陳鳳婷 侯琳 韓清昕 于超 吳琍
[摘要]目的探討miR-429在人乳癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)及其對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖和遷移的影響,初步鑒定miR-429的靶基因。方法采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(qPCR)方法檢測(cè)miR-429在人乳癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)。通過MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)和劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)確定miR-429對(duì)人乳癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖和遷移的影響。采用生物信息學(xué)分析、qPCR和蛋白質(zhì)印跡方法鑒定miR-429的靶基因。結(jié)果miR-429在人乳癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231和MCF-7中低表達(dá)。上調(diào)miR-429表達(dá)后,MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖能力被顯著抑制(F=33.106,P<0.05),遷移能力明顯減弱(F=57.59,P<0.05)。過表達(dá)和抑制miR-429后,預(yù)測(cè)靶基因金屬蛋白酶2組織抑制劑(TIMP2)、環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白1(CREB1)mRNA表達(dá)水平均無明顯變化;然而,過表達(dá)miR-429后,TIMP2蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)量顯著降低(F=33.74,P<0.05)。結(jié)論在MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中,過表達(dá)miR-429可抑制細(xì)胞增殖和遷移。miR-429的過表達(dá)可能通過轉(zhuǎn)錄后翻譯抑制TIMP2蛋白在MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),初步鑒定TIMP2是miR-429的靶基因。
[關(guān)鍵詞]微RNAs;乳房腫瘤;細(xì)胞增殖;細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng);金屬蛋白酶2組織抑制劑
[中圖分類號(hào)]R737.9[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2019)03-0325-05
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of microRNA-429 (miR-429) in human breast cancer cell line and its effect on the proliferation and migration of human breast cancer cell, and to preliminarily identify the target genes of miR-429. MethodsQuantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to measure the expression of miR-429 in human breast cancer cell line. MTT assay and wound healing assay were used to investigate the effect of miR-429 on the proliferation and migration of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line. bioinformatics analysis, qPCR, and Western blot were used to identify the target genes of miR-429. ResultsMiR-429 showed low expression in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. After upregulation of miR-429 expression, MDA-MB-231 cells had significant reductions in proliferative capacity (F=33.106,P<0.05) and migration ability (F=57.59,P<0.05). There were no significant changes in the mRNA expression of the predicted target genes TIMP2 and CREB1 after miR-429 overexpression or inhibition; however, there was a significant reduction in the relative expression of TIMP2 protein after miR-429 overexpression (F=33.74,P<0.05). ConclusionOverexpression of miR-429 may inhibit the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cell line and reduce the expression of TIMP2 protein in MDA-MB-231 cell line through post-transcriptional translation, and therefore, TIMP2 is preliminarily identified as the target gene of miR-429.
[KEY WORDS]microRNAs; breast neoplasms; cell proliferation; cell movement; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2
在世界范圍內(nèi),乳癌發(fā)病率位列女性惡性腫瘤之首,居癌癥死亡原因的第6位。目前乳癌的確診主要依靠空芯針穿刺和手術(shù)活檢,對(duì)病人創(chuàng)傷較大。影像學(xué)檢查和血液檢驗(yàn)主要用于檢查乳癌病人腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移和耐藥,其靈敏度和特異度欠佳。因此,尋找在乳癌發(fā)生和進(jìn)展過程中起關(guān)鍵作用的特異腫瘤標(biāo)志物對(duì)于乳癌的診斷治療至關(guān)重要。微RNAs(miRNAs)是單鏈非編碼RNAs,20~25個(gè)核苷酸長(zhǎng)度,屬于一類新的內(nèi)源性干擾RNAs[1]。其通過與靶基因mRNA 3′非編碼區(qū)結(jié)合,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄后基因沉默具有重要作用。miRNAs及其靶基因作為腫瘤標(biāo)志物在乳癌發(fā)生和進(jìn)展中的作用是目前研究的熱點(diǎn)。miR-429作為癌基因或抑癌基因在多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要作用[2]。