome group (1.8, 2.4) than that in normal outcome group (1.68, 2.19), the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), respectively. By using the 90th percentile of UtA-PI as cut-off value, the sensitivity was 71% and the specificity was 75% in predicting severe adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the sensitivity was low (27%) and the specificity was high (89%) in predicting any kind of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and the sensitivity (19%) was the lowest while the specificity was high (91%) in predicting fetal growth restriction. By using the 90th percentile of UtA-PI as cut-off value, the negative predicting values were high in all groups in predicting each kind of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion UtA-PI at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation shows significance in predicting the development of adverse outcomes in low-risk pregnancies, but provides a low sensitivity.

[Key words] Doppler; Uterine artery; Pre-eclampsia; Fetal growth restriction; Placental abruption; First trimester

子癇前期、胎兒宮內(nèi)發(fā)育遲緩、胎盤(pán)早剝等是孕產(chǎn)婦和圍生兒發(fā)病及死亡的主要原因[1],娠早期識(shí)別這類(lèi)高危妊娠有助于臨床進(jìn)行預(yù)防性控制,從而降低不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生[2]。研究表明大多數(shù)異常妊娠的發(fā)生與子宮-胎盤(pán)受損、胎盤(pán)灌注血流減少有關(guān)[3]。胎盤(pán)局部的灌注不良可直接導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激和內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激、血管擴(kuò)張不足、血液流速代償性增加,引起各種毒性因子釋放,引發(fā)母體系統(tǒng)血管內(nèi)皮損傷,從而引發(fā)子癇前期、胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限等異常妊娠情況[4]。而彩色多普勒超聲檢查應(yīng)用于評(píng)價(jià)子宮動(dòng)脈的血流情況,可間接反映子宮-胎盤(pán)循環(huán)狀況[5]。超聲檢查由于具有安全、可靠及無(wú)創(chuàng)的特點(diǎn),不僅操作方便,且患者依從性好,因而在臨床得到廣泛應(yīng)用[6]。本研究在妊娠早期運(yùn)用多普勒超聲監(jiān)測(cè)子宮-胎盤(pán)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變,探討子宮動(dòng)脈超聲多普勒血流參數(shù)在預(yù)測(cè)不良妊娠結(jié)局中的臨床價(jià)值。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象

收集2017年1月1日~6月31日在上海市長(zhǎng)寧區(qū)婦幼保健院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“我院”)行正規(guī)產(chǎn)前檢查的單胎妊娠孕婦。本研究已獲我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。

1.1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? ①單胎妊娠;②胎兒頂臀長(zhǎng)(CRL)為45~84 mm;③胎兒頸項(xiàng)透明層厚度(nuchal translucency,NT)<2.5 mm;④唐氏血清學(xué)篩查低危。

1.1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? ①胚胎停止發(fā)育;②胎兒染色體異常;③存在重大結(jié)構(gòu)畸形;④孕婦患有高血壓、糖尿病、慢性腎病等基礎(chǔ)性疾病;⑤妊娠期糖尿病;⑥有明顯解剖結(jié)構(gòu)異常。

1.2 研究方法

于妊娠11~13+6周采用彩色多普勒超聲儀檢測(cè)孕婦雙側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒血流。每位孕婦接受檢查前均需簽署知情同意書(shū)。超聲檢測(cè)首先觀察測(cè)量胎兒生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育情況,測(cè)量胎兒NT厚度,然后檢測(cè)雙側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒血流。

1.2.1 使用儀器? 采用GE VolusonE8彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,腹部探頭頻率為1~5 MHz。

