李磊田
摘? 要:健美運(yùn)動(dòng)為了增加肌肉質(zhì)量塑造體型,需要進(jìn)行大量的負(fù)重式訓(xùn)練,在這種負(fù)重訓(xùn)練中因多種原因會(huì)出現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通過(guò)整理總結(jié)前人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在負(fù)重訓(xùn)練項(xiàng)目中,健美訓(xùn)練的骨骼肌肉系統(tǒng)損傷發(fā)生率低于力量舉、舉重和大力士項(xiàng)目,相比一些團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目和身體對(duì)抗項(xiàng)目,損傷率都是較低的。從損傷類(lèi)型和部位來(lái)看,慢性損傷多于急性損傷,肩關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)鷵p傷發(fā)生率最高,關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度受限、上交叉綜合癥等問(wèn)題也常見(jiàn)于健美訓(xùn)練者,訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作技術(shù)不當(dāng)、過(guò)度使用和肌肉發(fā)展不均衡是損傷的主要原因。為了預(yù)防和減少健美負(fù)重訓(xùn)練中的損傷,需要提高訓(xùn)練知識(shí)技術(shù)和重視準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng),也必須注重牽拉和各部位肌肉平衡發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞:健美? 負(fù)重訓(xùn)練? 損傷? 關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G804? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文章編號(hào):2095-2813(2019)08(c)-0040-03
Abstract: Bodybuilding is a weightlifting sport with the aim of increasing muscle mass, symmetry, and body definition, which will lead to the risk of injuries. By summarizing the previous studies, the injury rate is low compared to other weightlifting sports such as powerlifting, Olympic weightlifting or strongman competition. In comparison to team sports or confrontational sports, the injury rate is minimal. Among the injury types, chronic injury is more than acute injury. The incidence of shoulder injury is highest. Limited range of motion and upper cross syndrome are also common in bodybuilding trainers, which mainly due to incorrect training techniques, overuse and strength imbalances. In order to reduce the injuries in bodybuilding training, besides improving training knowledge and skills and paying attention to warming up, improving imbalance and stretching must be emphasized.
Key Words: Bodybuilding; Weighting training; Injury; Range of motion
健美運(yùn)動(dòng)是一項(xiàng)旨在增加肌肉質(zhì)量、塑造體格的運(yùn)動(dòng),需要進(jìn)行大量的負(fù)重抗阻訓(xùn)練,但增長(zhǎng)力量對(duì)于健美并不重要,而對(duì)肌肉的圍度、分離度、對(duì)稱(chēng)性和線條輪廓更加關(guān)注[1]。通常有賽季和非賽季之分,在非賽季需要大量營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入以增長(zhǎng)肌肉,而進(jìn)入賽季運(yùn)動(dòng)員要在保持肌肉的情況下減低體脂以凸顯肌肉線條[2]。
健美運(yùn)動(dòng)中的負(fù)重式訓(xùn)練,也可稱(chēng)為抗阻訓(xùn)練(resistance training),類(lèi)似的訓(xùn)練在多數(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目中稱(chēng)為力量訓(xùn)練(strength training),筆者認(rèn)為負(fù)重訓(xùn)練(weight training)對(duì)于健美運(yùn)動(dòng)更加貼切。
針對(duì)健美訓(xùn)練中損傷的類(lèi)型、發(fā)生率和損傷的機(jī)制研究,國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)很少,主要是采取調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的形式獲得,參考價(jià)值不高。本文通過(guò)搜集有關(guān)健美訓(xùn)練損傷的英文文獻(xiàn),整理篩選相關(guān)研究成果,以期對(duì)健美訓(xùn)練中骨骼肌肉系統(tǒng)損傷的發(fā)生率、損傷高發(fā)區(qū)域和損傷機(jī)制有初步的總結(jié)和認(rèn)識(shí),為健美訓(xùn)練者提供相關(guān)參考和建議。
1? 健美訓(xùn)練中損傷的發(fā)生率