已有研究顯示,乳癌組織miR-429的表達(dá)較癌旁組織明顯減低。miR-429在不同人乳癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)存在差異[3]。關(guān)于miR-429在人乳癌組織中的靶基因及其生物學(xué)功能研究較少,且存在一定的爭(zhēng)議。有研究結(jié)果證實(shí),在人乳癌組織中,miR-429通過下調(diào)ZEB1、CRKL、LIMK1、PLCG1等靶基因的表達(dá),參與腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、遷移、侵襲等惡性生物學(xué)行為[4-6],發(fā)揮抑癌作用。因此,探討miR-429在乳癌中的作用機(jī)制,關(guān)鍵是研究miR-429及其靶基因的作用。本研究旨在探討miR-429在人乳癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)情況,以及miR-429過表達(dá)和抑制對(duì)人乳癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖和遷移的影響,并初步鑒定miR-429的靶基因,為明確miR-429參與乳癌的作用機(jī)制及尋找乳癌診斷、治療的標(biāo)志物提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1材料與方法
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
人乳癌細(xì)胞系MCF-7(青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室);人乳房上皮細(xì)胞系MCF-10A、人乳癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231(青島大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室);miR-429 mimics、mimics NC、inhibitors NC、miR-429 inhibitors、Cy3標(biāo)記的mimics NC(上海吉瑪公司);RIPA裂解液、BCA蛋白質(zhì)定量試劑盒(北京索萊寶科技有限公司);BI胎牛血清(青島博康生物科技有限公司);DMEM/High Glucose培養(yǎng)液(美國(guó)Hyclone公司);MTT試劑(Sigma公司);Trizol Reagent(Invitrogen公司);TransIntroTM EL Trans-fection Reagent、熒光定量PCR Mix、反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、鼠抗人GAPDH抗體(北京全式金生物技術(shù)有限公司);引物(上海桑尼生物科技有限公司);兔抗人金屬蛋白酶2組織抑制劑(TIMP2)和環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白1(CREB1)抗體(恩晶生物);辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG、山羊抗鼠IgG(北京博奧森公司)。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞用含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10胎牛血清、10 g/L青鏈霉素混合液的DMEM/High Glucose培養(yǎng)液,在37 ℃、含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2的培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)至對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期時(shí)用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.2細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染和分組取生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好的細(xì)胞按每孔2×105接種于6孔板,待細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)40%~60%時(shí)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染。根據(jù)miRNA mimics和Trans-IntroTM EL Transfection Reagent轉(zhuǎn)染操作說明,用Cy3標(biāo)記的mimics NC和TransIntroTM EL Transfection Reagent轉(zhuǎn)染試劑優(yōu)化轉(zhuǎn)染條件。轉(zhuǎn)染后12 h更換含血清培養(yǎng)液并于熒光顯微鏡下觀察轉(zhuǎn)染效率。最佳轉(zhuǎn)染條件為:mimics NC 12.5 μL、TransIntroTM EL Transfection Reagent 5 μL。細(xì)胞按轉(zhuǎn)染不同分為miR-429 mimics組(A組)、mimics NC組(B組)、control組(C組)、inhibitors NC組(D組)和miR-429 inhibitors組(E組)。細(xì)胞繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24~48 h用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.3MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖活力取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞消化后接種于96孔板,每孔約6 000個(gè)細(xì)胞,每組設(shè)置5個(gè)復(fù)孔,共鋪4塊板。待細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)到40%進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染。每天取一板細(xì)胞用MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖活力。從轉(zhuǎn)染12 h后開始檢測(cè),每孔加入5 g/L的MTT 10 μL,放入培養(yǎng)箱中孵育4 h,然后棄去培養(yǎng)液,加入100 μL DMSO溶解甲瓚顆粒。酶標(biāo)儀設(shè)置震板5 min溶解甲瓚顆粒,檢測(cè)490 nm波長(zhǎng)處各孔吸光度(A)值,以轉(zhuǎn)染后培養(yǎng)時(shí)間為橫軸、A值為縱軸制作細(xì)胞增殖曲線。
1.2.4細(xì)胞劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞接種于6孔板,待細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)到40%~60%時(shí)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染,待細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)到90%時(shí)進(jìn)行劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)。分別于劃痕0、24 h時(shí)觀察細(xì)胞遷移情況并拍照。應(yīng)用Image-Pro Plus 6.0軟件計(jì)算劃痕面積,結(jié)果取3次重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的均值。計(jì)算24 h劃痕愈合率[(0 h劃痕面積-24 h劃痕面積)/0 h劃痕面積×100%]。