1.2.2 子宮動(dòng)脈彩色多普勒血流檢測(cè)方法? 采用經(jīng)腹部檢測(cè)法:取仰臥位,膀胱少量充盈,獲取子宮正中矢狀切面,顯示宮頸管和宮頸內(nèi)口,定位宮頸并局部放大圖像,將超聲探頭逐漸向左側(cè)或右側(cè)上方傾斜至宮體宮頸交界水平,應(yīng)用彩色多普勒在宮頸內(nèi)口水平檢測(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈上升支血流,獲取穩(wěn)定的連續(xù)3個(gè)心動(dòng)周期的子宮動(dòng)脈典型血流波形后,測(cè)量搏動(dòng)指數(shù)(pulsatility index,PI)、阻力指數(shù)(resistance index,RI)。測(cè)量時(shí)注意脈沖多普勒取樣門(mén)寬度設(shè)置為2 mm,聲束與血流方向夾角>30°,收縮期峰值流速>60 cm/s。

1.2.3 數(shù)據(jù)記錄? 記錄每位孕婦的相關(guān)病史信息、雙側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈血流搏動(dòng)指數(shù)(UtA-PI)、雙側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈血流阻力指數(shù)(UtA-RI)、有無(wú)舒張?jiān)缙谇雄E(notching)。取雙側(cè)UtA-PI的平均值進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。

1.2.4 妊娠結(jié)局隨訪? 對(duì)所有研究對(duì)象的妊娠過(guò)程及結(jié)局進(jìn)行隨訪,記錄妊娠終止孕齡及母兒結(jié)局等情況。不良妊娠結(jié)局的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為發(fā)生下列情況中的一種或多種:①發(fā)生早發(fā)型子癇前期、晚發(fā)型子癇前期等妊娠期高血壓疾病;②胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限(fetal growth restriction,F(xiàn)GR):胎兒體重低于其孕齡平均體重第10百分位數(shù)或低于其平均體重的兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;③小于胎齡兒(small for gestational age,SGA):新生兒出生體重低于同胎齡同性別新生兒體重的第10百分位數(shù)或低于平均體重2個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;④胎盤(pán)早剝;⑤妊娠28周后胎死宮內(nèi)。34周之前分娩的子癇前期、胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限、需緊急剖宮產(chǎn)或胎死宮內(nèi)的胎盤(pán)早剝定義為嚴(yán)重不良妊娠結(jié)局。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);采用受試者工作特性曲線(ROC)評(píng)價(jià)各參數(shù)對(duì)子癇前期的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 妊娠結(jié)局

2017年1月1日~2017年6月31日共計(jì)2567例單胎孕婦于11~13+6周納入本研究子宮動(dòng)脈血流超聲多普勒檢測(cè)。其中,55例因于孕28周前終止妊娠而被剔除,包括38例染色體異常或解剖結(jié)構(gòu)畸形、17例發(fā)生胎死宮內(nèi)。余2512例孕婦根據(jù)其妊娠結(jié)局分為不良妊娠結(jié)局組(359例)和正常妊娠結(jié)局組(2153例)兩組,不良妊娠結(jié)局包括子癇前期(88例)、妊娠期高血壓(99例)、FGR(76例)、SGA(76例)、胎盤(pán)早剝(11例)、28周后胎死宮內(nèi)(9例)。

2.2 兩組不同妊娠結(jié)局孕婦的UtA-PI值及預(yù)測(cè)效能比較

2.2.1 UtA-PI值的平均值及第90百分位數(shù)? 不良妊娠結(jié)局組UtA-PI值的平均值及第90百分位數(shù)與正常妊娠結(jié)局組比較,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)表1。

2.2.2 以UtA-PI第90百分位數(shù)為界值的預(yù)測(cè)效能? UtA-PI值預(yù)測(cè)嚴(yán)重不良妊娠結(jié)局的敏感性為71%、特異性為75%,預(yù)測(cè)任意一種不良妊娠結(jié)局的敏感性雖低(27%)、但特異性較高(89%),并以預(yù)測(cè)胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限這一不良妊娠結(jié)局的敏感性最低(19%)、但特異性較高(91%),且總的陰性預(yù)測(cè)值都非常高。見(jiàn)表2。

