毛文姣 張紅梅
[摘要] 腸道微生物群的改變被認(rèn)為腸易激綜合征(IBS)發(fā)病機(jī)制的病因。腸道菌群-免疫失調(diào)導(dǎo)致腸道微環(huán)境的改變,誘發(fā)腸道的低度炎癥。腸道堿性磷酸酶(IAP)通常能保護(hù)宿主免受腸道炎癥和主要在結(jié)腸內(nèi)的組織損傷,是維持腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定所必需的重要黏膜防御因子,被認(rèn)為是腸道微生物群組成的潛在調(diào)節(jié)器?;诖耍琁AP相關(guān)通路可能是闡明針刺對腸道菌群-免疫穩(wěn)定作用分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制的新切入點(diǎn),促進(jìn)對從脾論治與調(diào)控腸道菌群關(guān)系的認(rèn)識,豐富中醫(yī)從脾論治的科學(xué)內(nèi)涵。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腸易激綜合征;腸道微生物;腸道堿性磷酸酶;腸道菌群-免疫失調(diào)
[中圖分類號] R246.1 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)10(a)-0126-04
Based on intestinal alkaline phosphatase signaling pathway to discuss the mechanism of acupuncture maintaining intestinal flora-immune stability
MAO Wenjiao1 ? ZHANG Hongmei2
1.Department of Acupuncture, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing ? 210003, China; 2.Department of Clinical Testing Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing ? 210003, China
[Abstract] The alteration of intestinal microflora is considered to be the cause of the pathogenesis of Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Intestinal flora-immune disorders lead to changes in the intestinal microenvironment, which induce low-grade inflammation of the intestines. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) considered as a potential regulator of intestinal microflora, protects the host from intestinal inflammation and tissue damage mainly in the colon, while is an important mucosal defense factor necessary to maintain the stability of the intestinal environment. Based on the above poinits, IAP-related pathway may be a new entry point to elucidate the molecular biological mechanism of acupuncture on intestinal flora-immune stability, to promote the understanding of the relationship between treatment from spleen and regulation of intestinal flora, and to enrich the scientific connotation of treatment from spleen in Chinese medicine.
[Key words] Irritable bowel syndrome; Intestinal microbiota; Intestinal alkaline phosphatase; Intestinal flora-immune disorders
腸道菌群-免疫異常導(dǎo)致多種疾病,腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是最常見的由腸道菌群異常引起的胃腸病之一,腸道菌群-免疫失調(diào)導(dǎo)致腸道微環(huán)境的改變,誘發(fā)腸道的低度炎癥[1]。腸道微生物群的改變被認(rèn)為是IBS發(fā)病機(jī)制的病因[2]。中醫(yī)理論認(rèn)為,腸道微生態(tài)平衡是脾主運(yùn)化的主要生理特征,腸道菌群失調(diào)和中醫(yī)脾失健運(yùn)互為因果。腸道炎癥破壞腸道內(nèi)平衡,并引起免疫介導(dǎo)的組織損傷。腸道堿性磷酸酶(intestinal alkaline phosphatase,IAP)是一種在腸道中表達(dá)的內(nèi)源性蛋白質(zhì),被認(rèn)為是一種免受定植細(xì)菌損傷的保護(hù)機(jī)制。IAP活性通常能保護(hù)宿主免受腸道炎癥和主要在結(jié)腸內(nèi)的組織損傷。IAP是維持腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定所必需的重要黏膜防御因子[3]。IAP被認(rèn)為是腸道微生物群組成的潛在調(diào)節(jié)器[4]。越來越多的研究顯示,IAP缺乏是腸道炎癥性疾病發(fā)病的主要原因[5-7]。IAP缺乏會自發(fā)增加未感染動物腸道組織中的炎性細(xì)胞因子,包括白細(xì)胞浸潤、上皮層不連續(xù)等,并且能誘導(dǎo)杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少[8]?;谇捌谘芯炕A(chǔ),推測IAP相關(guān)通路可能是闡明針刺對腸道菌群-免疫調(diào)節(jié)的分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制新的切入點(diǎn),能提高從脾論治與調(diào)控腸道菌群關(guān)系的認(rèn)識,豐富中醫(yī)從脾論治的科學(xué)內(nèi)涵。
