王安琪 劉云鵬 盧文卿 鄭春雷 車曉芳
[摘要] 前膠原-賴氨酸、2-酮戊二酸5-雙加氧酶(PLOD)家族包含PLOD1、PLOD2和PLOD3三個成員,分別編碼賴氨酸羥化酶1(LH1)、LH2和LH3,主要作用是通過催化前膠原分子翻譯后的賴氨酸殘基羥化促進膠原的成熟和分泌。PLOD家族蛋白表達(dá)主要受低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1等因子調(diào)控,不僅參與膠原成熟和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)重塑,還能誘導(dǎo)上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。本文擬就PLOD的結(jié)構(gòu)特點、調(diào)控因素、功能及在腫瘤進展中的作用進行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 賴氨酸羥化酶;膠原;腫瘤;轉(zhuǎn)移
[中圖分類號] R730.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)08(c)-0029-04
[Abstract] The procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (PLOD) family includes three members, PLOD1, PLOD2 and PLOD3, and encodes lysine hydroxylase 1 (LH1), LH2 and LH3, respectively. The main role of PLOD is to promote collagen maturation and secretion by catalyzing the hydroxylation on lysine residues of procollagen. The expression of PLODs is mainly regulated by HIF-1, TGFβ-1 and so on. PLODs not only can promote collagen maturation and extracellular matrix remodeling, but also can induce epithelial mesenchymal transformation and can play vital role in tumorigenesis and development. This paper reviews the structural features, regulatory factors, functions of PLOD and its role in tumor progression.
[Key words] Lysyl hydroxylase; Collagen; Tumor; Metastasis
2-酮戊二酸5-雙加氧酶(PLOD)基因家族包括PLOD1、PLOD2、PLOD3三個成員,分別位于染色體1p、3q、7q。PLOD1和PLOD3基因分別編碼727和738個氨基酸的賴氨酸羥化酶1(LH1)和LH3蛋白,而PLOD2基因存在兩種可變剪切,分別編碼737和758個氨基酸的LH2a和LH2b蛋白[1]。該家族屬于2-酮戊二酸依賴性雙加氧酶家族成員,具有賴氨酸羥化酶活性[2],可在Fe2+和2-酮戊二酸(2-OG)存在的條件下形成同源二聚體[3],催化單鏈前膠原賴氨酸羥基化,促進膠原的交聯(lián)與成熟,進而維持細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)穩(wěn)定。LH各亞型的氨基酸序列一致性約為47%[4],在C-端(532-758氨基酸序列)高度保守,包含二聚體形成的關(guān)鍵位點和Fe2+/2-OG的結(jié)合位點[5]。這些位點突變會使酶活性部分或完全喪失,提示二聚體的形成和Fe2+/2-OG的結(jié)合對于其發(fā)揮賴氨酸羥化酶活性至關(guān)重要。雖然目前PLOD家族的調(diào)控機制和功能尚不十分明確,但現(xiàn)有研究提示其在腫瘤進展中有重要作用。
1 PLOD家族的調(diào)控
目前關(guān)于PLOD家族調(diào)控機制的研究尚少?,F(xiàn)有研究提示,一些調(diào)控因子可以通過直接或間接靶向PLOD基因啟動其轉(zhuǎn)錄,上調(diào)其表達(dá)。具體闡述如下:
實體腫瘤呈低氧狀態(tài)時,低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α(HIF-1α)可通過與靶基因的啟動子區(qū)低氧應(yīng)答元件(HRE)結(jié)合上調(diào)其表達(dá)。現(xiàn)已在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤及乳腺癌細(xì)胞中證實,PLOD1和PLOD2啟動子區(qū)包含HRE,低氧處理可通過穩(wěn)定HIF-1α上調(diào)PLOD1和PLOD2表達(dá),增加神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤及乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移能力[6-7]。然而,PLOD3是否也受低氧調(diào)控目前尚無報道。
轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1(TGF-β1)也是PLOD家族調(diào)控的重要因子,可直接或間接轉(zhuǎn)錄PLOD2,也可以通過表觀遺傳機制上調(diào)PLOD的表達(dá)。有研究報道,在滑膜骨關(guān)節(jié)炎成纖維細(xì)胞中,TGF-β1通過與TGF-βⅠ型受體和TGF-βⅡ型受體形成復(fù)合物,促進下游Smad2/3磷酸化,進而與Smad4形成復(fù)合物并轉(zhuǎn)位到細(xì)胞核內(nèi)促進PLOD2轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)[8-9];在人真皮成纖維細(xì)胞中,TGF-β1的刺激可顯著增加PLOD1/2表達(dá)水平,而ⅠκB激酶選擇性抑制劑可逆轉(zhuǎn)TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的PLOD上調(diào),提示TGF-β1可通過激活核因子κB(NF-κB)通路上調(diào)PLOD1/2表達(dá)[10]。還有研究顯示,在人皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞中,TGF-β1可通過促進SP-1及Smad3與PLOD2啟動子內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)錄起始位點(-792/-657)結(jié)合,并募集乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶至PLOD2啟動子區(qū),提高啟動子中組蛋白H3/H4的乙?;剑瑥亩鴨覲LOD2轉(zhuǎn)錄[8]。
Pitx2c/Nkx2.5復(fù)合物,F(xiàn)OXA1及STAT3等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可參與PLOD家族基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄。有研究報道,PLOD1啟動子區(qū)存在7個NKE元件(CAAGTG序列),其中的1個含有Pitx2c與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Nkx2.5的結(jié)合位點,Pitx2c和Nkx2.5與其結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物后可啟動PLOD1轉(zhuǎn)錄[11];在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中磷酸化的表皮生長因子受體激活PI3K/AKT后,其下游轉(zhuǎn)錄因子FOXA1可與PLOD2啟動子直接結(jié)合啟動PLOD2轉(zhuǎn)錄[12]。還有研究顯示,STAT3能促進PLOD2轉(zhuǎn)錄,誘導(dǎo)肺癌細(xì)胞中LH2表達(dá);進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),STAT3并不能與PLOD2啟動子直接結(jié)合,而是與HIF-1α結(jié)合成復(fù)合物后結(jié)合至PLOD2啟動子的HRE區(qū),間接促進PLOD2轉(zhuǎn)錄[13]。
此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)非編碼RNA miR-26a/b-5p和miR-663a也可以在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平抑制PLOD家族蛋白表達(dá)。在膀胱癌中miR-26a/b-5p可通過直接靶向PLOD2 mRNA 3′-UTR的1188-1194位點抑制其表達(dá)[14];內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的miR-663a可直接靶向PLOD3 mRNA的3′-UTR抑制其表達(dá),使LH3水平及Ⅳ型膠原在ECM中的沉積同時減少[15]。還有哪些miRNA、長鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)、環(huán)形RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)等其他非編碼RNA參與PLOD的調(diào)控尚不清楚,還有待于深入探討。
2 PLOD的作用及功能
2.1 羥化單鏈前膠原,促進膠原合成
膠原是細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的主要成分,其合成與PLOD家族密切相關(guān)。前膠原α鏈?zhǔn)悄z原的基本構(gòu)成單位,其最常見的基序為Gly-X-Y(X和Y代表脯氨酸或羥脯氨酸)[2]。膠原合成過程中,Y在需要在LH的催化作用下發(fā)生賴氨酸羥基化修飾,才能進一步自C端向N端自發(fā)形成三螺旋前膠原分子,并分泌至細(xì)胞外后進一步經(jīng)非螺旋末端切割[16]、糖基化修飾或交聯(lián),最終形成穩(wěn)定的膠原束。LH1~LH3均可羥化前膠原螺旋區(qū)的賴氨酸殘基參與上述膠原合成過程;而LH2b亞型還能特異性羥化膠原α鏈端肽的賴氨酸殘基。端肽賴氨酸羥化后可在細(xì)胞外生成成熟的賴氨酰吡啶啉和羥化賴氨酰吡啶啉,促進膠原進一步交聯(lián)[17],增加基質(zhì)硬度,加快腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。另外,LH3還具有特異性半乳糖基羥化賴氨酸-葡糖基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(galactosylhydroxylysine -glucosyltransferase,GGT)和羥化賴氨酸-半乳糖基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(hydroxylysine galactosyltransferase,GT)活性。GGT活性位點位于N-末端(含Asp-X-Asp基序)[4],能夠通過促進Ⅳ型和Ⅵ型等膠原的高度糖基化,維持基底膜及血管結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定。而GT活性的作用還有待于進一步探究??梢姡琇H家族對膠原合成和重構(gòu)的調(diào)控是多種途徑共同發(fā)揮作用,且LH2端肽羥化賴氨酸因為是羥醛賴氨酸途徑的膠原交聯(lián)所必需而更為重要。
