河北 張 偉
眾所周知,在語言學(xué)習(xí)的過程中,“聽”的能力至關(guān)重要,聽和讀屬于輸入環(huán)節(jié),有了好的輸入,才能更好地進(jìn)行輸出,即說、寫,從而進(jìn)一步提升語言學(xué)習(xí)的綜合能力。英語核心素養(yǎng)對“聽”的考查做了明確要求,即通過重音、語調(diào)、節(jié)奏的變化理解說話人所表達(dá)的意義、意圖和情感;通過聽來抓住日常生活語段的大意并獲取其中的主要信息、觀點和文化背景。在高考英語試卷中,聽力試題占有舉足輕重的地位。雖考試時間只有短短的20 分鐘,但聽力試題卻占有30 分的分值,而且沒有復(fù)查的機會,可謂是性價比高卻易丟分的題型。從某種意義上講,得聽力者得英語。因此,了解高考英語聽力試題的命題規(guī)律,掌握聽力試題的應(yīng)試技巧,對教師的日常聽力教學(xué)、指導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)備考和進(jìn)行原創(chuàng)聽力命題都有著至關(guān)重要的意義。下面讓我們通過本文一起解碼如何原創(chuàng)高中英語聽力題。
萬變不離其宗,聽力素材的選擇亦是如此?!犊荚嚧缶V》中的功能意念項目表以及話題項目表為我們選擇聽力素材指明了方向。首先,我們要了解高考聽力素材具備的特點:
1.高考聽力的選材以真實性和交際性為原則,語言材料一般來自于英語國家的真實生活場景,較口語化,對話內(nèi)容取材于日常生活,即衣、食、住、行、工作、學(xué)習(xí)、天氣、生活環(huán)境等話題,這些話題按場景可分為校園、公共場所、家庭等方面,如:shopping,finding the way,doing one’s homework,seeing a doctor,making a phone call,weather report,asking for different kinds of information 等。并且高考英語聽力的十段材料話題不重復(fù),具體參照下表:
近三年高考英語全國卷Ⅰ聽力話題統(tǒng)計表
2.高考英語聽力材料一般先短后長,先易后難??紤]到試題的整體分布,偶爾也會出現(xiàn)先長后短的情況。第一節(jié)短對話,一般為一個回合(一問一答)或者一個半回合,最多不超過兩個回合。長對話后的幾個小題設(shè)置一般均勻分布在對話的每個回合里,很少出現(xiàn)一個回合包含兩個考點的情況。文本的總詞數(shù)控制在820~ 950。近三年高考英語全國卷Ⅰ聽力對話回合數(shù)及文本詞數(shù)見下表:
另外,聽力材料中的詞匯幾乎都是考綱詞匯,但也開始出現(xiàn)熟詞生義的詞匯甚至一些派生詞。比如:2019 年全國卷ⅠText 4 中“M:Hello,my name is John Arber.And I’m calling to ask about the position advertised in Friday’s Daily Mail.W:Yes,the position is still open.You could come over and have a talk with us.”此 處open 為 形容詞,意為“(機會、工作等)可用的,可擁有的”。2019 年全國卷ⅠText 8 中“W:...,all of which have been an invaluable help to me in radio and television reporting.”此處invaluable 為形容詞,意為“無價的,寶貴的”,是考綱詞匯valuable 的派生詞。
了解了高考英語聽力素材的特點后,接下來要做的就是從英文網(wǎng)站搜羅符合上述特征的長、短對話和獨白的素材,并進(jìn)行查重。
選好聽力素材且查重合格后,要對素材進(jìn)行改編以命制相應(yīng)試題。改編時應(yīng)注意以下原則:
1.掃除聽力材料中的詞匯障礙
聽力材料中的詞匯幾乎都是考綱詞匯或其派生詞,因此改編的時候,先要過詞匯關(guān)。生僻詞或超綱詞匯要以易代難,用同義詞或者同義詞組進(jìn)行替換。
2.適當(dāng)調(diào)整文章的長短
拿到一篇素材,先要預(yù)設(shè)命制試題的大概個數(shù)。然后根據(jù)要求,刪除贅余的內(nèi)容,適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)信息,以便于學(xué)生理解。
3.注重整體內(nèi)容的連貫性
在進(jìn)行聽力測驗時,因看不到文字信息,學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)注意力不集中的現(xiàn)象。因此,改編后的素材要符合學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平,注重素材整體內(nèi)容的連貫性,突出口語交際的真實性和實用性。
《考試大綱》提出要以語言的運用為出發(fā)點,多場景,多角度地考查考生的語言交際能力。
1.高考聽力題干的設(shè)置
縱觀近年高考英語試題,其設(shè)問體現(xiàn)了多樣化的特點,5W1H(what,when,where,why,who,how)得到了充分的運用,其中以what 進(jìn)行設(shè)問的一般占10~14 個,其他設(shè)問均衡分布。另外,聽力題干不再是對單一的人稱the man,the woman,the speaker 進(jìn)行設(shè)問,而是出現(xiàn)了真實姓名,如2019 年全國卷Ⅰ中的Jack,James,Mary 等。聽力試題的設(shè)置完全從《考試大綱》出發(fā),從四個角度綜合考查學(xué)生能力。從近三年高考英語全國卷Ⅰ聽力試題來看,考點分布如下:
從上表可以看出,獲取事實性的具體信息和對所聽內(nèi)容做出簡單推斷占總量的80%左右。
理解主旨要義,要求考生整體把握和全面領(lǐng)會所聽內(nèi)容。常見的設(shè)問形式:What are the speakers talking about?What does the speaker mainly talk about?What is the conversation about?