1 IAP在腸道菌群-免疫中起重要作用
1.1 IAP是維持腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)必需的腸黏膜防御因子
IAP是一種經(jīng)糖基磷脂酰肌醇鍵錨定于腸上皮細(xì)胞頂膜上的糖蛋白,位于十二指腸腸細(xì)胞刷狀緣的頂端微絨毛表面,通過磷脂酶活性釋放到腸腔中,并通過腸道進(jìn)入結(jié)腸。胃腸道IAP的主要功能之一是調(diào)節(jié)十二指腸表面的碳酸氫鹽分泌和酸堿度,調(diào)節(jié)腸道長鏈脂肪酸(LCFA)的吸收,以及內(nèi)毒素脂多糖(LPS)的解毒作用,產(chǎn)生局部腸道和全身抗炎作用。IAP是腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)維持的腸黏膜防御因子[9]。人類重組IAP目前正在進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn)的第2階段,清楚地表明該酶在治療降低GI疾病中的重要性[10]。當(dāng)IAP敲除小鼠腸受到缺血性損傷時,觀察到細(xì)菌向腸系膜淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)位的增加[11]。另一項(xiàng)研究中,確定了IAP可以正向調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生物組的機(jī)制,即腸腔中磷酸化核苷酸的失活[12]。他們觀察到IAP敲除小鼠的管腔內(nèi)容物中的腺者三磷酸ATP比野生型小鼠更多[13]。此外,外源性IAP能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)ATP介導(dǎo)的細(xì)菌生長抑制[12,14]。在小鼠中施用外源性IAP顯示鼠傷寒沙門菌和艱難梭菌相關(guān)疾病活動的嚴(yán)重程度降低,IAP具有快速恢復(fù)腸道正常微生物群的能力[15]。
1.2 IAP影響菌群結(jié)構(gòu)與功能
腸道黏膜免疫由獲得性免疫和固有免疫兩部分組成。漿細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生和釋放的大量分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)是腸黏膜獲得性免疫的主要效應(yīng)分子,潘氏細(xì)胞分泌的多種抗菌肽和杯狀細(xì)胞分泌的黏蛋白是固有免疫的主要活性成分[16]。IAP作為在腸道中表達(dá)的內(nèi)源性蛋白質(zhì),通過以下途徑影響腸道免疫、調(diào)控菌群。
1.2.1 IAP→MUC2→腸道菌群 ?黏蛋白起作用在保護(hù)腸道屏障功能方面的重要作用[17]。IAP活性與黏蛋白顯著相關(guān)。MUC2缺乏導(dǎo)致IAP表達(dá)和脂多糖(LPS)解毒活性受損,缺乏導(dǎo)致腸道菌群易位、腸道菌群穩(wěn)態(tài)失調(diào)并誘發(fā)炎性反應(yīng)[18]。
1.2.2 IAP→ZO-1→腸道菌群 ?腸道堿性磷酸酶是腸黏膜通透性的主要調(diào)節(jié)劑,是緊密連接蛋白(TJS)如ZO-1、claudin-1、claudin-2水平和緊密連接形成的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子[19]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人類細(xì)胞中較高的IAP水平與ZO-1和ZO-2的表達(dá)增加有關(guān),并且在動物研究中得到了相似的結(jié)果[20]。TJS是腸屏障最重要的組成部分,它負(fù)責(zé)維持無菌環(huán)境[21]。在這種微環(huán)境不平衡或屏障失效的情況下,細(xì)菌或細(xì)菌產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入腸道的易位將激活免疫細(xì)胞并觸發(fā)炎性反應(yīng)。
1.2.3 IAP→sIgA→腸道菌群 ?sIgA是腸腔微生態(tài)中重要的免疫球蛋白,在維護(hù)腸腔內(nèi)環(huán)境平衡中具有不可替代的作用。sIgA可很大程度地耐受腸腔內(nèi)的菌群蛋白酶,可以適當(dāng)改善腸腔菌群的組成和維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)。此外,結(jié)合分泌片后的IgA具有抵抗酶類降解的優(yōu)勢,這對于其在腸道中發(fā)揮更大免疫活性提供了便利。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IAP參與腸道特異性IgA產(chǎn)生和分泌,口服IAP補(bǔ)充劑對腸道持續(xù)分泌sIgA有深遠(yuǎn)影響[22-23]。IAP功能缺失或被抑制等異常狀態(tài)下可見腸道菌群失調(diào)、腸道抗炎及自我修復(fù)功能受損。
2 去磷酸化LPS參與腸黏膜免疫屏障功能的維護(hù)和調(diào)節(jié)
2.1 腸道炎癥中去唾液酸化加速了IAP糖蛋白內(nèi)化和缺乏