2.2 促進肌成纖維細(xì)胞分化
在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,LH3可以作為對接分子,通過與Pro-MMP-9的纖維連接蛋白樣結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合將其由基質(zhì)募集至成纖維細(xì)胞表面并活化,活化的MMP-9進一步激活TGF-β,促進成纖維細(xì)胞分化為肌成纖維細(xì)胞,重塑細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),加速腫瘤進展[18]。由此可見,LH除可以通過其酶活性發(fā)揮作用外,還可以作為對接分子連接功能蛋白發(fā)揮支架作用。
2.3 促進上皮細(xì)胞間-充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)
EMT,指上皮細(xì)胞通過特定程序轉(zhuǎn)化為具有間質(zhì)表型細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)過程。低氧處理后,神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中PLOD2表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),同時與EMT相關(guān)的標(biāo)志物E-鈣黏蛋白下調(diào),波形蛋白上調(diào);而沉默PLOD2可明顯逆轉(zhuǎn)這些蛋白的表達(dá)[6],提示POLD2可促進低氧誘導(dǎo)的EMT。然而,PLOD2是通過其酶活性作用、支架作用還是其他功能促進EMT尚不清楚,有待于進一步深入研究。
3 PLOD在腫瘤中的作用
PLOD家族突變與表達(dá)異常除與VIA型Ehlers-Danlos綜合征、Bruck綜合征及布魯里潰等膠原相關(guān)的非腫瘤疾病相關(guān)外,與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展也密切相關(guān)。PLOD家族在乳腺癌[7]、膽道癌[19]、胃癌、結(jié)直腸癌[20]、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤[6,21]及肝癌[22-23]等多種腫瘤組織中的表達(dá)都高于正常組織,且其表達(dá)水平與腫瘤分期、分化、轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。與早期患者比較,晚期胃癌[24]、膽道癌[19]、膠質(zhì)瘤患者組織[6]中的PLOD1、PLOD2、PLOD3表達(dá)水平更高;低分化結(jié)直腸癌中的PLOD1表達(dá)也明顯高于高分化患者;另有研究顯示,PLOD2、PLOD3高表達(dá)分別與肝癌[22]和胃癌[25]的體積大小呈正相關(guān);利用免疫組化法分析胃癌、結(jié)直腸癌、膽道癌等腫瘤中PLOD2表達(dá)與轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系時發(fā)現(xiàn),PLOD2高表達(dá)與胃癌腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移[24]、膽道癌[19]淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、肝癌[22]的肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān);另外,在膠質(zhì)瘤、乳腺癌、肝癌、胃癌等多種腫瘤中,PLOD高表達(dá)患者生存期均明顯縮短,其中PLOD2還能作為膠質(zhì)瘤[26]、膽道癌[19]、肝癌[22]及胃癌[24]的獨立預(yù)后因素,可見,PLOD家族在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮著重要的促進作用,有望成為潛在的腫瘤治療靶點。當(dāng)然,PLOD家族在腫瘤中的作用機制尚有許多不明之處,還有待于深入探究。同時,PLOD在其他腫瘤中是否高表達(dá)或發(fā)揮作用,也需進一步研究證實。我們相信,隨著PLOD家族的研究進一步深入,其腫瘤促進作用將更加明確。
4 展望
PLOD基因表達(dá)異常與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展進密切相關(guān),應(yīng)用PLOD抑制劑有望成為腫瘤治療的潛在治療策略。然而,目前PLOD家族的調(diào)控機制及其作用機制尚不十分清楚,尚無有效的可應(yīng)用于臨床的PLOD抑制劑。未來可通過明確PLOD在不同疾病中的作用機制,研發(fā)以PLOD為靶點的藥物或抑制劑,為腫瘤的診治做出貢獻。
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(收稿日期:2019-01-30? 本文編輯:任? ?念)