1.2.5生物信息學(xué)方法預(yù)測(cè)并篩選miR-429靶基因以miR-429為檢索詞,分別在miRanda、Targetscan和Pictar數(shù)據(jù)庫中篩選miR-429可能的靶基因,將至少兩個(gè)軟件都能預(yù)測(cè)到的基因作為其可能的靶基因。為了深入了解miR-429對(duì)乳癌細(xì)胞生物學(xué)功能的影響,將預(yù)測(cè)得到的miR-429靶基因進(jìn)行GO富集分析,選擇富集了參與調(diào)控癌細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、遷移、侵襲等生物學(xué)行為的靶基因。通過miRNA CancerMap數(shù)據(jù)庫和文獻(xiàn)分析排除已驗(yàn)證過的靶基因,最終選取TIMP2、CREB1、EDNRA、TUBB、DUSP1、MED13、LRP1、GDI2、GABPA、UBE2B、EPS8、MYCN、PLK2、OCLN等作為待測(cè)的miR-429靶基因。
1.2.6實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(qPCR)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞miR-429表達(dá)水平和預(yù)測(cè)靶基因mRNA表達(dá)水平將轉(zhuǎn)染miR-429 mimics、mimics NC、inhibitors NC、miR-429 inhibitors的MDA-MB-231和MCF-7細(xì)胞以及只加TransIntroTM EL Transfection Reagent的control組細(xì)胞分別用Trizol法提取總RNA,測(cè)定各組RNA濃度,根據(jù)A260/280值判斷RNA純度。各組RAN A260/280均在1.8~2.0區(qū)間內(nèi),純度較高。按照逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說明將RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄條件如下:65 ℃、5 min,冰上孵育2 min;42 ℃、15 min,85 ℃、5 s。根據(jù)qPCR試劑盒說明配制反應(yīng)體系。反應(yīng)條件為:94 ℃、30 s; 94 ℃、5 s,60 ℃、30 s,40個(gè)循環(huán)。各待測(cè)基因引物序列見表1。每組樣品至少設(shè)置3個(gè)復(fù)孔,實(shí)驗(yàn)至少重復(fù)3次。以2-△△Ct計(jì)算目的基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。
1.2.7Western blot方法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞TIMP2蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)量將上述5組細(xì)胞棄培養(yǎng)液,用PBS沖洗3次,加入RIPA裂解,提取總蛋白。采用BCA法測(cè)定蛋白濃度。加入6×Protein Loading Buffer后煮沸5 min。在120 g/L SDS-PAGE分離膠+50 g/L濃縮膠的凝膠系統(tǒng)中電泳分離蛋白,然后將蛋白電轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移至0.45 μm的PVDF膜上。條帶用50 g/L的脫脂奶粉在搖床上室溫封閉2 h,用對(duì)應(yīng)的1∶1 000稀釋的鼠抗人GAPDH抗體、兔抗人TIMP2抗體、兔抗人CREB1抗體在搖床上室溫孵育2.5 h,4 ℃孵育過夜。TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min。用對(duì)應(yīng)的二抗室溫孵育1 h,重復(fù)TBST洗膜步驟,按說明配制ECL發(fā)光液并顯影。應(yīng)用Fusion FX7成像系統(tǒng)拍照并分析,目的蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量=目的蛋白灰度值/GAPDH灰度值。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 20.0和Graphpad Prism 5軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,樣本間比較采用析因設(shè)計(jì)的方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1miR-429對(duì)MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖活力影響
miR-429表達(dá)情況與培養(yǎng)時(shí)間存在交互效應(yīng)(F=5.941,P<0.05),miR-429表達(dá)對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖有顯著影響(F=33.106,P<0.05),從培養(yǎng)3 d開始各組的增殖水平開始出現(xiàn)差異(F=24.468、19.130,P<0.05)。培養(yǎng)3、4 d時(shí)miR-429 mimics組細(xì)胞增殖能力較control組、inhibitors NC組、miR-429 inhibitors組明顯減低(t=5.193~7.338,P<0.05),而miR-429 mimics組和mimics NC組細(xì)胞增殖能力無顯著差異(t=1.243、3.121,P>0.05)。見圖1。
2.2miR-429對(duì)MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞遷移能力影響
miR-429 mimics組、mimics NC組、control組、inhibitors NC組、miR-429 inhibitors組細(xì)胞的劃痕愈合率分別為0.101±0.043、0.139±0.010、0.413±0.020、0.416±0.066和0.361±0.064,miR-429的表達(dá)對(duì)MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞遷移能力有顯著影響(F=57.59,P<0.05)。組間兩兩比較,miR-429 mimics組和mimics NC組細(xì)胞遷移能力差異無顯著意義(t=1.199,P>0.05),miR-429 mimics組細(xì)胞遷移能力較control組、inhibitors NC組、miR-429 inhi-bitors組明顯減低(t=9.708~11.640,P<0.05)。
2.3miR-429在人乳癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231和MCF-7中的表達(dá)
與非致瘤的上皮細(xì)胞系MCF-10A相比,人乳癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231和MCF-7中miR-429的相對(duì)表達(dá)量分別為0.009±0.002(n=3)和0.007±0.002(n=4),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=921.264、1 233.490,P<0.05),結(jié)果表明miR-429在人乳癌MDA-MB-231和MCF-7細(xì)胞系中低表達(dá)。