獲取事實性的具體信息,要求考生理解聽力材料的細(xì)節(jié),如時間、價錢、目的、原因、結(jié)果等,同時,還要注意對所聽信息進(jìn)行簡單處理,如數(shù)字運算、同義轉(zhuǎn)換、比較篩選等。常見的設(shè)問形式:What will the woman do tomorrow?How does the woman go to work?When did the speaker take English classes?Why does the woman meet the man?How much will the woman pay for her room per night?Why is Emily mentioned in the conversation?How long did James run his business?
對所聽內(nèi)容做出簡單推斷,要求考生根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容,推斷人物身份、對話雙方的關(guān)系或?qū)υ挵l(fā)生的場合、地點等。常見的設(shè)問形式:What’s the probable relationship between the speakers?What will the woman probably do next?What does the woman mean?Where does the conversation probably take place?
理解說話者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度,要求考生揣摩對話雙方的話外音,對說話者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度進(jìn)行判斷。常見的設(shè)問形式:What does the man say about...?How does the speaker feel about...?What does the woman think of...?What is Kate’s attitude toward her mother’s decision?
高考聽力的題干設(shè)置遵循簡潔、明了的原則,題干長度一般不超過8 個詞,偶爾會有9 詞以上的情況。不會出現(xiàn)生僻詞,沒有復(fù)合句的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),以免增加學(xué)生的閱讀負(fù)擔(dān)。選項設(shè)置能用短語則不用句子,能用省略形式則不用完整結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(2019 年全國卷Ⅰ)16.Why does the woman speak of a study?
A.To encourage the man.
B.To recommend an exercise.
C.To support her findings.
該題以why 進(jìn)行設(shè)問,選項設(shè)置并未使用because...作為答語,而是使用不定式短語,使得選項簡單化。
另外,要注意高考題干中一般不出現(xiàn)否定詞not,基本以肯定形式設(shè)問。
2.正確選項和干擾項的設(shè)置
聽力試題的正確選項多數(shù)是直接給出,也有一些通過同義替換、簡單計算、歸納總結(jié)得出,而干擾項一般是對聽力文本進(jìn)行信息加工,要么張冠李戴,要么無中生有。聽力答案多數(shù)是按順序呈現(xiàn)在文本材料里,不會聲東擊西,讓考生摸不到頭腦。
(1)設(shè)置正確選項常用的方法:
同義替換:把材料中的關(guān)鍵詞換成意義相近的詞,變成正確選項。
如:(2018 年全國卷Ⅰ)6.What does the woman regret?
A.Giving up her research.
B.Dropping out of college.
C.Changing her major.
聽力原文:
W:The biggest mistake I made,uh,was leaving college in my last year and not completing my education.So I’m thinking of going back to school.
M:School?To study what?
W:Ecology.I’m interested in the relationship between humans and nature.
M:Cool.Is it what you studied years ago?
M:No.I majored in chemistry then.
該題考查學(xué)生獲取事實性具體信息的能力,其正確選項的設(shè)置采用同義替換的形式,使用“dropping out of college”替換了原文中的“l(fā)eaving college”,并且干擾項的設(shè)置均與材料內(nèi)容相關(guān)。
簡單計算:一般為數(shù)字題。根據(jù)材料信息,進(jìn)行加減運算,得出正確選項。
如:(2019 年全國卷Ⅰ)17.How much time will the man probably spend exercising weekly?