針對(duì)健美運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷類(lèi)型及發(fā)生頻率,相關(guān)研究數(shù)據(jù)較少。在Siewe J等[3]對(duì)高水平健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員的研究中,45%的健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)傷病,受傷率為每名健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員每年出現(xiàn)0.12次損傷,每1000h訓(xùn)練出現(xiàn)0.24次損傷。該項(xiàng)研究中統(tǒng)計(jì)的是導(dǎo)致訓(xùn)練中斷的損傷(time-loss injury),也可理解為急性損傷,這個(gè)損傷率是比較低的,而健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員面臨的主要問(wèn)題是那種長(zhǎng)久的身體不適,即慢性的疼痛和損傷。國(guó)內(nèi)也有研究表明健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員創(chuàng)傷中急性損傷只占15%左右[4]。
與其他負(fù)重訓(xùn)練項(xiàng)目力量舉、舉重和大力士相比,健美訓(xùn)練的損傷發(fā)生率較低,與團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目或身體對(duì)抗項(xiàng)目相比,損傷率也是最低的。其中原因可能是多方面的,相比身體對(duì)抗類(lèi)項(xiàng)目,健美訓(xùn)練是相對(duì)緩慢、控制度較高的運(yùn)動(dòng),與力量舉和舉重相比受傷率較低可能是健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員的訓(xùn)練負(fù)荷相對(duì)較?。ㄒ?-12RM訓(xùn)練為主),而且在身體某部位出現(xiàn)不適癥狀時(shí),調(diào)整改變訓(xùn)練安排以休息該部位會(huì)更加容易實(shí)現(xiàn)[3]。
在從事健美訓(xùn)練的人群中,對(duì)待訓(xùn)練的心理狀態(tài)也是一個(gè)不可忽視的影響損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的因素,有調(diào)查顯示[5]健美訓(xùn)練者中有61.2%對(duì)現(xiàn)有的肌肉圍度不滿意,健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員比業(yè)余健身愛(ài)好者的不滿度更高,尤其是低水平的健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)現(xiàn)有肌肉狀態(tài)的不滿度最高,包括對(duì)體型格外的關(guān)注度,對(duì)肌肉流失的擔(dān)心和焦慮水平都較高,因此從事訓(xùn)練的動(dòng)機(jī)更加強(qiáng)烈,出現(xiàn)損害健康行為的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增高,比如傷病狀態(tài)下繼續(xù)訓(xùn)練或其它有損健康的增肌手段。
2? 急性損傷和慢性損傷
急性損傷是由負(fù)重訓(xùn)練引起的突發(fā)性的損傷,包括扭傷、拉傷、肌腱撕裂和筋膜間綜合癥[6]。韌帶損傷常和關(guān)節(jié)不恰當(dāng)活動(dòng)有關(guān),如下蹲過(guò)程中足部錯(cuò)位導(dǎo)致踝外側(cè)扭傷,但肌腱損傷多是因?yàn)槌惺茇?fù)荷過(guò)大而引起,像臥推訓(xùn)練中胸大肌和肱三頭肌有較大拉傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),深蹲訓(xùn)練中股四頭肌和髕腱可能拉傷[7]。曾有急診案例顯示一名健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員臥推練習(xí)后胸大肌肌腱出現(xiàn)斷裂[8]。
與急性損傷相比,慢性損傷是潛伏性或長(zhǎng)期性的。慢性的損傷通常是由于機(jī)體組織受到長(zhǎng)期反復(fù)的壓力損耗而沒(méi)有充足的休息和恢復(fù),常發(fā)生于急于進(jìn)步的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。慢性損傷一般是過(guò)度使用型損傷,在健美運(yùn)動(dòng)中肩關(guān)節(jié)和膝關(guān)節(jié)部位肌腱炎是比較常見(jiàn)的[7]。另外在長(zhǎng)期的負(fù)重訓(xùn)練中,神經(jīng)損傷也可能出現(xiàn)[9-10],因肌肉肥大、訓(xùn)練技術(shù)差或過(guò)度使用而導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)損傷,像胸廓出口綜合癥和肩胛上神經(jīng)病變[10]。
3? 損傷高發(fā)區(qū)域
3.1 肩關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)菗p傷最高發(fā)區(qū)域
有多項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示肩關(guān)節(jié)是健美訓(xùn)練中損傷最高發(fā)的區(qū)域[3,11-13],下背部和膝部也是損傷高發(fā)區(qū)域,肌肉相關(guān)損傷(肌肉拉傷、肌腱炎、扭傷)占所有損傷類(lèi)型的83.6%[11]。肩關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)鷿撛诘膿p傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括軟組織拉傷、關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)和錯(cuò)位等,都與“舉手擊掌位”有關(guān),即肱骨外展外旋位置,像頸后推舉、頸后下拉和臥推中大臂下降至軀干以下時(shí),都會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種危險(xiǎn)的關(guān)節(jié)位置[12]。