3 討論

2011年,Nicolaids[7]提出產(chǎn)前診斷進(jìn)入“倒金字塔”時(shí)期,即產(chǎn)前篩查的時(shí)間重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在孕11~13+6周的早孕期,其目的是早期診斷、早期預(yù)防,從生理上及心理上減少孕婦的痛苦。而且,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道如在妊娠早期(孕16周之前)給予子癇前期高危孕婦口服小劑量阿司匹林,可以有效地降低子癇前期及早產(chǎn)的發(fā)病率[8-10]。但如何在妊娠早期有效預(yù)測(cè)子癇前期等高危妊娠仍然是目前產(chǎn)科研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。且有研究表明[11-12],妊娠早期胎兒生物測(cè)量指標(biāo)尚未出現(xiàn)異常時(shí),子宮-胎盤(pán)循環(huán)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)異常,提示子宮-胎盤(pán)循環(huán)障礙可能發(fā)生在前,而胎兒的發(fā)育障礙可能發(fā)生在后。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),異常妊娠結(jié)局組的早孕期UtA-PI值高于正常妊娠結(jié)局組,也提示了發(fā)生異常妊娠結(jié)局的病例在疾病早期就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了子宮動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變,而且這種改變可能與疾病在早孕期的發(fā)生有一定相關(guān)性。因此,通過(guò)早孕期子宮動(dòng)脈超聲多普勒血流監(jiān)測(cè)來(lái)識(shí)別胎盤(pán)血管形成不良的異常情況具有一定的可行性。

本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),正常對(duì)照組UtA-PI值的平均數(shù)為1.68,略低于Pilalis等[13]的研究結(jié)果(1.71),但高于Gomez等[14]的研究(1.57),造成這種輕微差異的原因可能與研究人群(高?;虻臀#┎煌约白訉m動(dòng)脈多普勒檢測(cè)的孕齡有關(guān)。本組孕婦均為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群,且未對(duì)子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒檢測(cè)孕齡進(jìn)行具體分組。因此后續(xù)研究應(yīng)將研究人群及子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒的檢測(cè)孕齡進(jìn)行分組。

UtA-PI不僅反映了收縮期峰值流速和舒張末期流速,還反映了整個(gè)心動(dòng)周期中的平均流速,代表了血流波形的整體情況[15],因此臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值相對(duì)較高。本研究以子宮動(dòng)脈血流PI值的第90百分位數(shù)為界值,預(yù)測(cè)任意一種不良妊娠結(jié)局的敏感性為27%,而對(duì)于嚴(yán)重不良妊娠結(jié)局的檢出率則上升到71%。Martin等[16]的研究結(jié)果顯示,妊娠11~13+6周以子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒PI值的第95百分位數(shù)為界限值,可檢出27%的子癇前期和50%的早發(fā)型子癇前期。說(shuō)明異常妊娠的程度越嚴(yán)重,子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒參數(shù)的敏感性越高。

雖然在妊娠早期監(jiān)測(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化在高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群中有助于改善圍生結(jié)局[17],對(duì)于低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群中出現(xiàn)子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒血流異常的病例運(yùn)用低劑量阿司匹林治療是非常有效的[18],但是子宮動(dòng)脈超聲多普勒參數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)的有效性仍有待于進(jìn)一步研究以證實(shí)[19]。本組研究對(duì)象為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群,研究結(jié)果提示,如果在妊娠早期的孕婦子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒血流正常,則發(fā)生異常妊娠結(jié)局的可能性非常小;但是,對(duì)于妊娠早期子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒血流出現(xiàn)異常的研究對(duì)象,預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)生或出現(xiàn)各種異常妊娠結(jié)局的臨床效能卻并不十分理想,其中以預(yù)測(cè)胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限(19%)的敏感性最低,這可能與異常妊娠的病理生理過(guò)程的復(fù)雜性和異質(zhì)性有關(guān)[20],也不排除與本中心所處地域或孕婦來(lái)源有關(guān),因此今后的研究應(yīng)致力于采用多參數(shù)、多指標(biāo)以及多中心大樣本的數(shù)據(jù)。

綜上所述,妊娠早期低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群子宮動(dòng)脈多普勒搏動(dòng)指數(shù)與不良妊娠結(jié)局有一定的相關(guān)性,但是總的預(yù)測(cè)效能欠佳。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[2]? Bujold E,Roberge S,Nicoladids KH. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of adverse outcomes related to abnormal placentation [J]. Prenat Diagn,2014,34(7):642-648.