A.300 minutes.
B.150 minutes.
C.75 minutes.
聽力原文:
...
W:The study showed that people who put in 300 minutes a week of exercise had a 20% lower risk of death due to heart disease.Still,the people who exercised 150 minutes a week did pretty well too,lowering their death risk by 14%.
M:And what about the people who exercise half as much as that,like what I probably do?Does that help?
W:Of course,even 15 minutes would help.
該題考查學(xué)生獲取事實性具體信息的能力,其正確選項需要簡單運算得出。材料中“...half as much as that like what I probably do.”為答題關(guān)鍵信息點。150 minutes的一半,即75 minutes。故選C。
歸納總結(jié):需要對聽力材料進(jìn)行分析,總結(jié)出正確選項。
如:(2018 年全國卷Ⅰ)2.What can we say about the woman?
A.She’s generous.
B.She’s curious.
C.She’s helpful.
聽力原文:
M:Hello.Do you have The Best of Mozart?
W:Um,sorry,we’ve just sold out,but we can order one for you.If you give us your number,we’ll call you when the CD arrives.
該題考查學(xué)生理解說話者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度的能力,需要考生通過對話內(nèi)容歸納總結(jié)出“the woman”的品質(zhì)。
(2)設(shè)置干擾選項常用的方法:
張冠李戴:把原來做該事的“張三”換成“李四”,而所述細(xì)節(jié)卻與原文一致,但不符合題干要求。
如:(2017 年全國卷Ⅰ)5.What is the man going to do?
A.Go on the Internet.
B.Make a phone call.
C.Take a train trip.
聽力原文:
W:I wish I knew the time of the trains to London.But our phone is out of order.
M:Don’t worry,Grandma.I will find out for you on the Internet.
W:Thank you.
該題干擾項B、C 提到的“phone”,“train”都是有關(guān)“woman”的信息,卻換成了“man”執(zhí)行,屬于張冠李戴。
無中生有:以材料中的某個詞為出發(fā)點,賦予一些非文本內(nèi)容,或者似是而非的信息,制造干擾。
如:(2017 年全國卷Ⅰ)2.How will Susan spend most of her time in France?
A.Traveling around.
B.Studying at a school.
C.Looking after her aunt.
聽力原文:
M:Susan,I heard you are going to France,how long will you be staying there?
W:A whole year.My aunt lives there.I’m going to do a one-month course at a language school and spend the rest of time traveling.
該題考查學(xué)生獲取事實性具體信息的能力,其干擾項B 來自“do a one-month course at a language school”,而干擾項C 完全屬于無中生有。文本中提到“My aunt lives there.”,該選項則用“my aunt”做文章,制造干擾。
了解了高考英語聽力試題的命題特點之后,便可以小試牛刀,嘗試原創(chuàng)命題了。以下這篇文章來自可可英語網(wǎng),對話發(fā)生在旅館,內(nèi)容是預(yù)訂房間,符合原創(chuàng)命題的選材標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
原文:
A.Hello,reservation desk.How can I help you?
B.I’d like to book a room.
A.What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We got single rooms,double rooms,standard rooms,suites and deluxe suites.
B.What’s the rate for a standard room?
A.$79 a night.
B.I’d like a standard room.
A.What date would you check in,Ma’am?
B.December 23rd,please.
A.How long do you plan to stay?
B.4 days.
A.Could you give me your name and phone number?
B.Nancy Brown.My phone number’s 709 678 5634.Nancy Brown。
A.Thanks.What time will you arrive?
B.Around 3pm.
A.Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.Can I help you with anything else today?
B.No,that’s it.Thank you very much.
改編:
我們可以看出以上材料答語簡單、內(nèi)容有限。如果要命制3~4 個小題,內(nèi)容量是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。因此,要根據(jù)場景,刪除無用信息,適當(dāng)添加細(xì)節(jié)??紤]到要根據(jù)本文段命制一道數(shù)字計算題,筆者在答語$79 a night 后增加了一些優(yōu)惠信息,便于進(jìn)行簡單計算。另外,增加了旅館的溫馨提示、顧客福利等內(nèi)容。總之,要結(jié)合所選材料,兼顧詞數(shù)、設(shè)題點、詞匯的選用等方面進(jìn)行改編。下文加黑的部分為改編部分。
M:Hello,Reservation Desk.How can I help you?