對(duì)于肩關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)鷵p傷高發(fā)的原因,可能跟很多運(yùn)動(dòng)員過(guò)度重視胸肌、三角肌等肌肉的強(qiáng)化有關(guān),而忽視了穩(wěn)定肩胛和肩關(guān)節(jié)的肌肉,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員存在肩胛穩(wěn)定肌和肩袖肌肉較弱的情況[14]。肌肉出現(xiàn)這種失衡的狀態(tài),甚至體態(tài)異常,而且要進(jìn)行大量高負(fù)荷的訓(xùn)練,可能致使肩關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)、撞擊和肩袖撕裂繼續(xù)發(fā)展[15]。
3.2 體態(tài)異常
健美訓(xùn)練者的關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限癥狀比較普遍[16-17],而且肩關(guān)節(jié)肌肉力量也有不平衡,健美訓(xùn)練者肩關(guān)節(jié)屈肌、外展肌、內(nèi)旋肌和外旋肌的相對(duì)力量比未訓(xùn)練者高,而兩組間中下斜方肌的相對(duì)力量相差很小[17],說(shuō)明健美訓(xùn)練者的中下斜方肌力量偏弱。在這種肌肉力量不平衡的狀態(tài)下,體態(tài)出現(xiàn)異常的發(fā)生率也隨之升高,有研究顯示平均每名健美訓(xùn)練者就有7.5處體態(tài)異常,發(fā)生率最高的有肩內(nèi)旋、脊柱前凸、頭前傾、駝背[18],還有類(lèi)似的研究也表明健美訓(xùn)練組的頭前引姿態(tài)、肩膀不平、圓肩和駝背這種上交叉綜合癥的發(fā)生率均高于未訓(xùn)練組[19]。
關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限會(huì)成為損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[16],所以健美訓(xùn)練者應(yīng)該注重肌肉的平衡發(fā)展,加強(qiáng)肩袖肌群和肩胛穩(wěn)定肌[20]。另外恰當(dāng)?shù)臓坷毩?xí)是改善關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度的有效方法,對(duì)力量增長(zhǎng)和肌肉形態(tài)都有益,最適宜牽拉筋膜的時(shí)間是在肌肉充血發(fā)熱之時(shí),所以需要在訓(xùn)練組間間歇和訓(xùn)練后即刻進(jìn)行牽拉[21]。
4? 結(jié)語(yǔ)
有研究者建議臥推訓(xùn)練的握距不超過(guò)1.5倍肩寬,杠鈴下降至胸上方4~6cm為止,以降低損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[22-23],在臥推過(guò)程中輸出力量均衡穩(wěn)定,速度放慢以對(duì)杠鈴更好的控制[24],也是預(yù)防損傷的可參考方法。損傷之后的恢復(fù)訓(xùn)練需要更加重視,因?yàn)楸倔w感受下降,肩袖肌肉功能受影響,肩關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[25]。另外負(fù)重訓(xùn)練中常見(jiàn)的下蹲訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作,像高杠和低杠[26],前蹲和背蹲(杠鈴位于頸前、頸后)[27],不同杠鈴位置的模式下,關(guān)節(jié)受力有顯著不同,由此產(chǎn)生損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也有差異,但是為了降低損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而拋棄某些訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作也不現(xiàn)實(shí)。
從各項(xiàng)研究總結(jié)來(lái)看,健美訓(xùn)練中上肢出現(xiàn)損傷或體態(tài)異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,尤其肩關(guān)節(jié)是最易損傷部位,并出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度受限和肌肉失衡。負(fù)重訓(xùn)練產(chǎn)生的急性或慢性損傷與訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作技術(shù)和過(guò)度使用有密切關(guān)系。為了預(yù)防訓(xùn)練損傷,提高訓(xùn)練相關(guān)知識(shí)和技術(shù)是有效的措施,也要注重肌肉平衡發(fā)展,配合恰當(dāng)?shù)臓坷愿纳脐P(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度、促進(jìn)力量增長(zhǎng)和肌肉形態(tài)改善。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Lambert Charles P, Frank Laura L, Evans William J. Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding[J]. Sports Medicine,2004,34(5):317-327.
[2] Helms ER, Fitschen PJ, Aragon AA, et al. Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular training[J]. The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness,2015,55(3):164-178.
[3] Siewe J, Marx G, Kn?ll P. Injuries and overuse syndromes in competitive and elite bodybuilding[J]. International Journal of Sports Medicine,2014,35(11):943-948.