IAP缺乏是腸道炎癥發(fā)生的主要因素。在沒有感染的情況下,附著在腸細(xì)胞表面新生IAP上的聚糖逐漸去唾液酸化。腸道炎癥發(fā)生時去唾液酸化的發(fā)生促進(jìn)了腸細(xì)胞內(nèi)IAP分子老化,加速了IAP的降解速度。一種由革蘭陰性腸傷寒沙門菌反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的低度非致死性感染,導(dǎo)致了小鼠腸道組織的炎癥發(fā)生,這種抗炎機(jī)制主要在結(jié)腸內(nèi)起作用,但依賴于小腸十二指腸上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生和釋放IAP,在發(fā)生ST感染時顯著增加了IAP脫唾液的基本速率,同時伴有腸細(xì)胞IAP內(nèi)化和降解的增加[8]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證實(shí)在清除了多種感染的小鼠腸細(xì)胞樣本中,腸細(xì)胞表面IAP半衰期的顯著降低和培養(yǎng)基中IAP的豐度降低,并且早期內(nèi)體和溶酶體IAP標(biāo)志物增加與細(xì)胞表面IAP豐度降低相一致[8]。
2.2 TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB相關(guān)信號通路是IAP調(diào)控重要信號途徑之一
先天免疫系統(tǒng)利用模式識別受體(PRRs),主要是Toll樣受體(TLRs),對細(xì)菌入侵提供主要宿主反應(yīng)。LPS是革蘭陰性細(xì)菌外膜的外部脂質(zhì)層,它是構(gòu)成哺乳動物腸道微生物群的重要組成部分[24]。在脊椎動物中,這些磷酸鹽對于LPS與TLR4/MD-2先天免疫受體復(fù)合物的結(jié)合[25],NF-κB信號傳導(dǎo)的起始和免疫應(yīng)答誘導(dǎo)是重要的[26-27]。IAP可以將LPS的脂質(zhì)-A部分去磷酸化為無毒形式,破壞LPS內(nèi)毒素與TLR4信號傳導(dǎo)并抑制細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生。IAP的缺失會導(dǎo)致更高的LPS流入系統(tǒng)循環(huán),LPS的全身易位會引發(fā)過度的炎性反應(yīng),最終通過腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1、IL-6、IL-8和IL-12等促炎細(xì)胞因子[28-29]誘導(dǎo)敗血癥性休克。如果免疫反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重但免疫水平較低[1],它也可刺激與慢性炎癥性疾病相關(guān)的輕度慢性炎性反應(yīng)[30-31]。IAP可能是針刺維持腸道菌群-免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)和重要機(jī)制。
3.1 電針可以改善腸道微生物的多樣性,修復(fù)腸道有益菌定植抗力
針灸在近年來治療IBS中效果顯著,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),電針可以改善腸道微生物的多樣性,恢復(fù)腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)。研究中對25例IBS患者的糞便菌群進(jìn)行16srDNA測序,通過與健康人比較發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS患者腸道菌群微生物多樣性下降、結(jié)構(gòu)異常。電針治療后IBS患者腸道微生物的多樣性增加,菌群失調(diào)情況改善,厚壁菌門/擬桿菌門比值降低,其余各水平失調(diào)菌群的相對豐富度普遍趨于正常,患者癥狀改善與菌群相對豐度變化存在相關(guān)性[32]。
3.2 針刺對TLR2/4-MyD88-NF-κB信號通路良性調(diào)節(jié),參與腸道免疫應(yīng)答
腸道免疫功能紊亂是IBS發(fā)病主要機(jī)制之一,細(xì)胞因子的異常表達(dá)與免疫系統(tǒng)的紊亂密切相關(guān)[33]。最新一項(xiàng)研究[34]評估了IBS-D患者針刺干預(yù)前后IBS患者血清TLR4、Myd88、NF-κB相關(guān)生物活性物質(zhì),發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS-D患者血清TLR4、Myd88、NF-κB水平明顯高于健康對照組。經(jīng)針刺干預(yù)后,TLR4、Myd88、NF-κB水平下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。
4 展望與思考
基于前期研究基礎(chǔ)及國內(nèi)外最新研究進(jìn)展,我們提出了“電針對腸道菌群-免疫的穩(wěn)定作用是通過調(diào)節(jié)IAP相關(guān)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的”的科學(xué)假說。未來的研究可從3個層次逐漸深入:①通過異種移植實(shí)驗(yàn)建立腸道菌群免疫失衡IBS小鼠模型,證實(shí)IBS菌群失調(diào)狀態(tài)加速了IAP糖蛋白內(nèi)化和缺乏,導(dǎo)致腸屏障功能障礙及促炎因子釋放;②通過基因敲除技術(shù)獲得IAP-/-小鼠,觀察IAP在IBS腸道菌群-免疫失衡性的重要作用,探討電針對IAP的干預(yù)作用及調(diào)控途徑的機(jī)制研究,證實(shí)IAP相關(guān)通路可能是針刺維持腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵途徑之一;③通過擴(kuò)大樣本量、多中心合作方式闡明IAP相關(guān)通路在IBS發(fā)病中的作用,有助于闡明針灸作用基礎(chǔ)及作用機(jī)制。從以上3個層面驗(yàn)證電針可以提高IAP活性,發(fā)揮對內(nèi)毒素脂多糖的解毒作用,調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群,調(diào)節(jié)腸屏障功能,恢復(fù)腸道菌群-免疫的穩(wěn)定作用。為針灸治療IBS提供新的科學(xué)依據(jù),進(jìn)一步豐富針灸傳統(tǒng)理論的科學(xué)內(nèi)涵。
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(收稿日期:2019-06-25 ?本文編輯:王曉曄)