W:I’d like to book a room.
M:What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We have single rooms,double rooms,and standard rooms.
W:What’s the rate for a standard room?
M:$79 a day.But if you reserve for more than two days,then $75 a day.
W:OK.I’d like a standard room for three days.
M:What date would you check in,Ma’am?
W:December 23,please.
M:Good.Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.
W:I see.By the way,do you have any specials for your guests?
M:Absolutely.We offer free breakfast,free parking and wake-up calls except the entertainment facilities.
W:All right.
M:Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.
命題:
首先,通讀素材,對所命題的部分用斜體標(biāo)出,使得考點分布均勻。其次,要找好設(shè)題點,比如對材料中的to do...,可以以Why...進(jìn)行設(shè)問;當(dāng)出現(xiàn)多個信息并列的時候,可以考查學(xué)生的聽力排查能力,關(guān)注文中的but,however,once,now 等信息,以what 進(jìn)行設(shè)問;材料中有數(shù)字的時候,可以考查學(xué)生的聽辨數(shù)字和簡單計算的能力;對其中評價性的語言,可以考查學(xué)生推斷觀點、態(tài)度的能力等。筆者將上述改編好的素材命題如下:
M:Hello,Reservation Desk.How can I help you?
W:I’d like to book a room.
M:What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We have single rooms,double rooms,and standard rooms.
W:What’s the rate for a standard room?
M:$79 a day.But if you reserve for more than two days,then $75 a day.
W:OK.I’d like a standard room for three days.
M:What date would you check in,Ma’am?
W:December 23,please.
M:Good.Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.
W:I see.By the way,do you have any specials for your guests?
M:Absolutely.We offer free breakfast,free parking and wake-up calls except the entertainment facilities.
W:All right.
M:Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.
1.How much should the woman pay for the room altogether?
A.$225.
B.$229.
C.$237.
2.What is the best time for the woman to check in?
A.At 1:30 pm,Dec.23.
B.At 2:00 pm,Dec.22.
C.At 2:00 pm,Dec.23.
3.Which of the specials can the woman have in this hotel?
A.Free lunch.
B.Free parking.
C.Entertainment facilities.
第1 小題的命制,在于考查學(xué)生聽辨數(shù)字、簡單計算的能力。根據(jù)材料信息可知,一天的價格為$79,如果預(yù)訂兩天以上,每天$75。顧客想要預(yù)訂三天,故做一個簡單的乘法,便可得出正確答案。干擾項B 根據(jù)75×2+79設(shè)置,如果學(xué)生只抓住two days,then $75 a day,就容易算錯。干擾項C 根據(jù)79×3 設(shè)置。第2、3 題均屬于考查學(xué)生獲取具體細(xì)節(jié)信息的能力。第2 小題根據(jù)“Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.”可知答案。該題需要學(xué)生抓住答題關(guān)鍵點that very day 即Dec.23,以及check-in time,2 pm。干擾項的設(shè)置源于語境中的before that time,如果學(xué)生斷章取義,就容易誤選。第3 小題在于考查學(xué)生同類項排查的能力,干擾項均來自文本內(nèi)容。
正所謂“獅子滾繡球,好戲在后頭”,試題命制好之后,優(yōu)化試題環(huán)節(jié)閃亮登場。首先,要從整體上看考點是否全面,5W1H 是否按高考呈現(xiàn)的比例分布,四個角度即理解主旨要義,獲取事實性的具體信息,對所聽內(nèi)容做出簡單推斷,理解說話者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度,是否均已命題,且分配是否合理;其次,要看正確選項是否分布均勻,選項A、B、C 是否是按6、7、7;7、6、7 或7、7、6 的模式呈現(xiàn)。最后,要逐詞逐句研讀聽力材料和試題,看是否存在筆誤導(dǎo)致的大小寫錯誤,英文標(biāo)點、W/M 的標(biāo)注、題號等是否正確,選項是否按一定順序排列等。
以上就是筆者關(guān)于原創(chuàng)聽力試題的一點心得。原創(chuàng)之路雖然辛苦,但令我收獲滿滿。它激勵我更加深入地研究高考試題,進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化聽力教學(xué),提高學(xué)生的聽力成績。它給予我更多的靈感,讓我以更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度投入工作。路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮,吾將上下而求索。原創(chuàng),我一直在路上。