2.4過表達(dá)或抑制miR-429后預(yù)測(cè)靶基因mRNA水平的變化
通過生物信息學(xué)結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)分析的方法得到預(yù)測(cè)靶基因TIMP2和CREB1。在MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞和MCF-7細(xì)胞中分別過表達(dá)和抑制miR-429,采用qPCR檢測(cè)各靶基因的mRNA表達(dá)水平變化。與control組相比,在MDA-MB-231和MCF-7細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)和抑制miR-429,TIMP2和CREB1 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)水平無明顯變化(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.5miR-429對(duì)MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中TIMP2蛋白表達(dá)的影響
miR-429 mimics組TIMP2蛋白表達(dá)明顯低于mimics NC組、control組、inhibitors NC組和miR-429 inhibitors組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=33.74,P<0.05);而CREB1蛋白在各組細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=2.557,P>0.05)。見表3。
3討論
目前,miR-429在乳癌中的生物學(xué)功能的研究較少。LI等[4]的研究結(jié)果表明,miR-429-5p通過LIMK1/CFL1通路顯著抑制人乳癌MDA-MB-231和HCC1937細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。秦科宇等[3]的研究表明,miR-429能夠顯著促進(jìn)人乳癌Bcap37細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移。本研究采用qPCR方法檢測(cè)顯示,miR-429在人乳癌MDA-MB-231、MCF-7細(xì)胞系中特異性表達(dá)下調(diào)。miR-429 mi-mics組較control組和inhibitors NC組細(xì)胞增殖、遷移能力減低,說明過表達(dá)miR-429可明顯抑制人乳癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖和遷移。這與LI等[4]的研究結(jié)果相一致。本文MTT和劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,miR-429 mimics組和mimics NC組細(xì)胞增殖和遷移能力無顯著差異,可能是因?yàn)閙imics NC樣品不純。外源性補(bǔ)充miR-429 inhibitors對(duì)人乳癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖和遷移能力無明顯影響,可能是由于單鏈miR-429 inhibitors對(duì)內(nèi)源性miR-429抑制作用不顯著。miR-429在不同人乳癌細(xì)胞系中發(fā)揮不同作用,可能與該細(xì)胞系中miR-429及其靶基因表達(dá)譜相關(guān),也可能與其所處的腫瘤微環(huán)境不同有關(guān)。
miR-429對(duì)TIMP2的靶向調(diào)控作用已經(jīng)在肺癌A549細(xì)胞系中得到證實(shí)[7]。該研究結(jié)果顯示,miR-429在A549細(xì)胞中高表達(dá),外源性過表達(dá)miR-429可顯著促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲。本文研究結(jié)果顯示,過表達(dá)miR-429的人乳癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中,TIMP2蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯減低,而TIMP2 mRNA表達(dá)水平則無明顯變化,間接說明TIMP2是miR-429的靶基因,miR-429在蛋白質(zhì)翻譯過程中下調(diào)TIMP2的表達(dá)。
TIMP2是一種基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)抑制劑,被認(rèn)為是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的抑制因子。目前已在多種惡性腫瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)了TIMP2的表達(dá)失調(diào)[8-11]。有研究表明,TIMP2在乳癌[12-13]、卵巢癌[14]、肺癌[15]中呈高表達(dá)。TIMP2在體外降低生長(zhǎng)因子介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞增殖水平[16],抑制新生血管生成和腫瘤生長(zhǎng)[17],不是通過抑制MMP的活性[16]。miR-429在腫瘤中的作用取決于TIMP2的多功能作用[18]。關(guān)于TIMP2在乳癌中抑癌作用的研究較少。本研究通過蛋白質(zhì)印跡實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,miR-429對(duì)TIMP2的抑制作用顯著。由本文MTT和劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果可推測(cè),miR-429抑制細(xì)胞增殖和遷移并不全是通過下調(diào)TIMP2的表達(dá)而實(shí)現(xiàn)。
已有研究對(duì)miR-429在癌癥中的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行了探討。WANG等[19]研究結(jié)果表明,miR-429通過靶向TRAF6抑制NF-κB途徑進(jìn)而抑制肝癌的進(jìn)展。TANG等[20]研究表明,miR-429通過靶向抑制PTEN的表達(dá),激活PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致β-連環(huán)蛋白的核轉(zhuǎn)位,降低β-連環(huán)蛋白的磷酸化水平,促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移。CHEN等[21]研究結(jié)果表明,miR-429的過度表達(dá)通過抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路,抑制卵巢上皮癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和化學(xué)耐藥。生物信息學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,miR-429調(diào)控多個(gè)靶基因及信號(hào)通路。miR-429參與乳癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制尚不明確,乳癌中miR-429更多的靶基因及miR-429調(diào)控TIMP2發(fā)揮抑癌作用的機(jī)制尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)