[3]? VanWijk MJ,Kublickiene K,Boer K,et al. Vascular function in preeclampsia [J]. Cardiovasc Res,2000,47(1):38-48.

[4]? Monte S. Biochemical markers for prediction of preeclampsia:review of the literature [J]. J Prenat Med,2011,5(3):69-77.

[5]? Afrakhteh M,Moeini A,Taheri MS,et al. Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome [J]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet,2014,36(1):35-39.

[6]? Jamal A,Abbasalizadeh F,Vafaei H,et al. Multicenter screening for adverse pregnancy outcomes by uterine artery Doppler in the second and third trimester of pregnancy [J]. Med Ultrason,2013,15(2):95-100.

[7]? Nicoladids KH. A model for a new pyramid of prenatal care based on the 11 to 13 weeks′ assessment [J]. Prenat Diagn,2011,31:3-6.

[8]? Bujold E,Roberge S,Lacasse Y,et al. Prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy:a meta-analysis [J]. Obstet Gynecol,2010,116(2 Pt 1):402-414.

[9]? Roberge S,Nicolaides KH,Demers S,et al. Prevention of perinatal death and adverse perinatal outcome using low dose aspirin:a meta-analysis [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2013,41(5):491-499.

[10]? Roberge S,Nicolaides KH,Demers S,et al. The role of aspirin dose on the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction:systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2017,216(2):110-120.

[11]? Kafkasl A,Turkcuoglu I,Turhan U. Maternal,fetal and perinatal characteristics of preeclampsia cases with and without abnormalities in uterine artery Doppler indexes [J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2013,26(9):936-940.

[12]? Madzli R,Yuksel MA,Imamoglu M,et al. Comparison of clinical and perinatal outcomes in early- and late-onset preeclampsia [J]. Arch Gynecol Obstet,2014,290(1):53-57.

[13]? Pilalis A,Souka AP,Antsaklis P,et al. Screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction by uterine artery Doppler and PAPP-A at 11-14 weeks′ gestation [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2007,29(2):135-140.

[14]? Gomez O,Martinez JM,F(xiàn)igueras F,et al. Uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation to screen for hypertensive disorders and associated complications in an unselected population [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2005, 26:490-494.

[15]? Albaiges G,Missfelder-Lobos H,Lees C,et al. One-stage screening for pregnancy complications by color Doppler assessment of the uterine arteries at 23 weeks′ gestation [J]. Obstet Gynecol,2000,96(4):559-564.

[16]? Martin AM,Bindra R,Curcio P,et al. Screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction by uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2001,18(6):583-586.

[17]? Li N,Ghosh G,Gudmundsson S. Uterine artery Doppler in high-risk pregnancies at 23-24 gestational weeks is of value in predicting adverse outcome of pregnancy and selecting cases for more intense surveillance [J]. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand,2014,93(12):1276-1281.

[18]? Velauthar L,Plana MN,Kalidindi M,et al. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome:a meta-analysis involving 55,974 women [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2014,43(5):500-507.

[19]? DSilva A,F(xiàn)yfe R,Hyett J. First trimester prediction and prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes related to poor placentation [J]. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2017,29(6):367-374.

[20]? Hafner E,Metzenbauer M,Honfinger D,et al. Comparison between three-dimensional placental volume at 12 weeks and uterine artery impedance/notching at 22 weeks in screening for pregnancy-induced hypertension,pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction in a low-risk population [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2006,27(6):652-657.

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