[4] 李永坤,孫曉鵬. 我國(guó)優(yōu)秀健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員運(yùn)動(dòng)創(chuàng)傷特點(diǎn)的分析[J].體育學(xué)刊,2001(5):84-85.
[5] Jankauskiene R, Kardelis K, Pajaujiene S. Muscle size satisfaction and predisposition for a health harmful practice in bodybuilders and recreational gymnasium users[J]. Medicina(Kaunas),2007,43(4):338-346.
[6] Reeves R K, Laskowski E R, Smith J. Weight training injuries. Part 1:diagnosing and managing acute conditions[J]. Physician & Sports medicine,1998(26):67-96.
[7] Lavallee M E, Balam T. An overview of strength training injuries: acute and chronic[J]. Current Sports Medicine Reports,2010,9(5):307-313.
[8] Bouma HW, Nelissen RG. A bodybuilder with an injury[J]. Nederland Journal of Medicine,2012,156(18):3505.
[9] Kevin Busche. Neurologic disorders associated with weight lifting and bodybuilding[J].Neurologic Clinics,2008,26(1):309-324.
[10]Reeves R K, Laskowski E R, Smith J. Weight training injuries. Part 2:diagnosing and managing chronic conditions[J].Physician & Sports medicine,1998(26):54-73.
[11]Goertzen M, Sch?ppe K, Lange G. Injuries and damage caused by excess stress in body building and power lifting[J]. Sportverletzung Sportschaden: Organ der Gesellschaft fur Orthopadisch-Traumatologische Sportmedizin,1989,3(1):32-36.
[12]Kolber MJ, Beekhuizen KS, Cheng MS. Shoulder Injuries Attributed to Resistance Training: A Brief Review[J].Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,2010,24(6):1696-1704.
[13]張小軍,李濤濤.我國(guó)優(yōu)秀健美運(yùn)動(dòng)員運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷規(guī)律及預(yù)防措施[J].沈陽(yáng)體育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2008,27(4):75-77.
[14]Gross ML, Brenner SL, Esformes I, et al. Anterior shoulder instability in weight lifters[J]. American Journal of Sports Medicine,1993,21(4):599-603.
[15]Fees M, Decker T, Snyder-Mackler L. Upper extremity weight-training modifications for the injured athlete: A clinical perspective[J]. American Journal of Sports Medicine,1998,26(5):732-742.
[16]Dariusz Boguszewski, Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk, Ewelina S?yk, et al. The use of functional physiotherapeutic tests to assess the risk of suffering physical injuries by men practicing capoeira and bodybuilding[J]. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts,2017,8(1):43-47.
[17]Barlow JC, Benjamin BW, Birt PJ, et al. Shoulder strength and range of motion characteristics in bodybuilders[J]. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,2002,16(3): 367-372.
[18]Mahdi Rostami Haji-Abadi, Nader Rahnama. The profile of body abnormalities of bodybuilders[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine,2010(44):34.
[19]Hasan Daneshmandi, Javad Harati, Saeid Fahim Poor. Bodybuilding links to Upper Crossed Syndrome[J]. Physical Activity Review,2017(5):124-131.
[20]Durall Chris J, Manske Robert C, Davies George J. Avoiding shoulder injury from resistance training[J]. Strength and Conditioning Journal,2001,23 (5):10-18.
[21]Catalin Octavian Manescu. Inclusion of strenching and flexibility movements in fitness and bodybuilding training[J]. Marathon,2013,5(1):62-75.
[22]Carly M Green, Paul Comfort. The Effect of Grip Width on Bench Press Performance and Risk of Injury[J]. Strength and Conditioning Journal,2007,29(5):10-14.
[23]Herbert A Haupt. Upper extremity injuries associated with strength training[J]. Clinics in Sports Medicine,2001,20(3):481-491.
[24]Madsen N, McLaughlin T. Kinematic factors influencing performance and injury risk in the bench press exercise[J]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,1984,16(4):376-381.
[25]Myers JB, Ju YY, Hwang JH. Reflective muscle activation alterations in shoulders with anterior glenohumeral instability[J]. American Journal of Sports Medicine,2004,32(4):1013-1021.
[26]Wretenberg P, Feng Y, Arborelius UP. High- and low-bar squatting techniques during weight-training[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996,28(2):218-224.
[27]D.Diggin, C.ORegan, N.Whelan. A biomechanical analysis of front versus back squat: injury implications[J]. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences,2011,11(2):643-646.